www.academia.edu
Open in
urlscan Pro
13.32.27.104
Public Scan
Submitted URL: https://www.academia.edu/t/zHj6a-ShTkTcu-9MSxr/
Effective URL: https://www.academia.edu/
Submission: On December 23 via api from UA — Scanned from PL
Effective URL: https://www.academia.edu/
Submission: On December 23 via api from UA — Scanned from PL
Form analysis
2 forms found in the DOM<form>
<div style="display: none;"><button aria-label="Back" type="button" class="BackButton-cls2___f7e46643dae5bbdd759 BackButton-cls1__d1d8974ced0fe499fb12"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" width="24"
height="24" color="currentColor">
<path d="M20 12l-1.41-1.41L13 16.17V4h-2v12.17l-5.58-5.59L4 12l8 8 8-8z"></path>
</svg></button>
<div class="common-cls2___a4d0048b87e6d38477e common-cls1___de7f5728abd1bf23121">Continue with Email</div>
<div class="common-cls2___b04e7a9656784395256 common-cls1__d00e1737a5b085809be4">Sign up or log in to continue.</div>
<div class="VerticalSpacer-cls2___1e3c4931c6297665a7f VerticalSpacer-cls1__b7d86bcf5bf0c62f0069" style="height: 40px;"></div>
<div class="LabeledInput-cls2__ae21e6cac5fe621cff00 LabeledInput-cls1__b8cdc7a36b6b3bf609e7"><label for="email" class="LabeledInput-cls2___f4171ac95a2350ae202 LabeledInput-cls1___d78a4202a3abf7606ce">Email</label><input type="email"
autocomplete="username" placeholder="name@example.com" id="email" name="email" class="LabeledInput-cls2__dbe8904637b6f9e3c1ee LabeledInput-cls1__e465d1b8e951a4f4f513"></div>
<div class="NewLine-cls2__f891788c9a5907e047a6 NewLine-cls1___752eb4149a4042a1620"></div>
<div class="VerticalSpacer-cls2___1e3c4931c6297665a7f VerticalSpacer-cls1__b7d86bcf5bf0c62f0069" style="height: 40px;"></div>
<div class="CenteredDiv-cls2___77d9ebe437b959700a7 CenteredDiv-cls1___904eb07ac9280523f79">
<div class="CenteredDiv-cls2___d835da1742b5620a899 CenteredDiv-cls1___99a0cd510b239d4a078"><button class="ds2-5-button CtaButton-cls2___549cd0dff4dba6f75ff CtaButton-cls1__bbca0605a4e512dd4400" type="button" disabled="">Next<span
class="CtaButton-cls2___57a2bfc22b931685e08 CtaButton-cls1___1f4c4600efa10d54678">▸</span></button></div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="display: none;"><button aria-label="Back" type="button" class="BackButton-cls2___f7e46643dae5bbdd759 BackButton-cls1__d1d8974ced0fe499fb12"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" width="24"
height="24" color="currentColor">
<path d="M20 12l-1.41-1.41L13 16.17V4h-2v12.17l-5.58-5.59L4 12l8 8 8-8z"></path>
</svg></button>
<div class="common-cls2___a4d0048b87e6d38477e common-cls1___de7f5728abd1bf23121">Welcome to Academia</div>
<div class="common-cls2___b04e7a9656784395256 common-cls1__d00e1737a5b085809be4">Sign up to continue.</div>
<div class="VerticalSpacer-cls2___1e3c4931c6297665a7f VerticalSpacer-cls1__b7d86bcf5bf0c62f0069" style="height: 32px;"></div>
<div class="EmailRegistrationPage-cls2___f85de429af5afa5f773 EmailRegistrationPage-cls1__a9b38587145f2f1cbcec">
<div class="LabeledInput-cls2__ae21e6cac5fe621cff00 LabeledInput-cls1__b8cdc7a36b6b3bf609e7"><label for="given-name" class="LabeledInput-cls2___f4171ac95a2350ae202 LabeledInput-cls1___d78a4202a3abf7606ce">First name</label><input
autocomplete="given-name" placeholder="First name" id="given-name" name="given-name" class="LabeledInput-cls2__dbe8904637b6f9e3c1ee LabeledInput-cls1__e465d1b8e951a4f4f513"></div>
<div class="LabeledInput-cls2__ae21e6cac5fe621cff00 LabeledInput-cls1__b8cdc7a36b6b3bf609e7"><label for="family-name" class="LabeledInput-cls2___f4171ac95a2350ae202 LabeledInput-cls1___d78a4202a3abf7606ce">Last name</label><input
