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CHANDAN2495
Hackathon Starter =======================
Live Demo: http://hackathonstarter-sahat.rhcloud.com
Jump to What’s new in 4.1.0?
:bulb: Looking for ES5 code? Click here.
A boilerplate for Node.js web applications.
If you have attended any hackathons in the past, then you know how much time it
takes to get a project started: decide on what to build, pick a programming
language, pick a web framework, pick a CSS framework. A while later, you might
have an initial project up on GitHub and only then can other team members start
contributing. Or how about doing something as simple as Sign in with Facebook
authentication? You can spend hours on it if you are not familiar with how OAuth
2.0 works.
When I started this project, my primary focus was on simplicity and ease of use.
I also tried to make it as generic and reusable as possible to cover most use
cases of hackathon web apps, without being too specific. In the worst case you
can use this as a learning guide for your projects, if for example you are only
interested in Sign in with Google authentication and nothing else.
MODERN THEME
FLATLY BOOTSTRAP THEME
API EXAMPLES
TABLE OF CONTENTS
* Features
* Prerequisites
* Getting Started
* Obtaining API Keys
* Project Structure
* List of Packages
* Useful Tools and Resources
* Recommended Design Resources
* Recommended Node.js Libraries
* Recommended Client-side Libraries
* Pro Tips
* FAQ
* How It Works
* Mongoose Cheatsheet
* Deployment
* Changelog
* Contributing
* License
FEATURES
* Local Authentication using Email and Password
* OAuth 1.0a Authentication via Twitter
* OAuth 2.0 Authentication via Facebook, Google, GitHub, LinkedIn, Instagram
* Flash notifications
* MVC Project Structure
* Node.js clusters support
* Sass stylesheets (auto-compiled via middleware)
* Bootstrap 3 + Extra Themes
* Contact Form (powered by Mailgun, Sendgrid or Mandrill)
* Account Management
* Gravatar
* Profile Details
* Change Password
* Forgot Password
* Reset Password
* Link multiple OAuth strategies to one account
* Delete Account
* CSRF protection
* API Examples: Facebook, Foursquare, Last.fm, Tumblr, Twitter, Stripe,
LinkedIn and more.
PREREQUISITES
* MongoDB
* Node.js 6.0+
* Command Line Tools
* Mac OS X: Xcode (or OS X 10.9+: xcode-select --install)
* Windows: Visual Studio
* Ubuntu / Linux Mint: sudo apt-get install build-essential
* Fedora: sudo dnf groupinstall "Development Tools"
* OpenSUSE: sudo zypper install --type pattern devel_basis
Note: If you are new to Node or Express, I recommend to watch Node.js and
Express 101 screencast by Alex Ford that teaches Node and Express from scratch.
Alternatively, here is another great tutorial for complete beginners - Getting
Started With Node.js, Express, MongoDB.
GETTING STARTED
The easiest way to get started is to clone the repository:
# Get the latest snapshot
git clone --depth=1 https://github.com/sahat/hackathon-starter.git myproject
# Change directory
cd myproject
# Install NPM dependencies
npm install
node app.js
Note: I highly recommend installing Nodemon. It watches for any changes in your
node.js app and automatically restarts the server. Once installed, instead of
node app.js use nodemon app.js. It will save you a lot of time in the long run,
because you won’t need to manually restart the server each time you make a small
change in code. To install, run sudo npm install -g nodemon.
OBTAINING API KEYS
To use any of the included APIs or OAuth authentication methods, you will need
to obtain appropriate credentials: Client ID, Client Secret, API Key, or
Username & Password. You will need to go through each provider to generate new
credentials.
Hackathon Starter 2.0 Update: I have included dummy keys and passwords for all
API examples to get you up and running even faster. But don’t forget to update
them with your credentials when you are ready to deploy an app.
* Visit Google Cloud Console
* Click on the Create Project button
* Enter Project Name, then click on Create button
* Then click on APIs & auth in the sidebar and select API tab
* Click on Google+ API under Social APIs, then click Enable API
* Next, under APIs & auth in the sidebar click on Credentials tab
* Click on Create new Client ID button
* Select Web Application and click on Configure Consent Screen
* Fill out the required fields then click on Save
* In the Create Client ID modal dialog:
* Application Type: Web Application
* Authorized Javascript origins: http://localhost:3000
* Authorized redirect URI: http://localhost:3000/auth/google/callback
* Click on Create Client ID button
* Copy and paste Client ID and Client secret keys into .env
Note: When you ready to deploy to production don’t forget to add your new url to
Authorized Javascript origins and Authorized redirect URI, e.g.
