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Movement to obtain a political goal
The mid-19th century Scandinavism political movement led to the modern use of
the term Scandinavia.

A political movement is a collective attempt by a group of people to change
government policy or social values.[1] Political movements are usually in
opposition to an element of the status quo,[2] and are often associated with a
certain ideology.[3] Some theories of political movements are the political
opportunity theory, which states that political movements stem from mere
circumstances,[4] and the resource mobilization theory which states that
political movements result from strategic organization and relevant
resources.[2] Political movements are also related to political parties in the
sense that they both aim to make an impact on the government and that several
political parties have emerged from initial political movements.[5] While
political parties are engaged with a multitude of issues, political movements
tend to focus on only one major issue.[6][7]

An organization in a political movement that is led by a Communist party is
termed a mass organization by the party and a "Communist front" by detractors.


CONTENTS

 * 1 Political movement theories
   * 1.1 Political opportunity theory
   * 1.2 Resource mobilization theory
 * 2 Relation to political parties
 * 3 Examples
 * 4 Mass movements
 * 5 Bibliography (Mass movements)
 * 6 See also
 * 7 References
 * 8 Further reading


POLITICAL MOVEMENT THEORIES[EDIT]

Some of the theories behind social movements have also been applied to the
emergence of political movements in specific, like the political opportunity
theory and the resource mobilization theory.[2][8]


POLITICAL OPPORTUNITY THEORY[EDIT]

The political opportunity theory asserts that political movements occur through
chance or certain opportunities and have little to do with resources,
connections or grievances in society.[4][8] Political opportunities can be
created by possible changes in the political system, structure or by other
developments in the political sphere and they are the driving force for
political movements to be established.[4]


RESOURCE MOBILIZATION THEORY[EDIT]

The resource mobilization theory states that political movements are the result
of careful planning, organizing and fundraising rather than spontaneous
uprisings or societal grievances. This theory postulates that movements rely on
resources and contact to the establishment in order to fully develop. Thus, at
the beginning and core of a political movement there lies a strategic
mobilization of individuals.[2][9]


RELATION TO POLITICAL PARTIES[EDIT]

Political movements are different from political parties since movements are
usually focused on a single issue and they have no interest in attaining office
in government. A political movement is generally an informal organization and
uses unconventional methods to achieve their goals.[6] In a political party, a
political organization seeks to influence or control government policy through
conventional methods,[6] usually by nominating their candidates and seating
candidates in politics and governmental offices.[7]

However, political parties and movements both aim to influence government in one
way or another[6] and both are often related to a certain ideology. Parties also
participate in electoral campaigns and educational outreach or protest actions
aiming to convince citizens or governments to take action on the issues and
concerns which are the focus of the movement.[7] What links political movements
to parties in particular, is that some movements have turned into political
parties. For example, the 15-M Movement against austerity in Spain led to the
creation of the populist party Podemos[10] and the labor movements in Brazil
helped form the Brazilian Workers' Party.[11] These types of movement parties
serve to raise awareness on the main issue of their initial political movement
in government, since the established parties may have neglected this issue in
the past.[5]

For groups seeking to influence policy, social movements can provide an
alternative to formal electoral politics. For example, the political scientist
S. Laurel Weldon has shown that women's movements and women's policy agencies
have tended to be more effective in reducing violence against women than the
presence of women in the legislatures.[12]

High barriers to entry to the political competition can disenfranchise political
movements.[13]


EXAMPLES[EDIT]

Some political movements have aimed to change government policy, such as the
anti-war movement, the ecology movement, and the anti-globalization movement.
With globalization, global citizens movements may have also emerged.[14] Many
political movements have aimed to establish or broaden the rights of subordinate
groups, such as abolitionism, the women's suffrage movement, the civil rights
movement, feminism, gay rights movement, the disability rights movement, the
animal rights movement, or the inclusive human rights movement. Some have
represented class interests, such as the labour movement, socialism, and
communism, while others have expressed national aspirations, including both
anticolonialist movements, such as Rātana and Sinn Féin, as well as colonialist
movements such as Zionism and Manifest destiny. Political movements can also
involve struggles to decentralize or centralize state control, as in anarchism,
fascism, and Nazism.

