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Ransomware
New Linux-Based Ransomware Cheerscrypt Targeting ESXi Devices Linked to Leaked
Babuk Source Code

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Ransomware


NEW LINUX-BASED RANSOMWARE CHEERSCRYPT TARGETING ESXI DEVICES LINKED TO LEAKED
BABUK SOURCE CODE

New findings showed that Cheerscrypt, a new Linux-based ransomware variant that
compromises ESXi servers, was derived from the leaked Babuk source code. We
discuss our analysis in this report.

By: Arianne Dela Cruz, Byron Gelera, McJustine De Guzman, Warren Sto.Tomas May
25, 2022 Read time: 3 min (905 words)

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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

We recently discovered that Cheerscrypt, the new Linux-based ransomware that we
detected in multiple attacks targeting ESXi servers, was based on the leaked
Babuk source code. Upon scrutiny, we found similarities between Cheerscrypt and
the Linux version of the Babuk ransomware, specifically its ESXi version. The
base code of Cheerscrypt appears to be derived from the Babuk source code, but
modified and customized to suit the malicious actor’s ransomware goals.

This blog entry discusses our findings and provides an overview of Cheerscrypt’s
infection routine based on the information we have gathered so far.

Brief background

Over the past few weeks, we observed several Linux-based ransomware detections
that malicious actors launched to target VMware ESXi servers, a bare-metal
hypervisor for creating and running several virtual machines (VMs) that share
the same hard drive storage. We encountered Cheerscrypt, a new ransomware family
that has been targeting a customer’s EXSi server used to manage VMware files,
during this period.

In the past, ESXi servers were also attacked by other known ransomware families
such as LockBit, Hive, and RansomEXX as an efficient way to infect many 
computers with ransomware.

This blog entry provides an overview of Cheerscrypt’s infection routine based on
the information we have gathered so far.

Infection routine

The ransomware requires an input parameter specifying the path to encrypt so
that it can proceed to its Infection routine.

Figure 1. Ransomware command line

Upon execution, it implements the following command to terminate VM processes
using ESXCLI:

> “esxcli vm process kill –type=force –world-id=$(esxcli vm process list|grep
> ‘World ID’|awk ‘{print $3}’)”

The termination of the VM processes ensures that the ransomware can successfully
encrypt VMware-related files. Similar to other infamous ransomware families,
Cheerscrypt employs the double extortion scheme to coerce its victim to pay the
ransom, as shown on their ransom note in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Cheerscrypt’s ransom note

Successfully encrypted files are renamed with the .Cheers extension. However,
the ransomware first renames the files it will encrypt before encrypting the
files. Thus, if the access permission for the file was not granted, it cannot
proceed with the actual encryption.

Figure 3. Cheerscrypt renames the sample before encryption.

For each directory it encrypts, it will drop the ransom note named, “How to
Restore Your Files.txt”.  It seeks out log files and VMware-related files with
the following extensions:

 * ·       .log
 * ·       .vmdk
 * ·       .vmem
 * ·       .vswp
 * ·       .vmsn

After successful encryption, it displays the following console that contains the
data statistics of its routine:

Figure 4. Console displayed after encryption

Encryption algorithm

Cheerscrypt’s executable file contains the public key  of a matching key pair
with the private key being held by the malicious actor.  The ransomware uses
SOSEMANUK stream cipher to encrypt files and ECDH to generate the SOSEMANUK key.
For each file to encrypt, it generates an ECDH public-private key pair on the
machine through Linux’s /dev/urandom. It then uses its embedded public key and
the generated private key to create a secret key that will be used as a
SOSEMANUK key. After encrypting the file, it will append the generated public
key to it. Since the generated private key is not saved, one cannot use the
embedded public key with the generated private key to produce the secret key.
Therefore, decryption is only possible if the malicious actor’s private key is
known. The infection chain is shown on Figure 5.

Figure 5. Cheerscrypt’s encryption algorithm

New findings: Cheerscrypt linked to Babuk

Unlike Cheerscrypt, Babuk’s malware version used to compromise ESXi servers
ensured that the files were encrypted before it renamed the target files. This
goes to show that despite the Babuk ransomware operator’s announcement of their
retirement — after claiming they already achieved their goals — their impact can
still affect different organizations when other malicious actors build upon the
source code they leaked. We provide Babuk’s source code for the malware variant
specific to ESXi servers in Figure 6. In Figure 7, we can see that Cheerscrypt’s
source code was based on Babuk’s source code that was leaked before.

Figure 6. Babuk’s source code for the malware variant used to target ESXi
servers
Figure 7. Cheerscrypt’s source code with similarities to Babuk’s source code

Conclusion

ESXi is widely used in enterprise settings for server virtualization. It is
therefore a popular target for ransomware attacks. As mentioned, compromising
ESXi servers has been a scheme used by some notorious cybercriminal groups
because it is a means to swiftly spread the ransomware to many devices.
Organizations should thus expect malicious actors to upgrade their malware
arsenal and breach as many systems and platforms as they can for monetary gain.

Recommendations 

A proactive stance that ensures solid cybersecurity defenses against modern
ransomware threats is crucial for organizations to thrive in an ever-changing
threat landscape. To protect systems against similar attacks, organizations can
establish security frameworks that systematically allocate resources based on an
enterprise’s needs. 

Organizations can benefit from following the security frameworks established by
the Center of Internet Security and the National Institute of Standards and
Technology when developing  their own cybersecurity strategies. The frameworks
they created help security teams to mitigate risks and minimize exposure to
threats. Adopting the best practices discussed in their respective frameworks
can save organizations the time and effort when they customize their own. Their
frameworks guide organizations through the entire process of planning while
providing suggestions on measures that need to be established first.


Tags
Endpoints | Ransomware | Research | Articles, News, Reports


AUTHORS

 * Arianne Dela Cruz
   
   Threats Analyst

 * Byron Gelera
   
   Threats Analyst

 * McJustine De Guzman
   
   Threats Analyst

 * Warren Sto.Tomas
   
   Sr. Threat Research Engineer

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We aim to support as many browsers and assistive technologies as possible, so
our users can choose the best fitting tools for them, with as few limitations as
possible. Therefore, we have worked very hard to be able to support all major
systems that comprise over 95% of the user market share, including Google
Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Apple Safari, Opera and Microsoft Edge, JAWS, and NVDA
(screen readers), both for Windows and MAC users.

Notes, comments, and feedback

Despite our very best efforts to allow anybody to adjust the website to their
needs, there may still be pages or sections that are not fully accessible, are
in the process of becoming accessible, or are lacking an adequate technological
solution to make them accessible. Still, we are continually improving our
accessibility, adding, updating, improving its options and features, and
developing and adopting new technologies. All this is meant to reach the optimal
level of accessibility following technological advancements. If you wish to
contact the website’s owner, please use the website's form

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