http://my-awesome-app.herokuapp.com and
http://my-awesome-app.herokuapp.com/auth/google/callback respectively. The same
goes for other providers.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Visit Facebook Developers
* Click My Apps, then select *Add a New App from the dropdown menu
* Select Website platform and enter a new name for your app
* Click on the Create New Facebook App ID button
* Choose a Category that best describes your app
* Click on Create App ID button
* In the upper right corner click on Skip Quick Star
* Copy and paste App ID and App Secret keys into .env
* Note: App ID is clientID, App Secret is clientSecret
* Click on the Settings tab in the left nav, then click on + Add Platform
* Select Website
* Enter http://localhost:3000 under Site URL
Note: After a successful sign in with Facebook, a user will be redirected back
to home page with appended hash #_=_ in the URL. It is not a bug. See this Stack
Overflow discussion for ways to handle it.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Go to Account Settings
* Select Applications from the sidebar
* Then inside Developer applications click on Register new application
* Enter Application Name and Homepage URL
* For Authorization Callback URL: http://localhost:3000/auth/github/callback
* Click Register application
* Now copy and paste Client ID and Client Secret keys into .env file
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Sign in at https://apps.twitter.com
* Click Create a new application
* Enter your application name, website and description
* For Callback URL: http://127.0.0.1:3000/auth/twitter/callback
* Go to Settings tab
* Under Application Type select Read and Write access
* Check the box Allow this application to be used to Sign in with Twitter
* Click Update this Twitter’s applications settings
* Copy and paste Consumer Key and Consumer Secret keys into .env file
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Sign in at LinkedIn Developer Network
* From the account name dropdown menu select API Keys
* It may ask you to sign in once again
* Click + Add New Application button
* Fill out all the required fields
* OAuth 2.0 Redirect URLs: http://localhost:3000/auth/linkedin/callback
* JavaScript API Domains: http://localhost:3000
* For Default Application Permissions make sure at least the following is
checked:
* r_basicprofile
* Finish by clicking Add Application button
* Copy and paste API Key and Secret Key keys into .env file
* API Key is your clientID
* Secret Key is your clientSecret
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Sign up or log into your dashboard
* Click on your profile and click on Account Settings
* Then click on API Keys
* Copy the Secret Key. and add this into .env file
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Visit PayPal Developer
* Log in to your PayPal account
* Click Applications > Create App in the navigation bar
* Enter Application Name, then click Create app
* Copy and paste Client ID and Secret keys into .env file
* App ID is client_id, App Secret is client_secret
* Change host to api.paypal.com if you want to test against production and use
the live credentials
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Go to Foursquare for Developers
* Click on My Apps in the top menu
* Click the Create A New App button
* Enter App Name, Welcome page url,
* For Redirect URI: http://localhost:3000/auth/foursquare/callback
* Click Save Changes
* Copy and paste Client ID and Client Secret keys into .env file
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Go to http://www.tumblr.com/oauth/apps
* Once signed in, click +Register application
* Fill in all the details
* For Default Callback URL: http://localhost:3000/auth/tumblr/callback
* Click ✔Register
* Copy and paste OAuth consumer key and OAuth consumer secret keys into .env
file
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Go to http://steamcommunity.com/dev/apikey
* Sign in with your existing Steam account
* Enter your Domain Name, then and click Register
* Copy and paste Key into .env file
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Go to https://sendgrid.com/user/signup
* Sign up and confirm your account via the activation email
* Then enter your SendGrid Username and Password into .env file
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Go to http://www.mailgun.com
* Sign up and add your Domain Name
* From the domain overview, copy and paste the default SMTP Login and Password
into .env file
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Go to https://www.twilio.com/try-twilio
* Sign up for an account.
* Once logged into the dashboard, expand the link ‘show api credentials’
* Copy your Account Sid and Auth Token
PROJECT STRUCTURE
Name Description config/passport.js Passport Local and OAuth strategies, plus
login middleware. controllers/api.js Controller for /api route and all api
examples. controllers/contact.js Controller for contact form.
controllers/home.js Controller for home page (index). controllers/user.js
Controller for user account management. models/User.js Mongoose schema and model
for User. public/ Static assets (fonts, css, js, img). public/js/application.js
Specify client-side JavaScript dependencies. public/js/main.js Place your
client-side JavaScript here. public/css/main.scss Main stylesheet for your app.
public/css/themes/default.scss Some Bootstrap overrides to make it look
prettier. views/account/ Templates for login, password reset, signup, profile.
views/api/ Templates for API Examples. views/partials/flash.jade Error, info and
success flash notifications. views/partials/header.jade Navbar partial template.
views/partials/footer.jade Footer partial template. views/layout.jade Base
template. views/home.jade Home page template. .travis.yml Travis CI integration.
.env.example Your API keys, tokens, passwords and database URI. app.js The main
application file. package.json NPM dependencies.
Note: There is no preference how you name or structure your views. You could
place all your templates in a top-level views directory without having a nested
folder structure, if that makes things easier for you. Just don’t forget to
update extends ../layout and corresponding res.render() paths in controllers.
LIST OF PACKAGES
Package Description async Utility library that provides asynchronous control
flow. bcrypt-nodejs Library for hashing and salting user passwords. cheerio
Scrape web pages using jQuery-style syntax. clockwork Clockwork SMS API library.
connect-mongo MongoDB session store for Express. dotenv Loads environment
variables from .env file. express Node.js web framework. body-parser Express 4
middleware. express-session Express 4 middleware. morgan Express 4 middleware.
compression Express 4 middleware. errorhandler Express 4 middleware.
serve-favicon Express 4 middleware offering favicon serving and caching.
express-flash Provides flash messages for Express. express-validator Easy form
validation for Express. fbgraph Facebook Graph API library. github-api GitHub
API library. jade Template engine for Express. lastfm Last.fm API library.
instagram-node Instagram API library. lob Lob API library lusca CSRF middleware.
mongoose MongoDB ODM. node-foursquare Foursquare API library. node-linkedin
LinkedIn API library. node-sass-middleware Sass middleware compiler. nodemailer
Node.js library for sending emails. passport Simple and elegant authentication
library for node.js passport-facebook Sign-in with Facebook plugin.
passport-github Sign-in with GitHub plugin. passport-google-oauth Sign-in with
Google plugin. passport-twitter Sign-in with Twitter plugin. passport-instagram
Sign-in with Instagram plugin. passport-local Sign-in with Username and Password
plugin. passport-linkedin-oauth2 Sign-in with LinkedIn plugin. passport-oauth
Allows you to set up your own OAuth 1.0a and OAuth 2.0 strategies.
paypal-rest-sdk PayPal APIs library. request Simplified HTTP request library.
stripe Offical Stripe API library. tumblr.js Tumblr API library. twilio Twilio
API library. twit Twitter API library. lodash Handy JavaScript utlities library.
validator Used in conjunction with express-validator in controllers/api.js.
mocha Test framework. chai BDD/TDD assertion library. supertest HTTP assertion
library.
USEFUL TOOLS AND RESOURCES
* JavaScripting - The Database of JavaScript Libraries
* JS Recipes - JavaScript tutorials for backend and frontend development.
* Jade Syntax Documentation by Example - Even better than official Jade docs.
* HTML to Jade converter - Extremely valuable when you need to quickly copy and
paste HTML snippets from the web.
* JavascriptOO - A directory of JavaScript libraries with examples, CDN links,
statistics, and videos.
* Favicon Generator - Generate favicons for PC, Android, iOS, Windows 8.
RECOMMENDED DESIGN RESOURCES
* Code Guide - Standards for developing flexible, durable, and sustainable HTML
and CSS.
* Bootsnipp - Code snippets for Bootstrap.
* UIBox - Curated HTML, CSS, JS, UI components.
* Bootstrap Zero - Free Bootstrap templates themes.
* Google Bootstrap - Google-styled theme for Bootstrap.
