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HomeScienceVol. 347, No. 6228Materials that couple sensing, actuation,
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MATERIALS THAT COUPLE SENSING, ACTUATION, COMPUTATION, AND COMMUNICATION
M. A. McEvoy and N. Correll ncorrell@colorado.eduAuthors Info & Affiliations
Science
20 Mar 2015
Vol 347, Issue 6228
DOI: 10.1126/science.1261689
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* Adding autonomy to materials science
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ADDING AUTONOMY TO MATERIALS SCIENCE
Shape-memory alloys can alter their shape in response to a change in
temperature. This can be thought of as a simple autonomous response, albeit one
that is fully programmed at the time of fabrication. It is now possible to build
materials or combinations of materials that can sense and respond to their local
environment, in ways that might also include simple computations and
communication. McEvoy and Correll review recent developments in the creation of
autonomous materials. They look at how individual abilities are added to a
material and the current limitations in the further development of “robotic
materials.”
Science, this issue 10.1126/science.1261689
STRUCTURED ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND
The tight integration of sensing, actuation, and computation that biological
systems exhibit to achieve shape and appearance changes (like the cuttlefish and
birds in flight), adaptive load support (like the banyan tree), or tactile
sensing at very high dynamic range (such as the human skin) has long served as
inspiration for engineered systems. Artificial materials with such capabilities
could enable airplane wings and vehicles with the ability to adapt their
aerodynamic profile or camouflage in the environment, bridges and other civil
structures that could detect and repair damages, or robotic skin and prosthetics
with the ability to sense touch and subtle textures. The vision for such
materials has been articulated repeatedly in science and fiction (“programmable
matter”) and periodically has undergone a renaissance with the advent of new
enabling technology such as fast digital electronics in the 1970s and
microelectromechanical systems in the 1990s.
ADVANCES
Recent advances in manufacturing, combined with the miniaturization of
electronics that has culminated in providing the power of a desktop computer of
the 1990s on the head of a pin, is enabling a new class of “robotic” materials
that transcend classical composite materials in functionality. Whereas
state-of-the-art composites are increasingly integrating sensors and actuators
at high densities, the availability of cheap and small microprocessors will
allow these materials to function autonomously. Yet, this vision requires the
tight integration of material science, computer science, and other related
disciplines to make fundamental advances in distributed algorithms and
manufacturing processes. Advances are currently being made in individual
disciplines rather than system integration, which has become increasingly
possible in recent years. For example, the composite materials community has
made tremendous advances in composites that integrate sensing for nondestructive
evaluation, and actuation (for example, for shape-changing airfoils), as well as
their manufacturing. At the same time, computer science has created an entire
field concerned with distributed algorithms to collect, process, and act upon
vast collections of information in the field of sensor networks. Similarly,
manufacturing has been revolutionized by advances in three-dimensional (3D)
printing, as well as entirely new methods for creating complex structures from
unfolding or stretching of patterned 2D composites. Finally, robotics and
controls have made advances in controlling robots with multiple actuators,
continuum dynamics, and large numbers of distributed sensors. Only a few systems
have taken advantage of these advances, however, to create materials that
tightly integrate sensing, actuation, computation, and communication in a way
that allows them to be mass-produced cheaply and easily.
OUTLOOK
Robotic materials can enable smart composites that autonomously change their
shape, stiffness, or physical appearance in a fully programmable way, extending
the functionality of classical “smart materials.” If mass-produced economically
and available as a commodity, robotic materials have the potential to add
unprecedented functionality to everyday objects and surfaces, enabling a vast
array of applications ranging from more efficient aircraft and vehicles, to
sensorial robotics and prosthetics, to everyday objects like clothing and
furniture. Realizing this vision requires not only a new level of
interdisciplinary collaboration between the engineering disciplines and the
sciences, but also a new model of interdisciplinary education that captures both
the disciplinary breadth of robotic materials and the depth of individual
disciplines.
