www.oecd-ilibrary.org
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172.67.74.204
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URL:
https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/c63e99a9-en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/c63e99a9-en
Submission: On April 28 via api from CH — Scanned from DE
Submission: On April 28 via api from CH — Scanned from DE
Form analysis 5 forms found in the DOM
/search
<form id="global-search-form" action="/search" class="nav-search navbar-left" role="search">
<div class="input-group js-input-search">
<span class="hide notranslate" id="publisherid">/content/igo/oecd</span>
<input type="text" id="quickSearchBox" class="form-control js-searchcomplete" name="value1" placeholder="Search all content by title or author"
data-placeholder="Please enter a search term" data-igo="OECD" data-publisherid="/content/igo/oecd">
<input type="hidden" value="quicksearch" name="option1">
<input name="facetOptions" value="51" type="hidden">
<input name="facetNames" value="pub_igoId_facet" type="hidden">
<input name="operator51" value="AND" type="hidden">
<input name="option51" value="pub_igoId_facet" type="hidden">
<input name="value51" value="'igo/oecd'" type="hidden">
<input name="publisherId" value="/content/igo/oecd" type="hidden">
<input name="searchType" value="quick" type="hidden">
<span class="input-group-btn input-group-addon">
<button class="btn js-topNavSearch" type="submit">
<i class="oecd_icon icon_search"></i>
</button>
</span>
</div>
<a href="/search/advancedsearch" title="Advanced search" class="help-block color-1 hidden-md hidden-sm hidden-xs">Advanced Search</a>
</form>POST
<form method="post" class="countries-list-wrapper dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="dropdownMenu2">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="countriesList mainPanel clearfix">
<div class="tabs">
<ul class="row">
<li class="col-md-2 col-xs-4">
<a href="#countryli_container1" class="selected"> A <i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-hidden="true"></i> C </a>
</li>
<li class="col-md-2 col-xs-4">
<a href="#countryli_container2"> D <i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-hidden="true"></i> I </a>
</li>
<li class="col-md-2 col-xs-4">
<a href="#countryli_container3"> J <i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-hidden="true"></i> M </a>
</li>
<li class="col-md-2 col-xs-4">
<a href="#countryli_container4"> N <i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-hidden="true"></i> R </a>
</li>
<li class="col-md-2 col-xs-4">
<a href="#countryli_container5"> S <i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-hidden="true"></i> T </a>
</li>
<li class="col-md-2 col-xs-4">
<a href="#countryli_container6"> U <i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-hidden="true"></i> Z </a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="col-sm-12">
<div class="cList">
<div class="panel pretty-scroll">
<div id="countryli_container1" class="li_container js-orderlist selected">
<ul class="ul_cont1 js-ul_cont col-lg-2" data-collength="10.0">
<li>
<a href="/afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/americansamoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/antiguaandbarbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="ul_cont2 js-ul_cont col-lg-2" data-collength="10.0">
<li>
<a href="/aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/bahamas" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/balticstates" title="Baltic States">Baltic States</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="ul_cont3 js-ul_cont col-lg-2" data-collength="10.0">
<li>
<a href="/belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/belize" title="Belize">Belize</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/bosniaandherzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/britishindianoceanterritory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="ul_cont4 js-ul_cont col-lg-2" data-collength="10.0">
<li>
<a href="/bruneidarussalam" title="Brunei Darussalam">Brunei Darussalam</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/burkinafaso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/capeverde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/caymanislands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/centralafricanrepublic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="ul_cont5 js-ul_cont col-lg-2" data-collength="10.0">
<li>
<a href="/chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/china" title="China, People’s Republic">China, People’s Republic</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/taiwanprovinceofchina" title="Chinese Taipei">Chinese Taipei</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/congo" title="Congo">Congo</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/congothedemocraticrepublicofthe" title="Congo, the Democratic Republic of the">Congo, the Democratic Republic of the</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/cookislands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/costarica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="ul_cont6 js-ul_cont col-lg-2" data-collength="10.0">
<li>
<a href="/cotedivoire" title="Cote d'Ivoire">Cote d'Ivoire</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/czecrepublic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="countryli_container2" class="li_container js-orderlist">
<ul class="ul_cont1 js-ul_cont col-lg-2" data-collength="9.0">
<li>
<a href="/denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/dominicanrepublic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/elsalvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/equatorialguinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="ul_cont2 js-ul_cont col-lg-2" data-collength="9.0">
<li>
<a href="/estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/swaziland" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/euroarea" title="Euro Area">Euro Area</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/eu" title="European Union">European Union</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/falklandislands" title="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)">Falkland Islands (Malvinas)</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/faroeislands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="ul_cont3 js-ul_cont col-lg-2" data-collength="9.0">
<li>
<a href="/france" title="France">France</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/frenchguiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/frenchpolynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/gambia" title="Gambia">Gambia</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/georgia" title="Georgia">Georgia</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="ul_cont4 js-ul_cont col-lg-2" data-collength="9.0">
<li>
<a href="/greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/guernesey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/guineabissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="ul_cont5 js-ul_cont col-lg-2" data-collength="9.0">
<li>
<a href="/haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/content/country/va" title="Holy See (Vatican City State)">Holy See (Vatican City State)</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/hongkong" title="Hong Kong, China">Hong Kong, China</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/india" title="India">India</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/iranislamicrepublicof" title="Iran, Islamic Republic of">Iran, Islamic Republic of</a>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="ul_cont6 js-ul_cont col-lg-2" data-collength="9.0">
<li>
<a href="/iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/isleofman" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="countryli_container3" class="li_container js-orderlist">
<ul class="ul_cont1 js-ul_cont col-lg-2" data-collength="7.0">
<li>
<a href="/jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="ul_cont2 js-ul_cont col-lg-2" data-collength="7.0">
<li>
<a href="/koreademocraticpeoplesrepublicof" title="Korea, Democratic People's Republic of">Korea, Democratic People's Republic of</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/Kkorearepublicof" title="Korea, Republic of">Korea, Republic of</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/content/country/xk" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/laopeoplesdemocraticrepublic" title="Lao People's Democratic Republic">Lao People's Democratic Republic</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="ul_cont3 js-ul_cont col-lg-2" data-collength="7.0">
<li>
<a href="/lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/libyanarabjamahiriya" title="Libya">Libya</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="ul_cont4 js-ul_cont col-lg-2" data-collength="7.0">
<li>
<a href="/macao" title="Macau, China">Macau, China</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="ul_cont5 js-ul_cont col-lg-2" data-collength="7.0">
<li>
<a href="/marshallislands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/micronesiafederatedstatesof" title="Micronesia, Federated States of">Micronesia, Federated States of</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/moldovarepublicof" title="Moldova, Republic of">Moldova, Republic of</a>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="ul_cont6 js-ul_cont col-lg-2" data-collength="7.0">
<li>
<a href="/monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="countryli_container4" class="li_container js-orderlist">
<ul class="ul_cont1 js-ul_cont col-lg-2" data-collength="6.0">
<li>
<a href="/namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/netherlandsantilles" title="Netherlands Antilles">Netherlands Antilles</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/newcaledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="ul_cont2 js-ul_cont col-lg-2" data-collength="6.0">
<li>
<a href="/newzealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/niue" title="Niue">Niue</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/norfolkisland" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="ul_cont3 js-ul_cont col-lg-2" data-collength="6.0">
<li>