* Font Awesome Icons - It’s already part of the Hackathon Starter, so use this
page as a reference.
* Colors - A nicer color palette for the web.
* Creative Button Styles - awesome button styles.
* Creative Link Effects - Beautiful link effects in CSS.
* Medium Scroll Effect - Fade in/out header background image as you scroll.
* GeoPattern - SVG background pattern generator.
* Trianglify - SVG low-poly background pattern generator.
RECOMMENDED NODE.JS LIBRARIES
* Nodemon - Automatically restart Node.js server on code changes.
* geoip-lite - Geolocation coordinates from IP address.
* Filesize.js - Pretty file sizes, e.g. filesize(265318); // "265.32 kB".
* Numeral.js - Library for formatting and manipulating numbers.
* Node Inspector - Node.js debugger based on Chrome Developer Tools.
* node-taglib - Library for reading the meta-data of several popular audio
formats.
* sharp - Node.js module for resizing JPEG, PNG, WebP and TIFF images.
RECOMMENDED CLIENT-SIDE LIBRARIES
* Framework7 - Full Featured HTML Framework For Building iOS7 Apps.
* InstantClick - Makes your pages load instantly by pre-loading them on mouse
hover.
* NProgress.js - Slim progress bars like on YouTube and Medium.
* Hover - Awesome CSS3 animations on mouse hover.
* Magnific Popup - Responsive jQuery Lightbox Plugin.
* jQuery Raty - Star Rating Plugin.
* Headroom.js - Hide your header until you need it.
* X-editable - Edit form elements inline.
* Offline.js - Detect when user’s internet connection goes offline.
* Alertify.js - Sweet looking alerts and browser dialogs.
* selectize.js - Styleable select elements and input tags.
* drop.js - Powerful Javascript and CSS library for creating dropdowns and
other floating displays.
* scrollReveal.js - Declarative on-scroll reveal animations.
PRO TIPS
* When installing an NPM package, add a –save flag, and it will be
automatically added to package.json as well. For example, npm install --save
moment.
* Use async.parallel() when you need to run multiple asynchronous tasks, and
then render a page, but only when all tasks are completed. For example, you
might want to scrape 3 different websites for some data and render the
results in a template after all 3 websites have been scraped.
* Need to find a specific object inside an Array? Use _.find function from
Lodash. For example, this is how you would retrieve a Twitter token from
database: var token = _.find(req.user.tokens, { kind: 'twitter' });, where
1st parameter is an array, and a 2nd parameter is an object to search for.
FAQ
WHY DO I GET 403 ERROR: FORBIDDEN WHEN SUBMITTING A FORM?
You need to add the following hidden input element to your form. This has been
added in the pull request #40 as part of the CSRF protection.
input(type='hidden', name='_csrf', value=_csrf)
Note: It is now possible to whitelist certain URLs. In other words you can
specify a list of routes that should bypass CSRF verification check.
Note 2: To whitelist dynamic URLs use regular expression tests inside the CSRF
middleware to see if req.originalUrl matches your desired pattern.
I AM GETTING MONGODB CONNECTION ERROR, HOW DO I FIX IT?
That’s a custom error message defined in app.js to indicate that there was a
problem connecting to MongoDB:
mongoose.connection.on('error', () => {
console.error('MongoDB Connection Error. Please make sure MongoDB is running.');
});
You need to have a MongoDB server running before launching app.js. You can
download MongoDB here, or install it via a package manager. Windows users, read
Install MongoDB on Windows.
Tip: If you are always connected to the internet, you could just use mLab or
Compose instead of downloading and installing MongoDB locally. You will only
need to update database credentials in .env file.
I GET AN ERROR WHEN I DEPLOY MY APP, WHY?
Chances are you haven’t changed the Database URI in .env. If
MONGODB/MONGOLAB_URI is set to localhost, it will only work on your machine as
long as MongoDB is running. When you deploy to Heroku, OpenShift or some other
provider, you will not have MongoDB running on localhost. You need to create an
account with mLab or Compose, then create a free tier database. See Deployment
for more information on how to setup an account and a new database step-by-step
with mLab.
WHY JADE INSTEAD OF HANDLEBARS?
When I first started this project I didn’t have any experience with Handlebars.
Since then I have worked on Ember.js apps and got myself familiar with the
Handlebars syntax. While it is true Handlebars is easier, because it looks like
good old HTML, I have no regrets picking Jade over Handlebars. First off, it’s
the default template engine in Express, so someone who has built Express apps in
the past already knows it. Secondly, I find extends and block to be
indispensable, which as far as I know, Handlebars does not have out of the box.
And lastly, subjectively speaking, Jade looks much cleaner and shorter than
Handlebars, or any non-HAML style for that matter.
WHY DO YOU HAVE ALL ROUTES DEFINED IN APP.JS?
For the sake of simplicity. While there might be a better approach, such as
passing app context to each controller as outlined in this blog, I find such
style to be confusing for beginners. It took me a long time to grasp the concept
of exports and module.exports, let alone having a global app reference in other
files. That to me is a backward thinking. The app.js is the “heart of the app”,
it should be the one referencing models, routes, controllers, etc. When working
solo on small projects I actually prefer to have everything inside app.js as is
the case with this REST API server.
I DON’T NEED A STICKY FOOTER, CAN I DELETE IT?
Absolutely. But unlike a regular footer there is a bit more work involved.
First, delete #wrap and #footer ID selectors and html, body { height: 100%; }
from main.less. Next, delete #wrap and #footer lines from layout.jade (By the
way, if no element is specified before class or id, Jade assumes it is a div
element). Don’t forget to indent everything under #wrap to the left once, since
this project uses two spaces per block indentation.
WHY IS THERE NO MOZILLA PERSONA AS A SIGN-IN OPTION?
If you would like to use Persona authentication strategy, use the pull request
#64 as a reference guide. I have explained my reasons why it could not be merged
in issue #63.
HOW DO I SWITCH SENDGRID FOR ANOTHER EMAIL DELIVERY SERVICE, LIKE MAILGUN OR
SPARKPOST?
Inside the nodemailer.createTransport method arguments, simply change the
service from 'Sendgrid' to some other email service. Also, be sure to update
both username and password below that. See the list of all supported services by
Nodemailer.