autocomplete="family-name" placeholder="Last name" id="family-name" name="family-name" class="LabeledInput-cls2__dbe8904637b6f9e3c1ee LabeledInput-cls1__e465d1b8e951a4f4f513"></div>
</div>
<div class="VerticalSpacer-cls2___1e3c4931c6297665a7f VerticalSpacer-cls1__b7d86bcf5bf0c62f0069" style="height: 16px;"></div>
<div class="LabeledInput-cls2__ae21e6cac5fe621cff00 LabeledInput-cls1__b8cdc7a36b6b3bf609e7"><label for="new-password" class="LabeledInput-cls2___f4171ac95a2350ae202 LabeledInput-cls1___d78a4202a3abf7606ce">Password</label><input type="password"
autocomplete="new-password" placeholder="Create a password" id="new-password" name="new-password" class="LabeledInput-cls2__dbe8904637b6f9e3c1ee LabeledInput-cls1__e465d1b8e951a4f4f513"></div>
<div class="VerticalSpacer-cls2___1e3c4931c6297665a7f VerticalSpacer-cls1__b7d86bcf5bf0c62f0069" style="height: 40px;"></div>
<div class="CenteredDiv-cls2___77d9ebe437b959700a7 CenteredDiv-cls1___904eb07ac9280523f79">
<div class="CenteredDiv-cls2___d835da1742b5620a899 CenteredDiv-cls1___99a0cd510b239d4a078"><button class="ds2-5-button CtaButton-cls2___549cd0dff4dba6f75ff CtaButton-cls1__bbca0605a4e512dd4400" type="button" disabled="">Start download<span
class="CtaButton-cls2___57a2bfc22b931685e08 CtaButton-cls1___1f4c4600efa10d54678">▸</span></button></div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="display: none;"><button aria-label="Back" type="button" class="BackButton-cls2___f7e46643dae5bbdd759 BackButton-cls1__d1d8974ced0fe499fb12"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" width="24"
height="24" color="currentColor">
<path d="M20 12l-1.41-1.41L13 16.17V4h-2v12.17l-5.58-5.59L4 12l8 8 8-8z"></path>
</svg></button>
<div class="common-cls2___a4d0048b87e6d38477e common-cls1___de7f5728abd1bf23121">Hi, </div>
<div class="common-cls2___b04e7a9656784395256 common-cls1__d00e1737a5b085809be4">Log in to continue.</div>
<div class="VerticalSpacer-cls2___1e3c4931c6297665a7f VerticalSpacer-cls1__b7d86bcf5bf0c62f0069" style="height: 32px;"></div>
<div class="LabeledInput-cls2__ae21e6cac5fe621cff00 LabeledInput-cls1__b8cdc7a36b6b3bf609e7"><label for="current-password" class="LabeledInput-cls2___f4171ac95a2350ae202 LabeledInput-cls1___d78a4202a3abf7606ce">Password</label><input
type="password" autocomplete="current-password" placeholder="Your password" id="current-password" name="current-password" class="LabeledInput-cls2__dbe8904637b6f9e3c1ee LabeledInput-cls1__e465d1b8e951a4f4f513"></div>
<div class="NewLine-cls2__f891788c9a5907e047a6 NewLine-cls1___752eb4149a4042a1620"></div>
<div class="VerticalSpacer-cls2___1e3c4931c6297665a7f VerticalSpacer-cls1__b7d86bcf5bf0c62f0069" style="height: 16px;"></div>
<div class="CenteredDiv-cls2___77d9ebe437b959700a7 CenteredDiv-cls1___904eb07ac9280523f79">
<div class="CenteredDiv-cls2___d835da1742b5620a899 CenteredDiv-cls1___99a0cd510b239d4a078"><span class="EmailLoginPage-cls2__fc45b57273d6bde03bac EmailLoginPage-cls1___f2dbce9a9cf92a3f6b9">Reset password</span></div>
</div>
<div class="VerticalSpacer-cls2___1e3c4931c6297665a7f VerticalSpacer-cls1__b7d86bcf5bf0c62f0069" style="height: 40px;"></div>
<div class="CenteredDiv-cls2___77d9ebe437b959700a7 CenteredDiv-cls1___904eb07ac9280523f79">
<div class="CenteredDiv-cls2___d835da1742b5620a899 CenteredDiv-cls1___99a0cd510b239d4a078"><button class="ds2-5-button CtaButton-cls2___549cd0dff4dba6f75ff CtaButton-cls1__bbca0605a4e512dd4400" type="button" disabled="">Log in<span