<a href="/macedoniatheformeryugoslavrepublicof" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/northernmarianaislands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="ul_cont4 js-ul_cont col-lg-2" data-collength="6.0">
<li>
<a href="/palestinianterritoryoccupied" title="Palestinian Authority">Palestinian Authority</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/papuanewguinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="ul_cont5 js-ul_cont col-lg-2" data-collength="6.0">
<li>
<a href="/pitcairn" title="Pitcairn">Pitcairn</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/puertorico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="ul_cont6 js-ul_cont col-lg-2" data-collength="6.0">
<li>
<a href="/russianfederation" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="countryli_container5" class="li_container js-orderlist">
<ul class="ul_cont1 js-ul_cont col-lg-2" data-collength="7.0">
<li>
<a href="/sainthelena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/saintkittsandnevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/saintlucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/saintpierreandmiquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/saintvincentandthegrenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/sanmarino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="ul_cont2 js-ul_cont col-lg-2" data-collength="7.0">
<li>
<a href="/saotomeandprincipe" title="Sao Tome and Principe">Sao Tome and Principe</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/saudiarabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/sierraleone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="ul_cont3 js-ul_cont col-lg-2" data-collength="7.0">
<li>
<a href="/slovakia" title="Slovak Republic">Slovak Republic</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/solomonislands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/southafrica" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/southgeorgiaandthesouthsandwichislands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/southsudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="ul_cont4 js-ul_cont col-lg-2" data-collength="7.0">
<li>
<a href="/spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/srilanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/svalbardandjanmayen" title="Svalbard and Jan Mayen">Svalbard and Jan Mayen</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="ul_cont5 js-ul_cont col-lg-2" data-collength="7.0">
<li>
<a href="/syriaarabrepublic" title="Syrian Arab Republic">Syrian Arab Republic</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/tanzaniaunitedrepublicof" title="Tanzania, United Republic of">Tanzania, United Republic of</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/timorleste" title="Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="ul_cont6 js-ul_cont col-lg-2" data-collength="7.0">
<li>
<a href="/tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/trinidadandtobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/turksandcaicosislands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/turkiye" title="Türkiye">Türkiye</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="countryli_container6" class="li_container js-orderlist">
<ul class="ul_cont1 js-ul_cont col-lg-2" data-collength="3.0">
<li>
<a href="/uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/unitedarabemirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="ul_cont2 js-ul_cont col-lg-2" data-collength="3.0">
<li>
<a href="/unitedkingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/unitedstates" title="United States">United States</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/unitedstatesminoroutlyingislands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">United States Minor Outlying Islands</a>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="ul_cont3 js-ul_cont col-lg-2" data-collength="3.0">
<li>
<a href="/uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="ul_cont4 js-ul_cont col-lg-2" data-collength="3.0">
<li>
<a href="/venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/vietnam" title="Viet Nam">Viet Nam</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/virginislandsbritish" title="Virgin Islands, British">Virgin Islands, British</a>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="ul_cont5 js-ul_cont col-lg-2" data-collength="3.0">
<li>
<a href="/virginislandsus" title="Virgin Islands, U.S.">Virgin Islands, U.S.</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wallisandfutuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/westernsahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="ul_cont6 js-ul_cont col-lg-2" data-collength="3.0">
<li>
<a href="/yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div><!-- end .pane -->
</div><!-- end .cList -->
</div><!-- end #countriesList -->
</div>
</div><!-- end .row -->
</div><!-- end .container -->
</form>Name: countryThemeForm — GET /search
<form method="get" action="/search" class="theme-countries-wrapper dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="dropdownMenu2" name="countryThemeForm">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-xs-12 info-filter text-left">
<p>Select one or more items in both lists to browse for the relevant content</p>
</div><!-- end .col-xs-12 -->
<div class="col-sm-9 themes-countries-filter clearfix">
<div class="row-themes-countries-title">
<div class="col-xs-6 header-filter">
<p class="pull-left">Theme</p>
<a href=".checkboxes-theme" class="pull-right btn-clear-filter-nav cleared">Select/clear all</a>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-6 header-filter">
<p class="pull-left">Country</p>
<a href=".checkboxes-country" class="pull-right btn-clear-filter-nav cleared">Select/clear all</a>
</div>
</div><!-- end .row-themes-countries -->
<div class="row-themes-countries-content clearfix js-checkbox">
<div class="col-xs-6 checkboxes-container checkboxes-theme">
<div class="checkboxes pretty-scroll text-left">
<input type="hidden" name="option1" value="pub_themeId">
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value1" value="theme/oecd-30">
<span class="check" data-link="/agriculture-and-food">Agriculture and Food</span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value1" value="theme/oecd-40">
<span class="check" data-link="/development">Development</span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value1" value="theme/oecd-79">
<span class="check" data-link="/economics">Economics</span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value1" value="theme/oecd-31">
<span class="check" data-link="/education">Education</span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value1" value="theme/oecd-33">
<span class="check" data-link="/employment">Employment</span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value1" value="theme/oecd-34">
<span class="check" data-link="/energy">Energy</span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value1" value="theme/oecd-36">
<span class="check" data-link="/environment">Environment</span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value1" value="theme/oecd-37">
<span class="check" data-link="/finance-and-investment">Finance and Investment</span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value1" value="theme/oecd-39">
<span class="check" data-link="/governance">Governance</span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value1" value="theme/oecd-77">
<span class="check" data-link="/industry-and-services">Industry and Services</span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value1" value="theme/oecd-41">
<span class="check" data-link="/nuclear-energy">Nuclear Energy</span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value1" value="theme/oecd-42">
<span class="check" data-link="/science-and-technology">Science and Technology</span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value1" value="theme/oecd-43">
<span class="check" data-link="/social-issues-migration-health">Social Issues/Migration/Health</span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value1" value="theme/oecd-45">
<span class="check" data-link="/taxation">Taxation</span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value1" value="theme/oecd-78">
<span class="check" data-link="/trade">Trade</span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value1" value="theme/oecd-48">
<span class="check" data-link="/transport">Transport</span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value1" value="theme/oecd-46">
<span class="check" data-link="/urban-rural-and-regional-development">Urban, Rural and Regional Development</span>
</label>
</div><!-- end .checkboxes -->
</div><!-- end .checkboxes-container -->
<div class="col-xs-6 checkboxes-container checkboxes-country">
<div class="checkboxes pretty-scroll text-left">
<input type="hidden" name="option2" value="pub_countryId">
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/af">
<span class="check" data-link="/afghanistan"> Afghanistan </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/al">
<span class="check" data-link="/albania"> Albania </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/dz">
<span class="check" data-link="/algeria"> Algeria </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/as">
<span class="check" data-link="/americansamoa"> American Samoa </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/ad">
<span class="check" data-link="/andorra"> Andorra </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/ao">
<span class="check" data-link="/angola"> Angola </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/ai">
<span class="check" data-link="/anguilla"> Anguilla </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/ag">
<span class="check" data-link="/antiguaandbarbuda"> Antigua and Barbuda </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/ar">
<span class="check" data-link="/argentina"> Argentina </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/am">
<span class="check" data-link="/armenia"> Armenia </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/aw">
<span class="check" data-link="/aruba"> Aruba </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/au">
<span class="check" data-link="/australia"> Australia </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/at">