Famous recent social movements can be classified as political movements as they
have influenced policy changes at all levels of government. Political movements
that have recently emerged within the US are the Black Lives Matter Movement,
and the Me Too Movement. While political movements that have happened in recent
years within the Middle East is the Arab Spring. While in some cases these
political movements remained movements, in others they escalated into
revolutions and changed the state of government.[15]

Movements may also be named by outsiders, as with the Levellers political
movement in 17th century England, which was named so as a term of disparagement.
Yet admirers of the movement and its aims later came to use the term, and it is
this term by which they are most known to history.[16]


MASS MOVEMENTS[EDIT]

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A mass movement denotes a political party or movement which is supported by
large segments of a population. Political movements that typically advocate the
creation of a mass movement include the ideologies of communism, fascism, and
liberalism. Both communists and fascists typically support the creation of mass
movements as a means to overthrow a government and create their own government,
the mass movement then being used afterwards to protect the government from
being overthrown itself; whereas liberals seek mass participation in the system
of representative democracy.

The social scientific study of mass movements focuses on such elements as
charisma, leadership, active minorities, cults and sects, followers, mass man
and mass society, alienation, brainwashing and indoctrination, authoritarianism
and totalitarianism. The field emerged from crowd or mass psychology (Le Bon,
Tarde a.o.), which had gradually widened its scope from mobs to social movements
and opinion currents, and then to mass and media society.

One influential early text was the double essay on the herd instinct (1908) by
British surgeon Wilfred Trotter. It also influenced the key concepts of the
superego and identification in Massenpsychologie (1921) by Sigmund Freud,
misleadingly translated as Group psychology. They are linked to ideas on sexual
repression leading to rigid personalities, in the original Mass psychology of
fascism (1933) by Freudo-Marxist Wilhelm Reich (not to be confused with its
totally revised 1946 American version). This then rejoined ideas formulated by
the Frankfurt School and Theodor Adorno, ultimately leading to a major American
study of the authoritarian personality (1950), as a basis for xenophobia and
anti-Semitism. Another early theme was the relationship between masses and
elites, both outside and within such movements (Gaetano Mosca, Vilfredo Pareto,
Robert Michels, Moisey Ostrogorski).


BIBLIOGRAPHY (MASS MOVEMENTS)[EDIT]

 * Hoffer, Eric, The True Believer: Thoughts on the Nature of Mass Movements,
   New York, NY: Harper Perennial Modern Classics, 2002.
 * Marx, Gary, T. & McAdam, Douglas, Collective behavior and social movements,
   Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1994.
 * Van Ginneken, Jaap, Mass movements – In Darwinist, Freudian and Marxist
   perspective, Apeldoorn (Neth.): Spinhuis. 2007.
 * Wilson, John, Introduction to social movements, New York: Basic, 1973.


SEE ALSO[EDIT]

General Political spectrum, political science, political history (gestalt,
political thought history), political sociology (political opportunity, resource
mobilization), political structure States Sovereignty (sovereign state), nation
state, federated state, member state, nation, The Estates, Rechtsstaat People
John Locke, Georg Hegel, Karl Marx, Max Weber, Thomas Hobbes, Michel Foucault,
Alexis de Tocqueville Political philosophy Autonomy (social identity),
collective action, democracy, economic freedom, egalitarianism, equality before
the law, equal opportunity, free will, social framing, gender equality,
intellectual freedom, liberty, justice (moral responsibility), political freedom
(assembly, association, choice, speech), political representation
(representative democracy), political legitimacy, racial equality, rights (civil
liberties), social cohesion, social equality Political views Conservatism,
environmentalism, fascism, feminism, liberalism, Marxism, nationalism,
socialism, list of political ideologies Other Conservatism in the United States,
Constitutional Movement, contentious politics, environmental movement, green
politics, political aspects of Islam, political activism, political protest,
sanctuary movement, Tea Party movement.
 * Crowd psychology
 * Collective behavior
 * Cult
 * Elite theory
 * Iron law of oligarchy
 * Leadership
 * Minority influence
 * Sect
 * Social movement


REFERENCES[EDIT]