HOW IT WORKS (MINI GUIDES)
This section is intended for giving you a detailed explanation about how a
particular functionality works. Maybe you are just curious about how it works,
or maybe you are lost and confused while reading the code, I hope it provides
some guidance to you.
###Custom HTML and CSS Design 101
HTML5 UP has many beautiful templates that you can download for free.
When you download the ZIP file, it will come with index.html, images, css and js
folders. So, how do you integrate it with Hackathon Starter? Hackathon Starter
uses Bootstrap CSS framework, but these templates do not. Trying to use both CSS
files at the same time will likely result in undesired effects.
Note: Using the custom templates approach, you should understand that you cannot
reuse any of the views I have created: layout, home page, api browser, login,
signup, account management, contact. Those views were built using Bootstrap grid
and styles. You will have to manually update the grid using a different syntax
provided in the template. Having said that, you can mix and match if you want to
do so: Use Bootstrap for main app interface, and a custom template for a landing
page.
Let’s start from the beginning. For this example I will use Escape Velocity
template:
Note: For the sake of simplicity I will only consider index.html, and skip
left-sidebar.html, no-sidebar.html, right-sidebar.html.
Move all JavaScript files from html5up-escape-velocity/js to public/js. Then
move all CSS files from html5up-escape-velocity/css to public/css. And finally,
move all images from html5up-escape-velocity/images to public/images. You could
move it to the existing img folder, but that would require manually changing
every img reference. Grab the contents of index.html and paste it into HTML To
Jade.
Note: Do not forget to update all the CSS and JS paths accordingly.
Create a new file escape-velocity.jade and paste the Jade markup in views
folder. Whenever you see the code res.render('account/login') - that means it
will search for views/account/login.jade file.
Let’s see how it looks. Create a new controller escapeVelocity inside
controllers/home.js:
exports.escapeVelocity = (req, res) => {
res.render('escape-velocity', {
title: 'Landing Page'
});
};
And then create a route in app.js. I placed it right after the index controller:
app.get('/escape-velocity', homeController.escapeVelocity);
Restart the server (if you are not using nodemon), then you should see the new
template at http://localhost:3000/escape-velocity.
I will stop right here, but if you would like to use this template as more than
just a single page, take a look at how these Jade templates work: layout.jade -
base template, index.jade - home page, partials/header.jade - Bootstrap navbar,
partials/footer.jade - sticky footer. You will have to manually break it apart
into smaller pieces. Figure out which part of the template you want to keep the
same on all pages - that’s your new layout.jade. Then, each page that changes,
be it index.jade, about.jade, contact.jade will be embedded in your new
layout.jade via block content. Use existing templates as a reference.
This is a rather lengthy process, and templates you get from elsewhere, might
have yet another grid system. That’s why I chose Bootstrap for the Hackathon
Starter. Many people are already familiar with Bootstrap, plus it’s easy to get
started with it if you have never used Bootstrap. You can also buy many
beautifully designed Bootstrap themes at Themeforest, and use them as a drop-in
replacement for Hackathon Starter. However, if you would like to go with a
completely custom HTML/CSS design, this should help you to get started!
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HOW DO FLASH MESSAGES WORK IN THIS PROJECT?
Flash messages allow you to display a message at the end of the request and
access it on next request and only next request. For instance, on a failed login
attempt, you would display an alert with some error message, but as soon as you
refresh that page or visit a different page and come back to the login page,
that error message will be gone. It is only displayed once. This project uses
express-flash module for flash messages. And that module is built on top of
connect-flash, which is what I used in this project initially. With
express-flash you don’t have to explicity send a flash message to every view
inside res.render(). All flash messages are available in your views via messages
object by default, thanks to express-flash.
Flash messages have a two-step process. You use req.flash('errors', { msg:
'Error messages goes here' } to create a flash message in your controllers, and
then display them in your views:
if messages.errors
.alert.alert-danger.fade.in
for error in messages.errors
div= error.msg
In the first step, 'errors' is the name of a flash message, which should match
the name of the property on messages object in your views. You place alert
messages inside if message.errors because you don’t want to show them flash
messages are actually present. The reason why you pass an error like { msg:
'Error messages goes here' } instead of just a string - 'Error messages goes
here', is for the sake of consistency. To clarify that, express-validator module
which is used for validating and sanitizing user’s input, returns all errors as
an array of objects, where each object has a msg property with a message why an
error has occurred. Here is a more general example of what express-validator
returns when there are errors present:
[
{ param: "name", msg: "Name is required", value: "<received input>" },
{ param: "email", msg: "A valid email is required", value: "<received input>" }
]
To keep consistent with that style, you should pass all flash messages as { msg:
'My flash message' } instead of a string. Otherwise you will just see an alert
box without an error message. That is because, in partials/flash.jade template
it will try to output error.msg (i.e. "My flash message".msg), in other words it
will try to call a msg method on a String object, which will return undefined.
Everything I just mentioned about errors, also applies to “info” and “success”
flash messages, and you could even create a new one yourself, such as:
Data Usage Controller (Example)
req.flash('warning', { msg: 'You have exceeded 90% of your data usage' });
User Account Page (Example)
if messages.warning
.alert.alert-warning.fade.in
for warning in messages.warning
div= warning.msg
partials/flash.jade is a partial template that contains how flash messages are
formatted. Previously, flash messages were scattered throughout each view that
used flash messages (contact, login, signup, profile), but now, thankfully it is
uses a DRY approach.
The flash messages partial template is included in the layout.jade, along with
footer and navigation.
body
#wrap
include partials/navigation
.container
include partials/flash
block content
include partials/footer
If you have any further questions about flash messages, please feel free to open
an issue and I will update this mini-guide accordingly, or send a pull request
if you would like to include something that I missed.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HOW DO I CREATE A NEW PAGE?