<span class="check" data-link="/austria"> Austria </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/az">
<span class="check" data-link="/azerbaijan"> Azerbaijan </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/bs">
<span class="check" data-link="/bahamas"> Bahamas </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/bh">
<span class="check" data-link="/bahrain"> Bahrain </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/bst">
<span class="check" data-link="/balticstates"> Baltic States </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/bd">
<span class="check" data-link="/bangladesh"> Bangladesh </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/bb">
<span class="check" data-link="/barbados"> Barbados </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/by">
<span class="check" data-link="/belarus"> Belarus </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/be">
<span class="check" data-link="/belgium"> Belgium </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/bz">
<span class="check" data-link="/belize"> Belize </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/bj">
<span class="check" data-link="/benin"> Benin </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/bm">
<span class="check" data-link="/bermuda"> Bermuda </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/bt">
<span class="check" data-link="/bhutan"> Bhutan </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/bo">
<span class="check" data-link="/bolivia"> Bolivia </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/ba">
<span class="check" data-link="/bosniaandherzegovina"> Bosnia and Herzegovina </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/bw">
<span class="check" data-link="/botswana"> Botswana </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/br">
<span class="check" data-link="/brazil"> Brazil </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/io">
<span class="check" data-link="/britishindianoceanterritory"> British Indian Ocean Territory </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/bn">
<span class="check" data-link="/bruneidarussalam"> Brunei Darussalam </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/bg">
<span class="check" data-link="/bulgaria"> Bulgaria </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/bf">
<span class="check" data-link="/burkinafaso"> Burkina Faso </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/bi">
<span class="check" data-link="/burundi"> Burundi </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/kh">
<span class="check" data-link="/cambodia"> Cambodia </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/cm">
<span class="check" data-link="/cameroon"> Cameroon </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/ca">
<span class="check" data-link="/canada"> Canada </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/cv">
<span class="check" data-link="/capeverde"> Cape Verde </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/ky">
<span class="check" data-link="/caymanislands"> Cayman Islands </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/cf">
<span class="check" data-link="/centralafricanrepublic"> Central African Republic </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/td">
<span class="check" data-link="/chad"> Chad </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/cl">
<span class="check" data-link="/chile"> Chile </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/cn">
<span class="check" data-link="/china"> China, People’s Republic </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/tw">
<span class="check" data-link="/taiwanprovinceofchina"> Chinese Taipei </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/co">
<span class="check" data-link="/colombia"> Colombia </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/km">
<span class="check" data-link="/comoros"> Comoros </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/cg">
<span class="check" data-link="/congo"> Congo </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/cd">
<span class="check" data-link="/congothedemocraticrepublicofthe"> Congo, the Democratic Republic of the </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/ck">
<span class="check" data-link="/cookislands"> Cook Islands </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/cr">
<span class="check" data-link="/costarica"> Costa Rica </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/ci">
<span class="check" data-link="/cotedivoire"> Cote d'Ivoire </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/hr">
<span class="check" data-link="/croatia"> Croatia </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/cu">
<span class="check" data-link="/cuba"> Cuba </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/cy">
<span class="check" data-link="/cyprus"> Cyprus </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/cz">
<span class="check" data-link="/czecrepublic"> Czech Republic </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/dk">
<span class="check" data-link="/denmark"> Denmark </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/dj">
<span class="check" data-link="/djibouti"> Djibouti </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/dm">
<span class="check" data-link="/dominica"> Dominica </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/do">
<span class="check" data-link="/dominicanrepublic"> Dominican Republic </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/ec">
<span class="check" data-link="/ecuador"> Ecuador </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/eg">
<span class="check" data-link="/egypt"> Egypt </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/sv">
<span class="check" data-link="/elsalvador"> El Salvador </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/gq">
<span class="check" data-link="/equatorialguinea"> Equatorial Guinea </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/er">
<span class="check" data-link="/eritrea"> Eritrea </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/ee">
<span class="check" data-link="/estonia"> Estonia </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/sz">
<span class="check" data-link="/swaziland"> Eswatini </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/et">
<span class="check" data-link="/ethiopia"> Ethiopia </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/euz">
<span class="check" data-link="/euroarea"> Euro Area </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/eur">
<span class="check" data-link="/eu"> European Union </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/fk">
<span class="check" data-link="/falklandislands"> Falkland Islands (Malvinas) </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/fo">
<span class="check" data-link="/faroeislands"> Faroe Islands </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/fj">
<span class="check" data-link="/fiji"> Fiji </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/fi">
<span class="check" data-link="/finland"> Finland </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/fr">
<span class="check" data-link="/france"> France </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/gf">
<span class="check" data-link="/frenchguiana"> French Guiana </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/pf">
<span class="check" data-link="/frenchpolynesia"> French Polynesia </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/ga">
<span class="check" data-link="/gabon"> Gabon </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/gm">
<span class="check" data-link="/gambia"> Gambia </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/ge">
<span class="check" data-link="/georgia"> Georgia </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/de">
<span class="check" data-link="/germany"> Germany </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/gh">
<span class="check" data-link="/ghana"> Ghana </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/gi">
<span class="check" data-link="/gibraltar"> Gibraltar </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/gr">
<span class="check" data-link="/greece"> Greece </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/gl">
<span class="check" data-link="/greenland"> Greenland </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/gd">
<span class="check" data-link="/grenada"> Grenada </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/gu">
<span class="check" data-link="/guam"> Guam </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/gt">
<span class="check" data-link="/guatemala"> Guatemala </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/gg">
<span class="check" data-link="/guernesey"> Guernsey </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/gn">
<span class="check" data-link="/guinea"> Guinea </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/gw">
<span class="check" data-link="/guineabissau"> Guinea-Bissau </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/gy">
<span class="check" data-link="/guyana"> Guyana </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/ht">
<span class="check" data-link="/haiti"> Haiti </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/va">
<span class="check" data-link="/content/country/va"> Holy See (Vatican City State) </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/hn">
<span class="check" data-link="/honduras"> Honduras </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/hk">
<span class="check" data-link="/hongkong"> Hong Kong, China </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/hu">
<span class="check" data-link="/hungary"> Hungary </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/is">
<span class="check" data-link="/iceland"> Iceland </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/in">
<span class="check" data-link="/india"> India </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/id">
<span class="check" data-link="/indonesia"> Indonesia </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/ir">
<span class="check" data-link="/iranislamicrepublicof"> Iran, Islamic Republic of </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/iq">