class="CtaButton-cls2___57a2bfc22b931685e08 CtaButton-cls1___1f4c4600efa10d54678">▸</span></button></div>
</div>
</div>
</form>
GET https://www.academia.edu/search
<form class="js-SiteSearch-form select2-no-default-pills" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off"><svg style="width: 14px; height: 14px;"
aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="search" class="header--search-icon svg-inline--fa fa-search fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512">
<path fill="currentColor"
d="M505 442.7L405.3 343c-4.5-4.5-10.6-7-17-7H372c27.6-35.3 44-79.7 44-128C416 93.1 322.9 0 208 0S0 93.1 0 208s93.1 208 208 208c48.3 0 92.7-16.4 128-44v16.3c0 6.4 2.5 12.5 7 17l99.7 99.7c9.4 9.4 24.6 9.4 33.9 0l28.3-28.3c9.4-9.4 9.4-24.6.1-34zM208 336c-70.7 0-128-57.2-128-128 0-70.7 57.2-128 128-128 70.7 0 128 57.2 128 128 0 70.7-57.2 128-128 128z">
</path>
</svg>
<div class="select2-container select2-container-multi" id="s2id_autogen1"><input class="header--search-input header--search-input-ds2 js-SiteSearch-form-input select2-input" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search"
type="text" autocomplete="off" autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="off" spellcheck="false" id="s2id_autogen2">
<div class="select2-drop select2-drop-multi select2-display-none js-SiteSearch-results SiteSearch-results bootstrap DesignSystem">
<ul class="select2-results"> </ul>
</div>
</div>
</form>
Text Content
close Welcome to Academia Sign up to get access to over 50 million papers Continue with GoogleContinue with AppleContinue with FacebookemailContinue with Email By continuing, you agree to our Terms of Use Continue with Email Sign up or log in to continue. Email Next▸ Welcome to Academia Sign up to continue. First name Last name Password Start download▸ Hi, Log in to continue. Password Reset password Log in▸ Password reset Check your email for your reset link. Your link was sent to Done Please hold while we log you in Skip to main content Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser. Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. To learn more, view our Privacy Policy.× Log InSign Up * Log In * Sign Up * more * * About * Press * Papers * Terms * Privacy * Copyright * We're Hiring! * Help Center * less Sign UpLogin DOWNLOAD 55 MILLION PDFS FOR FREE Sign Up Registered Users 279m+ Uploaded Papers 55m+ Daily Recommendations 20m EXPLORE OUR TOP RESEARCH INTERESTS Browse All Topics HISTORY 10.7 M Followers 847 K Papers 362 K Authors Medieval History 93.9 K papers Ancient History 91.2 K papers Cultural History 61.1 K papers Early Modern History 50.1 K papers Urban History 26 K papers Roman History 35.8 K papers Ancient Greek History 27.3 K papers Military History 35.4 K papers ENGINEERING 2.97 M Followers 3.81 M Papers 1.25 M Authors Electrical And Electronic Engineering 918 K papers Mechanical Engineering 887 K papers Materials Engineering 791 K papers Chemical Engineering 742 K papers Biomedical Engineering 491 K papers Civil Engineering 511 K papers Environmental Engineering 223 K papers Manufacturing Engineering 127 K papers ECONOMICS 5.21 M Followers 1.03 M Papers 371 K Authors Applied Economics 393 K papers Econometrics 124 K papers Economic Development 50.4 K papers Development Economics 48.7 K papers Economic History 47.7 K papers Agricultural Economics 36.5 K papers Macroeconomics 23.9 K papers Economic policy 19.6 K papers PSYCHOLOGY 4.55 