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Health
PORTABLE CO2 METERS COULD BE USED TO HELP FIGHT CORONAVIRUS TRANSMISSION,
EXPERTS SAY
ABC Health & Wellbeing
/ By Anna Salleh
Posted Fri 10 Sep 2021 at 9:00pmFriday 10 Sep 2021 at 9:00pmFri 10 Sep 2021 at
9:00pm
Kate Cole carries a CO2 meter in her bag.(ABC News: Jerry Rickard)
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Kate Cole has a secret weapon in the fight against the spread of COVID-19.
It's a meter that measures CO2 and tells her how fresh the air is that she's
breathing.
KEY POINTS:
* Experts say we need more than high vaccination levels before we can return to
normal social life
* Making sure spaces are well-ventilated is key to stopping virus spread
* CO2 meters can help show which areas need better ventilation
As an occupational hygienist, Ms Cole has long used CO2 monitors to assess the
health of workplaces, but right now she's also relying on the technology to
reduce her personal risk of catching COVID-19.
"I have one in my handbag. I take it with me to the supermarket. I take it with
me when I have to leave my home to go to places," she says.
Ms Cole is a member of a new expert group called OzSAGE, which wants places like
schools and businesses to be required to show they have well-ventilated
buildings for when people return after lockdown.
Kate uses her monitor to measure the amount of CO2 in the air when out and
about.(Supplied: Kate Cole)
"Even if you're physically distancing and washing hands, COVID transmits in the
air, so we need to make sure we have good indoor air quality," says Ms Cole, who
is also president-elect of the Australian Institute of Occupational Hygienists.
> "In addition to vaccination, it's what's going to get us back to hopefully
> some form of normal that we so desperately want."
Catch up on the main COVID-19 news from November 11, 2021 with a look back at
our blog.
CORONAVIRUS SPREADS THROUGH THE AIR
People infected with coronavirus can spread it around a room in tiny airborne
droplets called "aerosols" when they breathe out, speak, shout or sing.
These aerosols build up indoors, especially when a place is crowded or there is
poor ventilation, and the longer you are surrounded by them, the more chance you
have of breathing them in.
Unfortunately, the aerosols are so small you can't see them, which is where the
CO2 meters come in.
Youtube Experts say when it comes to COVID-19, beware the air you share.
In addition to aerosols, we also breathe out CO2 — a byproduct of respiration —
which builds up in the air unless a space is ventilated.
And this CO2 is easier to measure than the aerosols or virus particles
themselves.
So the level of CO2 in a space can be used as proxy for the possible risk of
exposure to coronavirus.
Experts like Ms Cole say if a CO2 monitor shows there is not less than 800 parts
per million (ppm), then it's not a good idea to hang about in that space.
MONITORING CO2 IN SCHOOLS
OzSAGE spokesperson Lidia Morawska, an air quality expert based at the
Queensland University of Technology, says making sure air in schools is safe
needs to be the "highest priority" as kids head back to school.
CORONAVIRUS QUESTIONS ANSWERED
Breaking down the latest news and research to understand how the world is living
through an epidemic, this is the ABC's Coronacast podcast.
Read more
Professor Morawska would like to see an online database where CO2 levels in
individual classrooms could be recorded and monitored to find out if ventilation
is adequate.
> "At this point we have no idea what the situation is."
NSW Premier Gladys Berejiklian this week indicated experts were considering
ventilation in the state's schools.
CO2 meters are currently used in schools in countries including Ireland and
Germany, often with a clearly visible display of the reading.
And the Victorian government last week announced CO2 monitoring, ventilation and
air filtering would form part of their plan for a safe return to schools.
HOW DO CO2 METERS WORK?
Professor Morawska says the best CO2 meters are those that use technology called
Non-Dispersive Infra-Red (NDIR) detectors. These measure the absorption of
infrared light by CO2.
There are air monitoring experts like Jeffrey Siegel, a professor of civil
engineering at the University of Toronto, who says you need to be careful using
CO2 monitors.
He says they need to be calibrated properly and factors like water vapour in the
air can give false measurements.
This theatre in Brussels has monitors displaying the level of CO2 as part of
precautions for holding a COVID-proof event.(Getty Images: James Arthur
Gekiere/Contributor)
Professor Siegel also argues it's important to measure CO2 levels over time, and
to understand that different parts of the room will give different measurements.
"CO2 monitoring is fine if it's done well," he says.
Otherwise, he says money is better spent on improving ventilation and air
filtration.
Professor Siegel cites research by the US Centers for Disease Control that
shows, in the absence of vaccination, improving ventilation can reduce COVID-19
incidence by 39 per cent in schools.
Read our full coverage of the coronavirus pandemic
And he says there is very good evidence that improved ventilation helps students
perform better, and reduces other problems like asthma.
> "It's an economic no-brainer to invest [in better air quality] in schools."
'CHEAP AND CHEERFUL' METERS WORK FINE
Other indoor air experts support the widespread use of cheap and easily
accessible CO2 monitors.
Geoff Hanmer, who is on the ventilation workgroup of OzSAGE, argues while some
NDIR meters work better than others, most generally do the job that's required.
"You don't need a lot of precision here," says Professor Hanmer, who is
associated with the University of Technology Sydney and the University of
Adelaide.