<span class="check" data-link="/iraq"> Iraq </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/ie">
<span class="check" data-link="/ireland"> Ireland </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/im">
<span class="check" data-link="/isleofman"> Isle of Man </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/il">
<span class="check" data-link="/israel"> Israel </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/it">
<span class="check" data-link="/italy"> Italy </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/jm">
<span class="check" data-link="/jamaica"> Jamaica </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/jp">
<span class="check" data-link="/japan"> Japan </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/je">
<span class="check" data-link="/jersey"> Jersey </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/jo">
<span class="check" data-link="/jordan"> Jordan </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/kz">
<span class="check" data-link="/kazakhstan"> Kazakhstan </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/ke">
<span class="check" data-link="/kenya"> Kenya </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/ki">
<span class="check" data-link="/kiribati"> Kiribati </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/kp">
<span class="check" data-link="/koreademocraticpeoplesrepublicof"> Korea, Democratic People's Republic of </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/kr">
<span class="check" data-link="/Kkorearepublicof"> Korea, Republic of </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/xk">
<span class="check" data-link="/content/country/xk"> Kosovo </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/kw">
<span class="check" data-link="/kuwait"> Kuwait </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/kg">
<span class="check" data-link="/kyrgyzstan"> Kyrgyzstan </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/la">
<span class="check" data-link="/laopeoplesdemocraticrepublic"> Lao People's Democratic Republic </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/lv">
<span class="check" data-link="/latvia"> Latvia </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/lb">
<span class="check" data-link="/lebanon"> Lebanon </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/ls">
<span class="check" data-link="/lesotho"> Lesotho </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/lr">
<span class="check" data-link="/liberia"> Liberia </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/ly">
<span class="check" data-link="/libyanarabjamahiriya"> Libya </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/li">
<span class="check" data-link="/liechtenstein"> Liechtenstein </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/lt">
<span class="check" data-link="/lithuania"> Lithuania </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/lu">
<span class="check" data-link="/luxembourg"> Luxembourg </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/mo">
<span class="check" data-link="/macao"> Macau, China </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/mg">
<span class="check" data-link="/madagascar"> Madagascar </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/mw">
<span class="check" data-link="/malawi"> Malawi </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/my">
<span class="check" data-link="/malaysia"> Malaysia </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/mv">
<span class="check" data-link="/maldives"> Maldives </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/ml">
<span class="check" data-link="/mali"> Mali </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/mt">
<span class="check" data-link="/malta"> Malta </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/mh">
<span class="check" data-link="/marshallislands"> Marshall Islands </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/mr">
<span class="check" data-link="/mauritania"> Mauritania </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/mu">
<span class="check" data-link="/mauritius"> Mauritius </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/yt">
<span class="check" data-link="/mayotte"> Mayotte </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/mx">
<span class="check" data-link="/mexico"> Mexico </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/fm">
<span class="check" data-link="/micronesiafederatedstatesof"> Micronesia, Federated States of </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/md">
<span class="check" data-link="/moldovarepublicof"> Moldova, Republic of </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/mc">
<span class="check" data-link="/monaco"> Monaco </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/mn">
<span class="check" data-link="/mongolia"> Mongolia </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/me">
<span class="check" data-link="/montenegro"> Montenegro </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/ms">
<span class="check" data-link="/montserrat"> Montserrat </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/ma">
<span class="check" data-link="/morocco"> Morocco </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/mz">
<span class="check" data-link="/mozambique"> Mozambique </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/mm">
<span class="check" data-link="/myanmar"> Myanmar </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/na">
<span class="check" data-link="/namibia"> Namibia </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/nr">
<span class="check" data-link="/nauru"> Nauru </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/np">
<span class="check" data-link="/nepal"> Nepal </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/nl">
<span class="check" data-link="/netherlands"> Netherlands </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/an">
<span class="check" data-link="/netherlandsantilles"> Netherlands Antilles </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/nc">
<span class="check" data-link="/newcaledonia"> New Caledonia </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/nz">
<span class="check" data-link="/newzealand"> New Zealand </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/ni">
<span class="check" data-link="/nicaragua"> Nicaragua </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/ne">
<span class="check" data-link="/niger"> Niger </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/ng">
<span class="check" data-link="/nigeria"> Nigeria </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/nu">
<span class="check" data-link="/niue"> Niue </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/nf">
<span class="check" data-link="/norfolkisland"> Norfolk Island </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/mk">
<span class="check" data-link="/macedoniatheformeryugoslavrepublicof"> North Macedonia </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/mp">
<span class="check" data-link="/northernmarianaislands"> Northern Mariana Islands </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/no">
<span class="check" data-link="/norway"> Norway </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/om">
<span class="check" data-link="/oman"> Oman </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/pk">
<span class="check" data-link="/pakistan"> Pakistan </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/pw">
<span class="check" data-link="/palau"> Palau </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/ps">
<span class="check" data-link="/palestinianterritoryoccupied"> Palestinian Authority </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/pa">
<span class="check" data-link="/panama"> Panama </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/pg">
<span class="check" data-link="/papuanewguinea"> Papua New Guinea </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/py">
<span class="check" data-link="/paraguay"> Paraguay </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/pe">
<span class="check" data-link="/peru"> Peru </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/ph">
<span class="check" data-link="/philippines"> Philippines </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/pn">
<span class="check" data-link="/pitcairn"> Pitcairn </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/pl">
<span class="check" data-link="/poland"> Poland </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/pt">
<span class="check" data-link="/portugal"> Portugal </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/pr">
<span class="check" data-link="/puertorico"> Puerto Rico </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/qa">
<span class="check" data-link="/qatar"> Qatar </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/ro">
<span class="check" data-link="/romania"> Romania </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/ru">
<span class="check" data-link="/russianfederation"> Russian Federation </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/rw">
<span class="check" data-link="/rwanda"> Rwanda </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/sh">
<span class="check" data-link="/sainthelena"> Saint Helena </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/kn">
<span class="check" data-link="/saintkittsandnevis"> Saint Kitts and Nevis </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/lc">
<span class="check" data-link="/saintlucia"> Saint Lucia </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/pm">
<span class="check" data-link="/saintpierreandmiquelon"> Saint Pierre and Miquelon </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/vc">
<span class="check" data-link="/saintvincentandthegrenadines"> Saint Vincent and the Grenadines </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/ws">
<span class="check" data-link="/samoa"> Samoa </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/sm">
<span class="check" data-link="/sanmarino"> San Marino </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/st">
<span class="check" data-link="/saotomeandprincipe"> Sao Tome and Principe </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/sa">
<span class="check" data-link="/saudiarabia"> Saudi Arabia </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/sn">