M Followers 3.65 M Papers 1.12 M Authors Social Psychology 139 K papers Clinical Psychology 104 K papers Cognitive Psychology 70.5 K papers Developmental Psychology 85.8 K papers Educational Psychology 34 K papers Health Psychology 29.5 K papers Child Psychology 6.62 K papers Abnormal Psychology 5.42 K papers PHYSICS 2.88 M Followers 1.93 M Papers 696 K Authors Quantum Physics 269 K papers Condensed Matter Physics 483 K papers High Energy Physics 49.8 K papers Astrophysics 106 K papers Particle Physics 78.3 K papers Molecular Physics 11.3 K papers Aerodynamics 21 K papers Nuclear Physics 58.4 K papers ANTHROPOLOGY 3.44 M Followers 283 K Papers 112 K Authors Social and Cultural Anthropology 53 K papers Medical Anthropology 15.7 K papers Anthropology of Religion 22.3 K papers Forensic Anthropology 9.1 K papers Visual Anthropology 8.82 K papers Linguistic Anthropology 8.88 K papers Physical Anthropology 7.83 K papers Political Anthropology 7.06 K papers PHILOSOPHY 7.62 M Followers 1.29 M Papers 528 K Authors Ethics 100 K papers Medical Ethics 27 K papers Political Philosophy 62.4 K papers Philosophy Of Religion 26.7 K papers Bioethics 30 K papers Philosophy Of Language 19.7 K papers Moral Philosophy 15.5 K papers Philosophy of Science 46.2 K papers CHEMISTRY 2 M Followers 3.29 M Papers 861 K Authors Analytical Chemistry 473 K papers Inorganic Chemistry 380 K papers Electrochemistry 92.8 K papers Materials Chemistry 41.8 K papers Physical Chemistry 36.6 K papers Geochemistry 313 K papers Chemical Synthesis 32.7 K papers Quantum Chemistry 16.3 K papers EARTH SCIENCES 262 K Followers 356 K Papers 133 K Authors Environmental Science 1.2 M papers Geology 1.28 M papers Climate Change 286 K papers Oceanography 176 K papers Atmospheric sciences 181 K papers Environmental Sustainability 96.2 K papers Hydrology 46.5 K papers Environmental Pollution 40.5 K papers COMPUTER SCIENCE 6.18 M Followers 4.49 M Papers 1.26 M Authors Machine Learning 166 K papers Computational Complexity 20.3 K papers Cryptography 34 K papers Programming Languages 14.8 K papers Logic Programming 4.65 K papers Functional Programming 3.73 K papers Natural Language Processing 81.1 K papers Artificial Intelligence 546 K papers MATHEMATICS 2.02 M Followers 1.31 M Papers 466 K Authors Statistics 243 K papers Numerical Analysis 50.1 K papers Game Theory 33.5 K papers Combinatorics 53.1 K papers Algebraic Geometry 8.37 K papers Linear Algebra 8.16 K papers Algebraic Topology 864 papers Applied Mathematics 514 K papers LITERATURE 2.25 M Followers 141 K Papers 75.4 K Authors Comparative Literature 36.1 K papers American Literature 18.7 K papers Literary Theory 23.8 K papers English Literature 31.8 K papers Literary Criticism 21.4 K papers Medieval Literature 16.4 K papers Postcolonial Literature 7.26 K papers Contemporary Literature 8.66 K papers LAW 47.6 K Followers 349 K Papers 157 K Authors Human Rights 118 K papers International Law 62.1 K papers Criminal Justice 34 K papers Constitutional Law 44.8 K papers Criminal Law 39 K papers Legal History 20.8 K papers Legal Theory 12.6 K papers Environmental Law 12.8 K papers HEALTH SCIENCES 667 K Followers 63.6 K Papers 38.6 K Authors Emergency Medicine 46.8 K papers Public Health 351 K papers Cardiology 316 K papers Neurology 101 K papers Infectious Diseases 110 K papers Internal Medicine 954 K papers Clinical Allergy and Immunology 34.6 K papers Medicine 11.8 M papers BIOLOGY 2.36 M Followers 4.22 M Papers 991 K Authors Microbiology 734 K