A more correct way to be to say “How do I create a new route”. The main file
app.js contains all the routes. Each route has a callback function associated
with it. Sometimes you will see 3 or more arguments to routes. In cases like
that, the first argument is still a URL string, while middle arguments are
what’s called middleware. Think of middleware as a door. If this door prevents
you from continuing forward, you won’t get to your callback function. One such
example is a route that requires authentication.
app.get('/account', passportConf.isAuthenticated, userController.getAccount);
It always goes from left to right. A user visits /account page. Then
isAuthenticated middleware checks if you are authenticated:
exports.isAuthenticated = (req, res, next) => {
if (req.isAuthenticated()) {
return next();
}
res.redirect('/login');
};
If you are authenticated, you let this visitor pass through your “door” by
calling return next();. It then proceeds to the next middleware until it reaches
the last argument, which is a callback function that typically renders a
template on GET requests or redirects on POST requests. In this case, if you are
authenticated, you will be redirected to Account Management page, otherwise you
will be redirected to Login page.
exports.getAccount = (req, res) => {
res.render('account/profile', {
title: 'Account Management'
});
};
Express.js has app.get, app.post, app.put, app.delete, but for the most part you
will only use the first two HTTP verbs, unless you are building a RESTful API.
If you just want to display a page, then use GET, if you are submitting a form,
sending a file then use POST.
Here is a typical workflow for adding new routes to your application. Let’s say
we are building a page that lists all books from database.
Step 1. Start by defining a route.
app.get('/books', bookController.getBooks);
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: As of Express 4.x you can define you routes like so:
app.route('/books')
.get(bookController.getBooks)
.post(bookController.createBooks)
.put(bookController.updateBooks)
.delete(bookController.deleteBooks)
And here is how a route would look if it required an authentication and an
authorization middleware:
app.route('/api/twitter')
.all(passportConf.isAuthenticated)
.all(passportConf.isAuthorized)
.get(apiController.getTwitter);
.post(apiController.postTwitter)
Use whichever style that makes sense to you. Either one is acceptable. I really
think that chaining HTTP verbs on app.route is very clean and elegant approach,
but on the other hand I can no longer see all my routes at a glance when you
have one route per line.
Step 2. Create a new schema and a model Book.js inside the models directory.
var bookSchema = new mongoose.Schema({
name: String
});
var Book = mongoose.model('Book', bookSchema);
module.exports = Book;
Step 3. Create a new controller file called book.js inside the controllers
directory.
/**
* GET /books
* List all books.
*/
var Book = require('../models/Book.js');
exports.getBooks = (req, res) => {
Book.find((err, docs) => {
res.render('books', { books: docs });
});
};
Step 4. Import that controller in app.js.
var bookController = require('./controllers/book');
Step 5. Create books.jade template.
extends layout
block content
.page-header
h3 All Books
ul
for book in books
li= book.name
That’s it! I will say that you could have combined Step 1, 2, 3 as following:
app.get('/books',(req, res) => {
Book.find((err, docs) => {
res.render('books', { books: docs });
});
});
Sure, it’s simpler, but as soon as you pass 1000 lines of code in app.js it
becomes a little difficult to navigate the file. I mean, the whole point of this
boilerplate project was to separate concerns, so you could work with your
teammates without running into MERGE CONFLICTS. Imagine you have 4 developers
working on a single app.js, I promise you it won’t be fun resolving merge
conflicts all the time. If you are the only developer then it’s fine. But as I
said, once it gets up to a certain LoC size, it becomes difficult to maintain
everything in a single file.
That’s all there is to it. Express.js is super simple to use. Most of the time
you will be dealing with other APIs to do the real work: Mongoose for querying
database, socket.io for sending and receiving messages over websockets, sending
emails via Nodemailer, form validation using express-validator library, parsing
websites using Cheerio, and etc.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HOW DO I USE SOCKET.IO WITH HACKATHON STARTER?
Dan Stroot submitted an excellent pull request that adds a real-time dashboard
with socket.io. And as much as I’d like to add it to the project, I think it
violates one of the main principles of the Hackathon Starter:
> When I started this project, my primary focus was on simplicity and ease of
> use. I also tried to make it as generic and reusable as possible to cover most
> use cases of hackathon web apps, without being too specific.
When I need to use socket.io, I really need it, but most of the time - I don’t.
But more importantly, websockets support is still experimental on most hosting
providers. As of October 2013, Heroku supports websockets, but not until you
opt-in by running this command:
heroku labs:enable websockets -a myapp
And what if you are deploying to OpenShift? They do support websockets, but it
is currently in a preview state. So, for OpenShift you would need to change the
socket.io connect URI to the following:
var socket = io.connect('http://yoursite-namespace.rhcloud.com:8000');
Wait, why is it on port 8000? Who knows, and if I didn’t run across this blog
post I wouldn’t even know I had to use port 8000.
I am really glad that Heroku and OpenShift at least have a websockets support,
because many other PaaS providers still do not support it. Due to the
aforementioned issues with websockets, I cannot include socket.io as part of the
Hackathon Starter. For now… If you need to use socket.io in your app, please
continue reading.
First you need to install socket.io:
npm install socket.io --save
Replace var app = express(); with the following code:
var app = express();
var server = require('http').Server(app);
var io = require('socket.io')(server);
I like to have the following code organization in app.js (from top to bottom):
module dependencies, import controllers, import configs, connect to database,
express configuration, routes, start the server, socket.io stuff. That way I
always know where to look for things.
Add the following code at the end of app.js:
io.on('connection', (socket) => {
socket.emit('greet', { hello: 'Hey there browser!' });
socket.on('respond', (data) => {
console.log(data);
});
socket.on('disconnect', () => {
console.log('Socket disconnected');
});
});
One last thing left to change:
app.listen(app.get('port'), () => {
to
server.listen(app.get('port'), () => {
At this point we are done with the back-end.
You now have a choice - to include your JavaScript code in Jade templates or
have all your client-side JavaScript in a separate file - in main.js. I will
admit, when I first started out with Node.js and JavaScript in general, I placed
all JavaScript code inside templates because I have access to template variables
passed in from Express right then and there. It’s the easiest thing you can do,
but also the least efficient and harder to maintain. Since then I almost never
include inline JavaScript inside templates anymore.
But it’s also understandable if you want take the easier road. Most of the time
you don’t even care about performance during hackathons, you just want to “get
shit done” before the time runs out. Well, either way, use whichever approach
makes more sense to you. At the end of the day, it’s what you build that
matters, not how you build it.