<span class="check" data-link="/senegal"> Senegal </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/rs">
<span class="check" data-link="/serbia"> Serbia </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/sc">
<span class="check" data-link="/seychelles"> Seychelles </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/sl">
<span class="check" data-link="/sierraleone"> Sierra Leone </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/sg">
<span class="check" data-link="/singapore"> Singapore </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/sk">
<span class="check" data-link="/slovakia"> Slovak Republic </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/si">
<span class="check" data-link="/slovenia"> Slovenia </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/sb">
<span class="check" data-link="/solomonislands"> Solomon Islands </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/so">
<span class="check" data-link="/somalia"> Somalia </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/za">
<span class="check" data-link="/southafrica"> South Africa </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/gs">
<span class="check" data-link="/southgeorgiaandthesouthsandwichislands"> South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/ss">
<span class="check" data-link="/southsudan"> South Sudan </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/es">
<span class="check" data-link="/spain"> Spain </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/lk">
<span class="check" data-link="/srilanka"> Sri Lanka </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/sd">
<span class="check" data-link="/sudan"> Sudan </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/sr">
<span class="check" data-link="/suriname"> Suriname </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/sj">
<span class="check" data-link="/svalbardandjanmayen"> Svalbard and Jan Mayen </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/se">
<span class="check" data-link="/sweden"> Sweden </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/ch">
<span class="check" data-link="/switzerland"> Switzerland </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/sy">
<span class="check" data-link="/syriaarabrepublic"> Syrian Arab Republic </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/tj">
<span class="check" data-link="/tajikistan"> Tajikistan </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/tz">
<span class="check" data-link="/tanzaniaunitedrepublicof"> Tanzania, United Republic of </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/th">
<span class="check" data-link="/thailand"> Thailand </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/tl">
<span class="check" data-link="/timorleste"> Timor-Leste </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/tg">
<span class="check" data-link="/togo"> Togo </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/tk">
<span class="check" data-link="/tokelau"> Tokelau </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/to">
<span class="check" data-link="/tonga"> Tonga </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/tt">
<span class="check" data-link="/trinidadandtobago"> Trinidad and Tobago </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/tn">
<span class="check" data-link="/tunisia"> Tunisia </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/tm">
<span class="check" data-link="/turkmenistan"> Turkmenistan </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/tc">
<span class="check" data-link="/turksandcaicosislands"> Turks and Caicos Islands </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/tv">
<span class="check" data-link="/tuvalu"> Tuvalu </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/tr">
<span class="check" data-link="/turkiye"> Türkiye </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/ug">
<span class="check" data-link="/uganda"> Uganda </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/ua">
<span class="check" data-link="/ukraine"> Ukraine </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/ae">
<span class="check" data-link="/unitedarabemirates"> United Arab Emirates </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/gb">
<span class="check" data-link="/unitedkingdom"> United Kingdom </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/us">
<span class="check" data-link="/unitedstates"> United States </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/um">
<span class="check" data-link="/unitedstatesminoroutlyingislands"> United States Minor Outlying Islands </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/uy">
<span class="check" data-link="/uruguay"> Uruguay </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/uz">
<span class="check" data-link="/uzbekistan"> Uzbekistan </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/vu">
<span class="check" data-link="/vanuatu"> Vanuatu </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/ve">
<span class="check" data-link="/venezuela"> Venezuela </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/vn">
<span class="check" data-link="/vietnam"> Viet Nam </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/vg">
<span class="check" data-link="/virginislandsbritish"> Virgin Islands, British </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/vi">
<span class="check" data-link="/virginislandsus"> Virgin Islands, U.S. </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/wf">
<span class="check" data-link="/wallisandfutuna"> Wallis and Futuna </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/eh">
<span class="check" data-link="/westernsahara"> Western Sahara </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/ye">
<span class="check" data-link="/yemen"> Yemen </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/zm">
<span class="check" data-link="/zambia"> Zambia </span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="value2" value="country/zw">
<span class="check" data-link="/zimbabwe"> Zimbabwe </span>
</label>
</div><!-- end .checkboxes -->
</div><!-- end .checkboxes-container -->
</div><!-- end .row-themes-countries -->
</div><!-- end .themes-countries-filter -->
<div class="col-sm-3 themes-countries-results">
<div class="clearfix">
<p class="color-1 pull-left link-browse-theme-country">Browse the selected<br>Themes and / or countries</p>
<input type="submit" class="btn-form-theme pull-right" value="">
</div>
<div class="row results-filer results-filter-theme">
<p class="result pull-left">0</p>
<p>Theme selected</p>
</div>
<div class="row results-filer results-filter-country">
<p class="result pull-left">0</p>
<p>Country selected</p>
</div>
</div><!-- end .themes-countries-results -->
</div><!-- end .row -->
</div><!-- end .container -->
</form>GET /cart/add
<form class="hidden" action="/cart/add" method="get" id="hiddenPurchaseForm"></form>POST /carnet
<form class="hidden" action="/carnet" method="post" id="hiddenCarnetForm"></form>Text Content
1887
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Education at a Glance 2021 : OECD IndicatorsBuy this book
* * * Disclaimers
* * Israel
* Ensuring equal opportunities for students across socio-economic
backgrounds
* Gender inequalities in education and outcomes
* Education and migration background
* Cross-regional disparities in education
* COVID-19: 18 months into the pandemic
* Investing in education
* Working conditions of school teachers
* References
* More information
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* How to: Interactive Charts
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ENSURING EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES FOR STUDENTS ACROSS SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUNDS
* Socio-economic status may significantly impact students’ participation in
education, particularly at levels of education that rely, in many countries,
most heavily on private expenditure, such as early childhood education and
care and tertiary education. This is less the case in Israel: private sources
accounted for 9% of total expenditure in pre-primary institutions, lower than
the OECD average of 17%. At tertiary level, 47% of expenditure comes from
private sources in Israel, compared to 30% on average across OECD countries.
* Tuition fees in public institutions in Israel are about average for a
bachelor's programme across countries with available data. National students
were charged USD 2 753 per year for a bachelor's degree in 2019.
* Across most OECD countries, socio-economic status influences learning
outcomes more than gender and immigrant status. In Israel, the proportion of
children from the bottom quartile of the PISA index of economic, social and
cultural status (ESCS) achieving at least PISA level 2 in reading in 2018 was
43% lower than that of children from the top ESCS quartile, a larger share
than the OECD average of 29%.
* Students from lower socio-economic background are more likely to enter upper
secondary vocational programmes than general ones. In Israel, students
without any tertiary-educated parent represented 54% of entrants to upper
secondary vocational programmes, compared to 47% among entrants to general
programmes.
* International student mobility at the tertiary level has risen steadily
reaching about 11 200 students in Israel and representing 3% of tertiary
students in 2019. The largest share of international tertiary students
studying in Israel comes from the United States. Students from low and
lower-middle income countries are generally less likely to study abroad. In
2019, they represented 29% of international students in OECD countries,
compared to 15% in Israel.
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GENDER INEQUALITIES IN EDUCATION AND OUTCOMES
* In Israel, 1% of students in lower secondary and 3.4% in upper secondary
initial education repeated a grade in 2019, compared to 1.9% and 3%
respectively on average across OECD countries. Boys are more likely to repeat
a grade at lower secondary initial education than girls. In Israel, 70% of
repeaters at lower secondary level were boys, higher than the OECD average of
61%. At upper secondary level, the share of boys repeating a grade in Israel
decreases to 68%, compared to 57% on average across OECD countries.