papers Plant Biology 557 K papers Evolutionary Biology 342 K papers Molecular Biology 231 K papers Biochemistry 287 K papers Bioinformatics 145 K papers Biodiversity 143 K papers Cell Biology 293 K papers THEOLOGY 514 K Followers 103 K Papers 47.5 K Authors Religious Studies 59.6 K papers Biblical Theology 14.4 K papers Systematic Theology 9.74 K papers History of Religion 22.5 K papers Catholic Theology 6.31 K papers Ancient myth and religion 5.63 K papers Medieval Theology 2.79 K papers Comparative Religion 9.42 K papers Show more JOIN 279 MILLION ACADEMICS AND RESEARCHERS TRACK YOUR IMPACT Share your work with other academics, grow your audience and track your impact on your field with our robust analytics Track your impact DISCOVER NEW RESEARCH Get access to millions of research papers and stay informed with the important topics around the world Discover new research PUBLISH YOUR WORK Publish your research with fast and rigorous service through Academia.edu Journals. Get instant worldwide dissemination of your work Publish your work UNLOCK THE MOST POWERFUL TOOLS WITH ACADEMIA PREMIUM Sign Up and Upgrade to Premium WORK FASTER AND SMARTER WITH ADVANCED RESEARCH DISCOVERY TOOLS Search the full text and citations of our millions of papers. Download groups of related papers to jumpstart your research. Save time with search alerts. * Advanced Search * PDF Packages of 37 papers * Search Alerts SHARE YOUR WORK, TRACK YOUR IMPACT, AND GROW YOUR AUDIENCE Get notified when other academics mention you or cite your papers. Track your impact with in-depth analytics and network with members of your field. * Mentions and Citations Tracking * Advanced Analytics * Publishing Tools REAL STORIES FROM REAL PEOPLE RESEARCHER Alisdair University of Highlands and Islands “I go through all the articles in the bulk download, save the ones that are clearly going to be useful and discard the remainder. This saves loads of time but also points me in directions I might not otherwise have thought of looking.” RESEARCHER Trevor University of Sydney “The bulk downloads give me the chance to read more related articles as well as seeing what research is citing the article I am looking at. It also helps me rapidly expand my personal digital library of references.” RESEARCHER Trevor University of Sydney “The bulk downloads give me the chance to read more related articles as well as seeing what research is citing the article I am looking at. It also helps me rapidly expand my personal digital library of references.” RESEARCHER Paul Electrical Engineer “Bulk download provides me limitless opportunities to access books and research materials which I cannot ordinarily access.” RESEARCHER Steve Clinical Psychologist “The value of Bulk Download is in providing a fairly comprehensive overview of almost any topic within Academia.” RESEARCHER Wojtek University of Business and Administration in Gdynia “Bulk Download helps me get papers from younger scholars. It also surfaces teaching texts that assist in the development of my own hand-out materials for my students.” USED BY ACADEMICS AT OVER 15,000 UNIVERSITIES GET STARTED AND FIND THE BEST QUALITY RESEARCH Sign Up * About * Press * Papers * Topics * Academia.edu Journals * We're Hiring! * Help Center * Find new research papers in: * Physics * Chemistry * Biology * Health Sciences * Ecology * Earth Sciences * Cognitive Science * Mathematics * Computer Science * Terms * Privacy * Copyright * Academia ©2024 About Press We're Hiring! Help