If you want to stick all your JavaScript inside templates, then in layout.jade -
your main template file, add this to head block.
script(src='/socket.io/socket.io.js')
script.
var socket = io.connect(window.location.href);
socket.on('greet', function (data) {
console.log(data);
socket.emit('respond', { message: 'Hey there, server!' });
});
Note: Notice the path of the socket.io.js, you don’t actually have to have
socket.io.js file anywhere in your project; it will be generated automatically
at runtime.
If you want to have JavaScript code separate from templates, move that inline
script code into main.js, inside the $(document).ready() function:
$(document).ready(function() {
// Place JavaScript code here...
var socket = io.connect(window.location.href);
socket.on('greet', function (data) {
console.log(data);
socket.emit('respond', { message: 'Hello to you too, Mr.Server!' });
});
});
And we are done!
MONGOOSE CHEATSHEET
FIND ALL USERS:
User.find((err, users) => {
console.log(users);
});
FIND A USER BY EMAIL:
var userEmail = 'example@gmail.com';
User.findOne({ email: userEmail }, (err, user) => {
console.log(user);
});
FIND 5 MOST RECENT USER ACCOUNTS:
User
.find()
.sort({ _id: -1 })
.limit(5)
.exec((err, users) => {
console.log(users);
});
GET TOTAL COUNT OF A FIELD FROM ALL DOCUMENTS:
Let’s suppose that each user has a votes field and you would like to count the
total number of votes in your database across all users. One very inefficient
way would be to loop through each document and manually accumulate the count. Or
you could use MongoDB Aggregation Framework instead:
User.aggregate({ $group: { _id: null, total: { $sum: '$votes' } } }, (err, votesCount) => {
console.log(votesCount.total);
});
DEPLOYMENT
Once you are ready to deploy your app, you will need to create an account with a
cloud platform to host it. These are not the only choices, but they are my top
picks. From my experience, Heroku is the easiest to get started with, it will
automatically restart your Node.js process when it crashes, zero-downtime
deployments and custom domain support on free accounts. Additionally, you can
create an account with mLab and then pick one of the 4 providers below. Again,
there are plenty of other choices and you are not limited to just the ones
listed below.
1-STEP DEPLOYMENT WITH HEROKU
* Download and install Heroku Toolbelt
* In terminal, run heroku login and enter your Heroku credentials
* From your app directory run heroku create
* Run heroku addons:create mongolab. This will set up the mLab add-on and
configure the MONGOLAB_URI environment variable in your Heroku app for you.
* Lastly, do git push heroku master. Done!
Note: To install Heroku add-ons your account must be verified.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Open mlab.com website
* Click the yellow Sign up button
* Fill in your user information then hit Create account
* From the dashboard, click on :zap:Create new button
* Select any cloud provider (I usually go with AWS)
* Under Plan click on Single-node (development) tab and select Sandbox (it’s
free)
* Leave MongoDB version as is - 2.4.x
* Enter *Database name** for your web app
* Then click on :zap:Create new MongoDB deployment button
* Now, to access your database you need to create a DB user
* Click to the recently created database
* You should see the following message:
* A database user is required to connect to this database. Click here to create
a new one.
* Click the link and fill in DB Username and DB Password fields
* Finally, in .env instead of mongodb://localhost:27017/test, use the following
URI with your credentials:
* db: 'mongodb://USERNAME:PASSWORD@ds027479.mongolab.com:27479/DATABASE_NAME'
Note: As an alternative to mLab, there is also Compose.
* First, install this Ruby gem: sudo gem install rhc :gem:
* Run rhc login and enter your OpenShift credentials
* From your app directory run rhc app create MyApp nodejs-0.10
* Note: MyApp is the name your app (no spaces)
* Once that is done, you will be provided with URL, SSH and Git Remote links
* Visit provided URL and you should see the Welcome to your Node.js application
on OpenShift page
* Copy and and paste Git Remote into git remote add openshift YOUR_GIT_REMOTE
* Before you push your app, you need to do a few modifications to your code
Add these two lines to app.js, just place them anywhere before app.listen():
var IP_ADDRESS = process.env.OPENSHIFT_NODEJS_IP || '127.0.0.1';
var PORT = process.env.OPENSHIFT_NODEJS_PORT || 8080;
Then change app.listen() to:
app.listen(PORT, IP_ADDRESS,() => {
console.log(`Express server listening on port ${PORT} in ${app.settings.env} mode`);
});
Add this to package.json, after name and version. This is necessary because, by
default, OpenShift looks for server.js file. And by specifying supervisor app.js
it will automatically restart the server when node.js process crashes.
"main": "app.js",
"scripts": {
"start": "supervisor app.js"
},
* Finally, you can now push your code to OpenShift by running git push -f
openshift master
* Note: The first time you run this command, you have to pass -f (force) flag
because OpenShift creates a dummy server with the welcome page when you
create a new Node.js app. Passing -f flag will override everything with your
Hackathon Starter project repository. Do not run git pull as it will create
unnecessary merge conflicts.
* And you are done!
* Login to Windows Azure Management Portal
* Click the + NEW button on the bottom left of the portal
* Click COMPUTE, then WEB APP, then QUICK CREATE
* Enter a name for URL and select the datacenter REGION for your web site
* Click on CREATE WEB APP button
* Once the web site status changes to Running, click on the name of the web
site to access the Dashboard
* At the bottom right of the Quickstart page, select Set up a deployment from
source control
* Select Local Git repository from the list, and then click the arrow
* To enable Git publishing, Azure will ask you to create a user name and
password
* Once the Git repository is ready, you will be presented with a GIT URL
* Inside your Hackathon Starter directory, run git remote add azure [Azure Git
URL]
* To push your changes simply run git push azure master
* Note: You will be prompted for the password you created earlier
* On Deployments tab of your Windows Azure Web App, you will see the deployment
history
* Go to Codename: Bluemix to signup for the free trial, or login with your IBM
id
* Install Cloud Foundry CLI
* Navigate to your hackathon-starter directory and then run cf push
[your-app-name] -m 512m command to deploy the application
* Note: You must specify a unique application name in place of [your-app-name]
* Run cf create-service mongodb 100 [your-service-name] to create a MongoDB
service
* Run cf bind-service [your-app-name] [your-service-name] to associate your
application with a service created above
* Run cf files [your-app-name] logs/env.log to see the *environment variables
created for MongoDB.