* Men are more likely than women to pursue a vocational track at upper
secondary level in most OECD countries. This is not the case in Israel, where
50% of upper secondary vocational graduates in 2019 were men (compared to the
OECD average of 55%). Women are generally more likely to graduate from upper
secondary general programmes. This is also the case in Israel, where women
represent 51% of graduates from upper secondary general programmes, compared
to 55% on average across OECD countries (Figure 1).
* Tertiary education has been expanding in the last decades, and, in 2020,
25-34 year-old women were more likely than men to achieve tertiary education
in all OECD countries. In Israel, 58% of 25-34 year-old women had a tertiary
qualification in 2020 compared to 37% of their male peers, while on average
across OECD countries the shares were 52% among young women and 39% among
young men.
* Gender differences in the distribution of tertiary entrants across fields of
study are significant. Women tend to be under-represented in certain fields
of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) across most
OECD countries. On average, 26% of new entrants in engineering, manufacturing
and construction and 20% in information and communication technologies were
women in 2019. In Israel, women represented 32% of new entrants in
engineering, manufacturing and construction programmes and 30% in information
and communication technologies. In contrast, they represented 84% of new
entrants to the field of education, a sector traditionally dominated by
women.
* Young women are less likely to be employed than young men, particularly those
with lower levels of education. Only 38% of 25-34 year-old women with below
upper secondary attainment were employed in 2020 compared to 61% of men in
Israel. This gender difference is slightly smaller than the average across
OECD countries, where 43% of women and 69% of men with below upper secondary
attainment are employed.
* In nearly all OECD countries and at all levels of educational attainment,
25-64 year-old women earn less than their male peers: their earnings
correspond to 76%-78% of men’s earnings on average across OECD countries.
This proportion varies more across educational attainment levels within
countries than on average across OECD countries. Compared to other education
levels, women with below upper secondary education in Israel have the lowest
earnings relative to men with a similar education level, earning 67% as much,
while those with tertiary education earn 69% as much.
* On average across countries with available data, 25-64 year-old women tend to
participate slightly more in adult learning than men of the same age. In
Israel, 53% of both men and women participated in formal and/or non-formal
education and training in 2016. Family reasons were reported as barriers to
participation in formal and/or non-formal education and training by 24% of
women compared to 10% of men.
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1. Includes post-secondary non-tertiary level.
Countries are ranked in descending order of the share of women in general
programmes.
Source: OECD (2021). Table B3.1. See Source section for more information and
Annex 3 for notes
(https://www.oecd.org/education/education-at-a-glance/EAG2021_Annex3_ChapterB.pdf).
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EDUCATION AND MIGRATION BACKGROUND
* On average across the OECD, foreign-born adults (25-64 year-olds) account for
22% of all adults with below upper secondary attainment, 14% of those
attaining upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary attainment, and 18%
of tertiary-educated adults. But in Israel, the share of foreign-born adults
among all adults with a given level of educational attainment is the highest
among tertiary-educated adults (26% in 2020).
* Foreign-born adults have more difficulty finding a job than their native-born
peers as they face various challenges, such as discrepancies in credential
recognition, skills, and language. Thus, foreign-born workers are likely to
have a lower reservation wage (the lowest wage rate at which a worker would
be willing to accept a particular type of job). As a result, the employment
rate for foreign-born adults with low educational attainment is higher than
the rate for their native-born peers in many countries. On average across
OECD countries, among adults without upper secondary attainment, 57% of
native-born adults are employed compared to 61% of foreign-born adults. In
Israel, the employment rate of foreign-born adults without upper secondary
attainment was 73% in 2020, higher than that of their native-born peers
(45%).
* The likelihood of being employed increases with the level of educational
attainment, but foreign-born adults with tertiary attainment generally have
lower employment prospects than their native-born peers. On average across
OECD countries, 86% of native-born tertiary-educated adults are employed
compared to 79% for foreign-born tertiary-educated adults. In Israel, among
tertiary-educated adults, 88% of native-born adults and 85% of foreign-born
adults are employed. Foreign-born adults who arrived in the country at an
early age have spent some years in their host country’s education system and
gained nationally recognised credentials. As a result, their labour-market
outcomes are generally better than that of those who arrived at a later age
with a foreign qualification. In Israel, among foreign-born adults with
tertiary attainment, 88% of those who arrived by the age of 15 are employed,
compared to 84% of those who arrived in the country at age 16 or later.
* Foreign-born young adults (15-29 year-olds) are also more likely to be
neither employed nor in education or training (NEET) than native-born young
adults. On average across OECD countries, 18.8% of foreign-born and 13.7% of
native-born adults are NEET. However, in Israel, there is no significant
difference in the share of NEETs between native- and foreign-born young
adults.
* In many OECD countries, foreign-born adults earn less than native-born
adults. This pay gap may narrow with higher levels of educational attainment.
On average across OECD countries, foreign-born adults with below secondary
attainment working full-time earn 89% as much as their native-born peers,
while this gap disappears among tertiary-educated adults. In Israel, in 2018,
among adults with below upper secondary attainment, the earnings of
foreign-born full-time workers represented 104% that of their native-born
peers, 99% among adults with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary
attainment, and 97% among those with a tertiary-education.
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CROSS-REGIONAL DISPARITIES IN EDUCATION
* Tertiary attainment may vary significantly within a country. In Israel, the
share of 25-64 year-old adults with tertiary education varies from 32% in the
region of Northern district to 49% in the region of Tel Aviv district, one of
the lowest regional variations across OECD countries with available data.
* On average across OECD and partner countries with subnational data on
labour-force status, there is more regional variation in employment rates
among those with below upper secondary education (17 percentage points) than
for those with tertiary education (8 percentage points). In Israel, there is
a difference of 16 percentage points in the employment rate of adults with
below upper secondary education between different regions of the country
compared to 12 percentage points for tertiary-educated adults.
* The proportion of young people who are NEET shows significant subnational as
well as national variation across OECD and partner countries. In Israel, the
difference in the share of 18-24 year-old NEETs between regions with the
highest and lowest value is 13 percentage points, compared to
11 percentage points on average across OECD countries.
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COVID-19: 18 MONTHS INTO THE PANDEMIC
* The spread of COVID-19 has continued to impede access to in-person education
in many countries around the world in 2021. By mid-May 2021, 37 OECD and
partner countries had experienced periods of full school closure since the
start of 2020.
* The number of instructional days when schools were fully closed since the
start of 2020 due to the pandemic (excluding school holidays, public holidays
and weekends) varies significantly between countries and increases with the
level of education. Israel follows this pattern. In Israel, pre-primary
schools were fully closed for an average of 64 days between 1 January 2020
and 20 May 2021. Meanwhile primary schools closed for 80 days, lower
secondary for 139 days and upper secondary general schools for 112 days. In
comparison, respective closures were 55, 78, 92 and 101 days on average
across the OECD.