(Top) Biological systems that tightly integrate sensing, actuation, computation,
and communication and (bottom) the engineering applications that could be
enabled by materials that take advantage of similar principles.
(From left) The cuttlefish (camouflage), an eagle’s wings (shape change), the
banyan tree (adaptive load support), and human skin (tactile sensing).
CREDITS: CUTTLEFISH: N. HOBGOOD/WIKIMEDIA COMMONS; BALD EAGLE ALASKA: C.
CHAPMAN/WIKIMEDIA COMMONS; BANYAN TREE: W. KNIGHT/WIKIMEDIA COMMONS; HUMAN SKIN:
A. MCEVOY; MEN IN CAMOUFLAGE HUNTING GEAR: H. RYAN/U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE
SERVICE; 21ST CENTURY AEROSPACE VEHICLE: NASA; SYDNEY HARBOUR BRIDGE: I.
BROWN/WIKIMEDIA COMMONS; CYBERHAND: PRENSILIA S.R.L/ PRENSILIA.COM
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ABSTRACT
Tightly integrating sensing, actuation, and computation into composites could
enable a new generation of truly smart material systems that can change their
appearance and shape autonomously. Applications for such materials include
airfoils that change their aerodynamic profile, vehicles with camouflage
abilities, bridges that detect and repair damage, or robotic skins and
prosthetics with a realistic sense of touch. Although integrating sensors and
actuators into composites is becoming increasingly common, the opportunities
afforded by embedded computation have only been marginally explored. Here, the
key challenge is the gap between the continuous physics of materials and the
discrete mathematics of computation. Bridging this gap requires a fundamental
understanding of the constituents of such robotic materials and the distributed
algorithms and controls that make these structures smart.
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M. A. MCEVOY
Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO,
USA.
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N. CORRELL* NCORRELL@COLORADO.EDU
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MEDIA
FiguresMultimedia
FIGURES
(Top) Biological systems that tightly integrate sensing, actuation, computation,
and communication and (bottom) the engineering applications that could be
enabled by materials that take advantage of similar principles.
(From left) The cuttlefish (camouflage), an eagle’s wings (shape change), the
banyan tree (adaptive load support), and human skin (tactile sensing).
CREDITS: CUTTLEFISH: N. HOBGOOD/WIKIMEDIA COMMONS; BALD EAGLE ALASKA: C.
CHAPMAN/WIKIMEDIA COMMONS; BANYAN TREE: W. KNIGHT/WIKIMEDIA COMMONS; HUMAN SKIN:
A. MCEVOY; MEN IN CAMOUFLAGE HUNTING GEAR: H. RYAN/U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE
SERVICE; 21ST CENTURY AEROSPACE VEHICLE: NASA; SYDNEY HARBOUR BRIDGE: I.
BROWN/WIKIMEDIA COMMONS; CYBERHAND: PRENSILIA S.R.L/ PRENSILIA.COM
GO TO FIGUREOPEN IN VIEWER
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FiguresTables
View figure
(Top) Biological systems that tightly integrate sensing, actuation, computation,
and communication and (bottom) the engineering applications that could be
enabled by materials that take advantage of similar principles.
(From left) The cuttlefish (camouflage), an eagle’s wings (shape change), the
banyan tree (adaptive load support), and human skin (tactile sensing).
CREDITS: CUTTLEFISH: N. HOBGOOD/WIKIMEDIA COMMONS; BALD EAGLE ALASKA: C.
CHAPMAN/WIKIMEDIA COMMONS; BANYAN TREE: W. KNIGHT/WIKIMEDIA COMMONS; HUMAN SKIN:
A. MCEVOY; MEN IN CAMOUFLAGE HUNTING GEAR: H. RYAN/U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE
SERVICE; 21ST CENTURY AEROSPACE VEHICLE: NASA; SYDNEY HARBOUR BRIDGE: I.
BROWN/WIKIMEDIA COMMONS; CYBERHAND: PRENSILIA S.R.L/ PRENSILIA.COM
Reference #1