* Copy the MongoDB URI that should look something like the following:
mongodb://68638358-a3c6-42a1-bae9-645b607d55e8:46fb97e6-5ce7-4146-9a5d-d623c64ff1fe@192.155.243.23:10123/db
* Then set it as an environment variable for your application by running cf
set-env [your-app-name] MONGODB [your-mongodb-uri]
* Run cf restart [your-app-name] for the changes to take effect.
* Visit your starter app at http://[your-app-name].ng.bluemix.net
* Done!
Note: Alternative directions, including how to setup the project with a DevOps
pipeline are available at http://ibm.biz/hackstart. A longer version of these
instructions with screenshots is available at http://ibm.biz/hackstart2. Also,
be sure to check out the Jump-start your hackathon efforts with DevOps Services
and Bluemix video.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GOOGLE CLOUD PLATFORM
* Download and install Node.js
* Select or create a Google Cloud Platform Console project
* Enable billing for your project (there’s a $300 free trial)
* Install and initialize the Google Cloud SDK
* Create an app.yaml file at the root of your hackathon-starter folder with the
following contents:
runtime: nodejs
vm: true
manual_scaling:
instances: 1
* Make sure you’ve set MONGODB_URI or MONGOLAB_URI in .env.example
* Run the following command to deploy the hackathon-starter app:
gcloud app deploy
* Monitor your deployed app in the Cloud Console
* View the logs for your app in the Cloud Console
CHANGELOG
4.1.0 (JULY 23, 2016)
* Improved redirect logic after login #435
* Removed Venmo API (see Venmo Halts New Developer Access To Its API)
* Removed BitGo API due to issues with secp256k1 dependency on Windows
4.0.1 (MAY 17, 2016)
* Renamed MONGODB to MONGODB_URI environment variable
* Set engine "node": "6.1.0" in package.json
4.0.0 (MAY 13, 2016)
* ECMAScript 2015 support! (Make sure you are using Node.js 6.0+)
* Thanks @vanshady and @prashcr
* Added <meta theme-color> support for Chrome for Android
* Added Yahoo Finance API example
* Updated Aviary API example
* Flash an error message when updating email to that which is already taken
* Removing an email address during profile update is no longer possible
* PayPal API example now uses return_url and cancel_url from .env
* Added client-side required=true attributes to input fields
* Fixed broken show() function in the GitHub API example
* Fixed YQL query in the Yahoo Weather API example
* Fixed Can’t set headers after they are sent error in Stripe API example
* Code refactoring and cleanup
* Updated Travis-CI Node.js version
* Updated NPM dependencies
* Removed Mandrill references
3.5.0 (MARCH 4, 2016)
* Added file upload example
* Added Pinterest API example
* Added timestamp support to the User schema
* Fixed next parameter being undefined inside getReset handler
* Refactored querysting param usage in api.js controller
* Removed setup.js (generator) due to its limited functionality and a lack of
updates
3.4.1 (FEBRUARY 6, 2016)
* Added “Obtaining Twilio API Keys” instructions.
* Updated Bootstrap v3.3.6.
* Updated jQuery v2.2.0.
* Updated Font Awesome v4.5.0.
* Removed debug and outputStyle from the Sass middleware options.
* Removed connect-assets (no longer used) from package.json`.
* Fixed Font Awesome icon syntax error in profile.jade.
* Fixed Cheerio broken link.
3.4.0 (JANUARY 5, 2016)
* Use dontenv package for managing API keys and secrets.
* Removed secrets.js (replaced by .env.example).
* Added .env to .gitignore.
* Fixed broken Aviary API image.
3.3.1 (DECEMBER 25, 2015)
* Use connect-mongo ES5 fallback for backward-compatibility with Node.js
version < 4.0.
3.3.0 (DECEMBER 19, 2015)
* Steam authorization via OpenID.
* Code style update. (No longer use “one-liners” without braces)
* Updated LinkedIn scope from r_fullprofile to r_basicprofile due to API
changes.
* Added LICENSE file.
* Removed Bitcore example due to installation issues on Windows 10.
3.2.0 (OCTOBER 19, 2015)
* Added Google Analytics script.
* Split api.js require intro declaration and initialization for better
performance. (See #247)
* Removed ionicons.
* Removed connect-assets. (Replaced by node-sass-middleware)
* Fixed alignment styling on /login, /profile and /account
* Fixed Stripe API POST request.
* Converted LESS to Sass stylesheets.
* Set node_js version to “stable” in .travis.yml.
* Removed mocha.opts file, pass options directly to package.json
* README cleanup and fixes.
* Updated Font Awesome to 4.4.0
3.1.0 (AUGUST 25, 2015)
* Added Bitcore example.
* Added Bitgo example.
* Lots of README fixes.
* Fixed Google OAuth profile image url.
* Fixed a bug where connect-assets served all JS assets twice.
* Fixed missing csrf token in the Twilio API example form.
* Removed multer middleware.
* Removed Ordrx API. (Shutdown)
3.0.3 (MAY 14, 2015)
* Added favicon.
* Fixed an email issue with Google login.
3.0.2 (MARCH 31, 2015)
* Renamed navbar.jade to header.jade.
* Fixed typos in README. Thanks @josephahn and @rstormsf.
* Fix radio button alignment on small screens in Profile page.
* Increased bcrypt.genSalt() from 5 to 10.
* Updated package dependencies.
* Updated Font Awesome 4.3.0.
* Updated Bootstrap 3.3.4.
* Removed Ionicons.
* Removed unused User variable in controllers/api.js.
* Removed Nodejitsu instructions from README.
3.0.1 (FEBRUARY 23, 2015)
* Reverted Sass to LESS stylesheets. See #233.
* Convert email to lower case in Passport’s LocalStrategy during login.
* New Lob API.
* Updated Font Awesome to 4.3.0
* Updated Bootstrap and Flatly theme to 3.3.2.
3.0.0 (JANUARY 11, 2015)
* New Ordr.in API example.
* Brought back PayPal API example.
* Added xframe and xssProtection` protection via lusca module.
* No more CSRF route whitelisting, either enable or dsiable it globally.
* Simplified “remember original destination” middleware.
* Instead of excluding certain routes, you now have to “opt-in” for the routes
you wish to remember for a redirect after successful authentication.
* Converted LESS to Sass.