* In many countries, schools did not fully close but remained open with reduced
capacity. Schools at upper secondary (general) level in Israel for instance
experienced 27 days of partial opening between January 2020 and May 2021, 17
of which occurred in 2020 and 10 in 2021. In total, this was lower than the
number of days of partial opening in the OECD on average (57 days), where
there were 27 days of partially open instruction in 2020, and 30 days in
2021. When adding both the number of days where schools were fully and
partially closed, learning in upper secondary general education was disrupted
by 139 days in Israel between January 2020 and May 2021.
* During periods of full school closure in 2020, 21 OECD and partner countries
have opted to keep upper secondary general schools virtually open as a
national level strategy, including Israel. However, in 4 countries, excluding
Israel, each day of remote learning was not considered equivalent to a full
day of in-person instruction. The way that online platforms have operated
during school closures has varied between countries. In Israel, decisions on
how online platforms should operate were made at the local level from
pre-primary to upper secondary education, although it was not common to use
only asynchronous learning measures ISCED Levels 1-3.
* The impact of COVID-19 and school closures on educational equity has been a
concern for many countries. 30 out of the 36 OECD and partner countries
surveyed, including Israel, declared that additional measures were taken to
support the education of children who might face additional barriers to
learning during the pandemic. 22 of these countries, including Israel, stated
that they had subsidised devices for students to help them access education.
Measures to encourage disadvantaged or vulnerable students to return to
school after closures were also implemented in 29 OECD and partner countries,
although not in Israel.
* Countries have faced difficult decisions on how to best manage their
resources to ensure that students can continue to access quality education in
the safest possible conditions and to minimise disruption to learning. Before
the pandemic, total public expenditure on primary, secondary and
post-secondary non-tertiary education in Israel reached 4.4% of gross
domestic product (GDP) in 2018, which was higher than the OECD average of
3.2%. About two-thirds of OECD and partner countries reported increases in
the funding allocated to primary and secondary schools to help them cope with
the crisis in 2020. Compared to the previous year, Israel reported an
increase in the fiscal year education budget for primary and lower secondary
general education in both 2020 and 2021.
* 20 OECD and partner countries, including Israel, stated that the allocation
of additional public funds to support the educational response to the
pandemic in primary and secondary schools was based on the number of students
or classes. At the same time, 16 countries targeted additional funds at
socio-economically disadvantaged students as a way to ensure that resources
targeted those that needed them the most, including in Israel.
* Countries’ approach to prioritise teachers in vaccination campaigns against
COVID-19 has varied. In total, 19 OECD and partner countries, excluding
Israel, have prioritised at least some teachers as part of the government’s
plans to vaccinate the population on a national level (as of 20 May 2021).
* The impact of the pandemic on the economy has raised concerns about the
prospects of young adults, especially those leaving education earlier than
others. In Israel, the unemployment rate among 25-34 year-olds with below
upper secondary attainment was 6.4% in 2020, an increase of
2 percentage points from the previous year. In comparison, the average youth
unemployment rate of 15.1% in 2020 across OECD countries represented an
increase of 2 percentage points from 2019 (Figure 2).
* Despite the impact of the crisis on employment, the share of NEETs among
18-24 year-olds did not greatly increase in most OECD and partner countries
during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. On average, the share of
18-24 year-old NEETs in OECD countries rose from 14.4% in 2019 to 16.1% in
2020. In Israel, the share of 18-24 year-old NEETs was 19% in 2019, which
increased to 21.7% in 2020.
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Countries are ranked in ascending order of the unemployment rate of 25-34
year-olds with below upper secondary attainment in 2020.
Source: OECD (2021), Table A3.3. See Source section for more information and
Annex 3 for notes
(https://www.oecd.org/education/education-at-a-glance/EAG2021_Annex3_ChapterA.pdf).
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INVESTING IN EDUCATION
* Annual expenditure per student on educational institutions provides an
indication of the investment countries make on each student. After accounting
for public-to-private transfers, public expenditure on primary to tertiary
educational institutions per full-time student in Israel was USD 8 196 in
2018 (in equivalent USD converted using PPPs for GDP) compared to USD 10 000
on average across OECD countries.
* Expenditure on core educational services such as instruction and teaching
make up the largest share of education expenditure. However, ancillary
services (such as student welfare) and research and development (R&D)
activities also influence the level of expenditure per student. In primary to
tertiary education, 88% of institutions’ expenditure per student is devoted
to core educational services in Israel (compared to 89% on average across
OECD countries). This share is generally lower at the tertiary level due to
expenditure on research and development, including in Israel where 68% of
total expenditure is devoted to core educational services.
* The provision of education across public and private institutions influences
the allocation of resources between levels of education and types of
institution. In 2018, Israel spent USD 9 572 per student at primary,
secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education, USD 882 lower than the
OECD average of USD 10 454. At tertiary level, Israel invested USD 12 336 per
student, USD 4 729 less than the OECD average. Expenditure per student on
public educational institutions is higher than on private institutions on
average across OECD countries. However, this is not the case in Israel, where
total expenditure on primary to tertiary public institutions amounts to
USD 8 243 per student, compared to USD 14 074 on private institutions.
* Between 2012 and 2018, expenditure per student from primary to tertiary
education increased at an average annual growth rate of 1.6% across
OECD countries. In Israel, expenditure on educational institutions grew at an
average annual rate of 3.6%, while the number of students grew on average by
2.2% per year over this period. This resulted in an average annual growth
rate of 1.4% in expenditure per student over this period.
* Among OECD countries, Israel spent the third highest proportion of its GDP on
primary to tertiary educational institutions. In 2018, Israel spent on
average 6.2% of GDP on primary to tertiary educational institutions, which is
1.4 percentage points higher than the OECD average. Across levels of
education, Israel devoted a higher share of GDP than the OECD average at
non-tertiary levels and a similar share at tertiary level (Figure 3).
* The share of capital costs on total expenditure on educational institutions
is higher than the OECD average at primary to tertiary level in Israel. At
primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary level, capital costs
account for 11% of total spending on educational institutions,
2 percentage points above the OECD average (8%). At the tertiary level,
capital costs represent 9%, slightly lower than the average across
OECD countries of 11%.
* Compensation of teachers and other staff employed in educational institutions
represents the largest share of current expenditure from primary to tertiary
education. In 2018, Israel allocated 78% of its current expenditure to staff
compensation, compared to 74% on average across OECD countries. Staff
compensation tends to make up a smaller share of current expenditure on
tertiary institutions due to the higher costs of facilities and equipment at
this level. In Israel, staff compensation represents 68% of current
expenditure on tertiary institutions compared to 81% at non-tertiary levels.
On average across OECD countries, the share is 68% at tertiary level and 77%
at non-tertiary level.
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1. Primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education includes
pre-primary programmes.
Countries are ranked in descending order of total expenditure on educational
institutions as a percentage of GDP.
Source: OECD (2021), Table C2.1. See Source section for more information and
Annex 3 for notes
(https://www.oecd.org/education/education-at-a-glance/EAG2021_Annex3_ChapterC.pdf).