He says it's important to make sure the meter is working correctly by checking
that it's measuring outdoor levels at around 400 or 415 ppm, which is the
background level of CO2 in the atmosphere.
"We've tested several cheap and cheerful monitors and they appear to work quite
satisfactorily," he says.
This sensor used in a German school glows different colours depending on the
level of CO2.(Getty Images: Hauke-Christian Dittrich/picture alliance)
Ms Cole agrees: "It's not going to be exact science.
"We don't need to spend thousands of dollars on high-grade CO2 monitors.
"The ones that are a couple of hundred dollars are adequate for what we need."
An unpublished study of devices by Spanish researchers has also found
NDIR-based sensors work very well, but warned against cheaper devices that used
several sensors to measure different air pollutants.
READ MORE ABOUT THE SPREAD OF COVID-19 IN AUSTRALIA:
* How to fly long haul, stay safe from COVID and actually be comfortable
* The COVID vaccine booster program begins Monday, here's when you can get your
shot
* What will fully vaccinated travellers need to do to enter Queensland?
COULD CITIZENS LEAD THE WAY?
While bureaucracy can often lag behind the latest science, there are some
members of the public pushing ahead by collecting and publicising CO2 levels.
These include a US software engineer who is developing a "COVID CO2 tracking
app", and Australian GP David Berger, who campaigns on clean air and
COVID-19 and set up the Twitter-based CO2 Guerrillas.
"I started CO2 Guerrillas initially with the idea of being able to recruit
people with CO2 monitors to monitor CO2 in public and private spaces and post
the results," he says.
"Basically it was citizen science to share CO2 readings to identify areas of bad
air."
Dr Berger says he's measured CO2 levels in schools up to 3,500 ppm, which he
argues can also make it hard for kids to concentrate.
"The reason kids fall asleep in class and muck about is at least in significant
part due to the fact that they are anaesthetised by higher CO2 levels."
And he says he has measured 2,000 ppm in some hospital rooms.
"We are in an analogous situation to cholera … people got cholera because they
were sharing bad water and we're getting COVID because we are sharing bad air,"
Dr Berger says.
> "I want to flood the country with CO2 monitors so people can see the shitty
> air they're breathing and do something about it."
Improving ventilation could have more spin-offs than we think, according
to experts.(Getty Images: triloks)
RUN YOUR OWN CO2 EXPERIMENT
With the device he uses (and now sells), Dr Berger is able to connect via
bluetooth to his phone and get a "trace" of how CO2 levels change over time.
"I was at a comedy night [and the meter read] 3,500 after 30 minutes."
These "traces" can tell us what interventions make a difference, Dr Berger says.
HEALTH IN YOUR INSTAGRAM FEED
Follow @abchealth on Instagram, where we're busting myths and sharing practical,
smart health advice.
Read more
For example, in an experiment involving him and his son, he saw what happened
when he switched the aircon from fresh to recirculate.
"In 30 minutes we got to 5,000."
And once recirculate was turned off, levels were down to 800 within a minute and
at ambient CO2 within two minutes, he says.
Professor Morawska welcomes the idea of citizen scientists monitoring CO2
levels.
"If people demonstrate a problem then whoever is responsible — say a restaurant
owner — will see there is a problem and be held accountable."
But government has a role to play too, she says.
"The government must at the same time give a clear message that airborne
transmission of COVID is a problem and ventilation is important, and everyone
needs to ventilate places they're responsible for."
Space to play or pause, M to mute, left and right arrows to seek, up and down
arrows for volume.
Watch
Duration: 4 minutes 34 seconds4m 34s
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WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT CORONAVIRUS:
* The symptoms
* The number of cases in Australia
* Tracking Australia's vaccine rollout
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* ELON MUSK SELLS $US5 BILLION IN TESLA SHARES AFTER SUPPORT IN TWITTER POLL
Posted 10m ago10 minutes agoThu 11 Nov 2021 at 10:13am
* HANNAH CLARKE'S PARENTS QUEENSLAND'S AUSTRALIANS OF THE YEAR FOR DOMESTIC
VIOLENCE CAMPAIGNING
Posted 39m ago39 minutes agoThu 11 Nov 2021 at 9:43am
* SINGLES' DAY IS THE BIGGEST SHOPPING EVENT IN THE WORLD. BUT THIS YEAR
E-COMMERCE HAS LESS 'GUNPOWDER'
Posted 42m ago42 minutes agoThu 11 Nov 2021 at 9:40am
* SECURITY STAFFING LEVELS UNCLEAR DURING TRAVIS SCOTT'S ASTROWORLD SET,
HOUSTON POLICE CHIEF SAYS
Posted 55m ago55 minutes agoThu 11 Nov 2021 at 9:27am
* 'TASMANIA WASTED THE INK': WA CRICKET OFFICIALS CONFIDENT OF STAGING ASHES
TEST IN PERTH
Posted 1h ago1 hours agoThu 11 Nov 2021 at 8:48am
* CLEO SMITH ABDUCTION INVESTIGATORS WIND UP SEARCH FOR EVIDENCE AT CARNARVON
HOUSE
Posted 1h ago1 hours agoThu 11 Nov 2021 at 8:44am
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