* Updated Bootstrap to 3.3.1 and Font Awesome to 4.2.0.
* Updated jQuery to 2.1.3 and Bootstrap to 3.3.1 JS files.
* Updated Ionicons to 2.0.
* Faster travis-ci builds using sudo: false.
* Fixed YUI url on Yahoo API example.
* Fixed mongo-connect deprecation warning.
* Code cleanup throughout the project.
* Updated secrets.js notice.
* Simplified the generator (setup.js), no longer removes auth providers.
* Added git remote rm origin to Getting Started instructions in README.
2.4.0 (NOVEMBER 8, 2014)
* Bootstrap 3.3.0.
* Flatly 3.3.0 theme.
* User model cleanup.
* Removed helperContext from connect-assets middleware.
2.3.4 (OCTOBER 27, 2014)
* Font Awesome 4.2.0 01e7bd5c09926911ca856fe4990e6067d9148694
* Code cleanup in app.js and controllers/api.js.
8ce48f767c0146062296685cc101acf3d5d224d9
cdbb9d1888a96bbba92d4d14deec99a8acba2618
* Updated Stripe API example. afef373cd57b6a44bf856eb093e8f2801fc2dbe2
* Added 1-step deployment process with Heroku and mLab add-on.
c5def7b7b3b98462e9a2e7896dc11aaec1a48b3f
* Updated Twitter apps dashboard url. e378fbbc24e269de69494d326bc20fcb641c0697
* Fixed dead links in the README. 78fac5489c596e8bcef0ab11a96e654335573bb4
2.3.3 (SEPTEMBER 1, 2014)
* Use https (instead of http) profile image URL with Twitter authentication
2.3.2 (JULY 28, 2014)
* Fixed an issue with connect-assets when running app.js from an outside folder
* Temporarily disabled setup.js on Windows platform until blessed fixes its
problems
2.3.1 (JULY 15, 2014)
* Migrated to Nodemailer 1.0
2.3 (JULY 2, 2014)
* Bootstrap 3.2
* New default theme
* Ionicons fonts
* Fixed bodyParser deprecation warning
* Minor visual updates
* CSS cleanup via RECESS
* Replaced navbar-brand image with a font icon
2.2.1 (JUNE 17, 2014)
* Added IBM Codename: BlueMix deployment instructions
2.2 (JUNE 6, 2014)
* Use Lodash instead of Underscore.js
* Replaced all occurrences of _.findWhere with _.find
* Added a flash message when user deletes an account
* Updated and clarified some comments
* Updated the Remove Auth message in setup.js
* Cleaned up styles.less
* Redesigned API Examples page
* Updated Last.fm API example
* Updated Steam API example
* Updated Instagram API example
* Updated Facebook API example
* Updated jQuery to 2.1.1
* Fixed a bug that didn’t remove Instagram Auth properly
* Fixed Foursquare secret token
2.1.4 (JUNE 5, 2014)
* Fixed a bug related to returnTo url (#155)
2.1.3 (JUNE 3, 2014)
* Font Awesome 4.1
* Updated icons on some API examples
* Use LESS files for bootstrap-social and font-awesome
2.1.2 (JUNE 2, 2014)
* Improved Twilio API example
* Updated dependencies
2.1.1 (MAY 29, 2014)
* Added Compose new Tweet to Twitter API example
* Fixed email service indentation
* Fixed Mailgun and Mandrill secret.js properties
* Renamed navigation.jade to navbar.jade
2.1 (MAY 13, 2014)
* New and improved generator - setup.js
* Added Yahoo API
* CSS and templates cleanup
* Minor improvement to the default theme
* cluster_app.js has been moved into setup.js
2.0.4 (APRIL 26, 2014)
* Added Mandrill e-mail service (via generator)
2.0.3 (APRIL 25, 2014)
* LinkedIn API: Fixed an error if a user did not specify education on LinkedIn
* Removed email constraint when linking OAuth accounts in order to be able to
merge accounts that use the same email address
* Check if email address is already taken when creating a new local account
* Previously relied on Validation Error 11000, which doesn’t always work
* When creating a local account, checks if e-mail address is already taken
* Flash notifications can now be dismissed by clicking on �?
2.0.2 (APRIL 22, 2014)
* Added Instagram Authentication
* Added Instagram API example
* Updated Instagram Strategy to use a “fake” email address similar to Twitter
Startegy
2.0.1 (APRIL 18, 2014)
* Conditional CSRF support using lusca
* Fixed EOL problem in generator.js for Windows users
* Fixed outdated csrf token string on profile.jade
* Code cleanup
2.0.0 (APRIL 15, 2014)
There are have been over 500+ commits since the initial announcement in January
2014 and over a 120 issues and pull requests from 28 contributors.
* Documentation grew 8x in size since the announcement on Hacker News
* Upgraded to Express 4.0
* Generator for adding/removing authentication providers
* New Instagram authentication that can be added via generator
* Forgot password and password reset for Local authentication
* Added LinkedIn authentication and API example
* Added Stripe API example
* Added Venmo API example
* Added Clockwork SMS example
* Nicer Facebook API example
* Pre-populated secrets.js with API keys (not linked to my personal accounts)
* Grid layout with company logos on API Examples page
* Added tests (Mocha, Chai, Supertest)
* Gravatar pictures in Navbar and Profile page
* Tracks last visited URL before signing in to redirect back to original
destination
* CSRF protection
* Gzip compression and static assets caching
* Client-side JavaScript is automatically minified+concatenated in production
* Navbar, flash messages, footer refactored into partial templates
* Support for Node.js clusters
* Support for Mailgun email service
* Support for environment variables in secrets.js
* Switched from less-middleware to connect-assets
* Bug fixes related to multi-authentication login and account linking
* Other small fixes and changes that are too many to list
CONTRIBUTING
If something is unclear, confusing, or needs to be refactored, please let me
know. Pull requests are always welcome, but due to the opinionated nature of
this project, I cannot accept every pull request. Please open an issue before
submitting a pull request. This project uses Airbnb JavaScript Style Guide with
a few minor exceptions. If you are submitting a pull request that involves Jade
templates, please make sure you are using spaces, not tabs.
LICENSE
The MIT License (MIT)
Copyright (c) 2014-2016 Sahat Yalkabov
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in
the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
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