 1.  ^ Meyer, David S. (1997). Coalitions & Political Movements: The Lessons of
     the Nuclear Freeze. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 164–166.
     ISBN 978-1-55587-744-6.
 2.  ^ a b c d Rochon, Thomas R. (1990). "Political Movements and State
     Authority in Liberal Democracies". World Politics. 42 (2): 299–313.
     doi:10.2307/2010467. ISSN 1086-3338. JSTOR 2010467. S2CID 153900090.
 3.  ^ Nicholas, Ralph W. (1973). "Social and Political Movements". Annual
     Review of Anthropology. 2 (1): 63–84.
     doi:10.1146/annurev.an.02.100173.000431. ISSN 0084-6570.
 4.  ^ a b c Koopmans, Ruud (1999). "Political. Opportunity. Structure. Some
     Splitting to Balance the Lumping". Sociological Forum. 14 (1): 93–105.
     doi:10.1023/A:1021644929537. ISSN 0884-8971. JSTOR 685018. S2CID 148013872.
 5.  ^ a b Kitschelt, Herbert (2006). "Movement Parties". Handbook of Party
     Politics. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. p. 282. doi:10.4135/9781848608047.
     ISBN 978-0-7619-4314-3.
 6.  ^ a b c d Hague, Rod; Harrop, Martin; McCormick, John (2019). Comparative
     Government and Politics. London: Red Globe Press. p. 317.
     ISBN 978-1-352-00505-9.
 7.  ^ a b c McDonald, Neil A. (1955). The Study of Political Parties. Short
     studies in political science,26. Garden City, New York: Doubleday &
     Company. hdl:2027/mdp.39015003545509.
 8.  ^ a b Goodwin, Jeff; Jasper, James M. (2004). Rethinking Social Movements:
     Structure, Meaning, and Emotion. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 80–81.
     ISBN 978-0-7425-2596-2.
 9.  ^ Inwegen, Patrick Van (2018). "Non-Violence in Ireland's Independence". In
     Christian Philip Peterson; William M. Knoblauch; Michael Loadent (eds.).
     The Routledge History of World Peace Since 1750. New York: Routledge.
     pp. 273–283. doi:10.4324/9781315157344-22. ISBN 978-1-315-15734-4.
     S2CID 187589251. Retrieved 2020-10-06.
 10. ^ Della Porta, Donatella; Fernández, Joseba; Kouki, Hara; Mosca, Lorenzo
     (2017). Movement Parties Against Austerity. Cambridge: John Wiley & Sons.
     ISBN 978-1-5095-1149-5.
 11. ^ van Cott, Donna Lee (2005). From Movements to Parties in Latin America:
     The Evolution of Ethnic Politics. Cambridge: University Press. p. 14.
     ISBN 978-0-521-70703-9.
 12. ^ Weldon, S. Laurel (November 2002). "Beyond Bodies: Institutional Sources
     of Representation for Women in Democratic Policymaking". The Journal of
     Politics. 64 (4): 1153–1174. doi:10.1111/1468-2508.00167. S2CID 154551984.
 13. ^ Tullock, Gordon. "Entry barriers in politics." The American Economic
     Review 55.1/2 (1965): 458-466.
 14. ^ George, Susan (2001-10-18). "The Global Citizens Movement. A New Actor
     For a New Politics". Transnational Institute. Retrieved 2020-05-13.
 15. ^ Bendix, Reinhard; Huntington, Samuel P. (March 1971). "Political Order in
     Changing Societies". Political Science Quarterly. 86 (1): 168.
     doi:10.2307/2147388. ISSN 0032-3195. JSTOR 2147388.
 16. ^ Plant, David (2005-12-14). "The Levellers". British Civil Wars and
     Commonwealth website. Archived from the original on 13 May 2008. Retrieved
     2020-05-11.


FURTHER READING[EDIT]

 * Harrison, Kevin, and Tony Boyd. Understanding Political Ideas and Movements:
   a Guide for A2 Politics Students. Manchester: Manchester University Press,
   2003.
 * Opp, Karl-Dieter. Theories of Political Protest and Social Movements: a
   Multidisciplinary Introduction, Critique, and Synthesis. London: Routledge,
   2015.
 * Snow, David A., Donatella Della Porta, Bert Klandermans, and Doug McAdam. The
   Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social and Political Movements. Chichester,
   West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.



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