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WORKING CONDITIONS OF SCHOOL TEACHERS
* The salaries of school staff, and in particular teachers and school heads,
represent the largest single expenditure in formal education. Their salary
levels also have an impact on the attractiveness of the teaching profession.
In most OECD countries and economies, statutory salaries of teachers (and
school heads) in public educational institutions increase with the level of
education they teach, and also with experience. On average, statutory
salaries of teachers with maximum qualifications at the top of their salary
scales (maximum salaries) were between 86% and 91% higher than those of
teachers with the minimum qualifications at the start of their career
(minimum salaries) at pre-primary (ISCED 02), primary and general lower and
upper secondary levels in 2020. In Israel, maximum salaries were 125% to 179%
higher than minimum salaries at each level of education (Figure 4). However,
most teachers were paid between these minimum and maximum salaries.
* Between 2005 and 2020, the statutory salaries of teachers with 15 years of
experience and the most prevalent qualifications increased (at constant
prices) by 2% to 3% at primary and general lower and upper secondary levels,
on average across OECD countries with data for all reference years, despite a
decrease of salaries following the 2008 financial crisis. In Israel,
teachers’ salaries at these levels increased by 35%-47%.
* Teachers’ actual salaries reflect their statutory salaries and additional
work-related payments. Average actual salaries also depend on the
characteristics of the teaching population such as their age, level of
experience and qualification level. In Israel, teachers’ average actual
salaries (after conversion to USD using PPPs for private consumption) amount
to USD 40 605 at the pre-primary level (ISCED 02), USD 41 952 at the primary
level, USD 44 754 at the general lower secondary level and USD 47 706 at the
general upper secondary level. On average across OECD countries, teachers’
average actual salaries were USD 40 707, USD 45 687, USD 47 988 and
USD 51 749 at the pre-primary, primary, lower secondary and upper secondary
level respectively (Figure 4).
* Teachers’ average actual salaries remained lower than those of
tertiary-educated workers in almost all countries, and at almost all levels
of education. Teachers’ average actual salaries at pre-primary (ISCED 02),
primary and general secondary levels of education were between 81% and 96% of
the earnings of tertiary-educated workers on average across OECD countries
and economies. In Israel, the proportion ranged from 85% to 99% at
pre-primary, primary and general secondary levels of education.
* The average number of teaching hours per year required of a typical teacher
in public educational institutions in OECD countries tends to decrease as the
level of education increases: it ranged from 989 hours at pre-primary level
(ISCED 02), to 791 hours at primary level, 723 hours at lower secondary level
(general programmes) and 685 hours at upper secondary level (general
programmes) in 2020. In Israel, teachers teach 1 024 hours per year at
pre-primary level, 839 hours per year at primary level, 695 hours at lower
secondary level (general programmes) and 639 hours at upper secondary level
(general programmes).
* During their working time, teachers also perform various tasks other than
teaching itself such as lesson planning and preparation, marking students’
work and communicating or co-operating with parents or guardians. At the
lower secondary level, teachers in Israel spend 59% of their statutory
working time on teaching, compared to 44% on average among countries with
available data.
* In primary and secondary education, about 35% of teachers are at least
50 years old on average across OECD countries and may reach retirement age in
the next decade, while the size of the school-age population is projected to
increase in some countries, putting many governments under pressure to
recruit and train new teachers. In 2019, 22% of primary teachers in Israel
were at least 50 years old, which was lower than the OECD average of 33%. On
average across OECD countries, the proportion of teachers aged at least
50 years old increases with higher levels of education taught, to 36% in
lower secondary education and 40% in upper secondary education. In Israel,
this proportion varies from 28% at lower secondary level to 33% at upper
secondary level.
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Note: Actual salaries include bonuses and allowances.
1. Actual base salaries.
2. Salaries at the top of the scale and the minimum qualifications, instead of
the maximum qualifications.
3. Salaries at the top of the scale and the most prevalent qualifications,
instead of the maximum qualifications.
4. Includes the average of fixed bonuses for overtime hours.
Countries and economies are ranked in descending order of starting salaries for
lower secondary teachers with the minimum qualifications.
Source: OECD (2021), Table D3.3 and Education at a Glance Database,
http://stats.oecd.org. See Source section for more information and Annex 3 for
notes
(https://www.oecd.org/education/education-at-a-glance/EAG2021_Annex3_ChapterD.pdf).
REFERENCES
OECD (2021), Education at a Glance 2021: OECD Indicators, OECD Publishing,
Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/69096873-en.
OECD (2021), “Regional education”, OECD Regional Statistics (database),
https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/213e806c-en (accessed on 27 July 2021).
OECD (2021), “The state of global education – 18 months into the pandemic”, OECD
Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/1a23bb23-en.
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MORE INFORMATION
For more information on Education at a Glance 2021 and to access the full set of
Indicators, see: https://doi.org/10.1787/b35a14e5-en
For more information on the methodology used during the data collection for each
indicator, the references to the sources and the specific notes for each
country, see Annex 3
(https://www.oecd.org/education/education-at-a-glance/EAG2021_Annex3.pdf).
For general information on the methodology, please refer to the OECD Handbook
for Internationally Comparative Education Statistics: Concepts, Standards,
Definitions and Classifications (https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264304444-en).
Updated data can be found on line at http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eag-data-en and
by following the StatLinks 2under the tables and charts in the publication.
Data on subnational regions for selected indicators are available in the OECD
Regional Statistics (database) (OECD, 2021). When interpreting the results on
subnational entities, readers should take into account that the population size
of subnational entities can vary widely within countries. For example, regional
variation in enrolment may be influenced by students attending school in a
different region from their area of residence, particularly at higher levels of
education. Also, regional disparities tend to be higher when more subnational
entities are used in the analysis.
Explore, compare and visualise more data and analysis using the Education GPS:
https://gpseducation.oecd.org/
The data on educational responses during COVID-19 were collected and processed
by the OECD based on the Survey on Joint National Responses to COVID-19 School
Closures, a collaborative effort conducted by the United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); the UNESCO Institute for
Statistics (UIS); the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF); the World Bank;
and the OECD.
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Questions can be directed to:
Marie-Helene Doumet
Directorate for Education and Skills
marie-helene.doumet@oecd.org
Country note authors:
Etienne Albiser, Heewoon Bae, Andrea Borlizzi, António Carvalho, Eric
Charbonnier, Corinne Heckmann, Bruce Golding, Yanjun Guo, Gara Rojas Gonzalez,
Daniel Sanchez Serra, Markus Schwabe and Giovanni Maria Semeraro
This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the
OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily
reflect the official views of OECD member countries.
This document, as well as any data and any map included herein, are without
prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the
delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any
territory, city or area.
The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of
the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without
prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli
settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.
The use of this work, whether digital or print, is governed by the terms and
conditions to be found at www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/.
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disclaimers, which are set out in the complete version of the publication,
available at the link provided.
https://doi.org/10.1787/b35a14e5-en
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Conditions to be found at http://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions.
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