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LEGAL TERMS OF USE

These terms (the "Terms") govern your use of all Canadian Websites and mobile
content operated by Royal Bank of Canada ("Royal Bank") or its subsidiaries
(each subsidiary and Royal Bank individually referred to as an "RBC Company" and
collectively referred to as the "RBC Companies") and Social Media Pages (defined
later in these Terms) (individually referred to as a "Website" and collectively
referred to as the "Websites").

If you access and use the Websites, you accept and agree to be bound by and
comply with the (i) Terms, and (ii) any terms, conditions, legal notices and
disclaimers in the footers, content, other pages of the Websites and behind
links, buttons or icons on the Websites (the "Additional Terms").

The Terms and Additional Terms also apply when you use a downloadable
application or other technology to access any features, functionality, content
and/or information that is made available or provided on the Websites.


PART A: TERMS FOR ALL WEBSITES

General

In the event of any conflict between the Terms and the Additional Terms, the
Additional Terms will govern.

All products and services of the RBC Companies that are described, made
available or provided on the Websites may be changed or withdrawn at any time
without notice and are subject to the terms and conditions of the applicable
agreements governing their use in force at the time of the provision of the
product or service, in addition to the Terms and Additional Terms. In the event
that the Terms or Additional Terms are inconsistent with the terms of any
agreement that you or your organization may have with an RBC Company, the terms
of that agreement will govern.

The information, material and content provided in the pages of the Websites,
including pricing information, (the "Information") is believed to be reliable
when posted, but there is no guarantee that it is accurate, complete or current
at all times. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the Information
may include technical inaccuracies or typographical errors, and the RBC
Companies and their officers, directors, employees and agents ("RBC") have no
obligation to update the Information. The Information or the Websites may be
changed, withdrawn or terminated at any time without notice.

Changes may be made to the Terms at any time without notice by updating this
posting. You agree to review the Terms regularly, and your continued access or
use of the Websites will mean that you agree to any changes.

Any submission by you of an application, instruction or other request is subject
to acceptance by RBC and can be declined by RBC.

Local laws; export control

It is important to note that not all of the products, services and Information
made available or provided on the Websites are available in all jurisdictions
outside of Canada. In addition, the Information does not constitute an offer or
solicitation to buy or sell any currency, investment fund or other product,
service or information to anyone in any jurisdiction in which an offer or
solicitation is not authorized or cannot legally be made, or to any person to
whom it is unlawful to make an offer or solicitation. For information specific
to any jurisdiction outside of Canada, please contact your financial advisor.

Please be aware of the laws of your country or that otherwise apply to you in
relation to any of the matters described in the pages of the Websites. If you
choose to access the Websites, you do so on your own initiative and are
responsible for compliance with applicable local, national or international
laws.

You may not use, export or re-export the Information or any copy or adaptation
thereof in violation of any applicable laws or regulations, including export
laws and regulations of Canada in force from time to time.

Not offering any advice

The Information is for informational purposes only and is not intended to
provide specific financial, investment, tax, legal, accounting or other advice
to you, and should not be acted or relied upon in that regard without seeking
the advice of a professional. Your advisor can help to ensure that your own
circumstances have been properly considered and any action is taken on the
latest available information.

No warranties

RBC Companies provide the Websites and the Information on an "as is, where is"
basis and do not make any express or implied warranties, representations, or
endorsements with respect to the Websites or the Information, including without
limitation, warranties as to merchantability, operation, non-infringement,
usefulness, completeness, accuracy, currency, reliability and fitness for a
particular purpose. Further, RBC Companies do not represent or warrant that the
Websites will be available and meet your requirements, that access will be
uninterrupted, that there will be no delays, difficulties in use, defects,
incompatibility, failures, errors, omissions or loss of transmitted information,
that no viruses or other contaminating or destructive properties will be
transmitted or that no damage will occur to your computer system. You have sole
responsibility for taking protection and backup of data and/or equipment and for
taking reasonable and appropriate precautions to scan for computer viruses or
other destructive properties.

Trademarks and copyrights

Certain names, words, titles, phrases, logos, icons, graphics, designs, or other
content (including copyright-protected content) on the Websites are subject to
intellectual property rights (including trademark protection) and are owned by
Royal Bank or by third parties and are used under licence by Royal Bank and/or
its subsidiaries (RBC).

Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, trademarks owned by Royal Bank
include the following: LION & GLOBE Design, ROYAL, ROYAL BANK, RBC, ROYAL BANK
OF CANADA, and other trademarks including those comprised of "RBC" or "ROYAL".
ROYAL BANK and RBC are registered trademarks of Royal Bank.

Further trademarks of Royal Bank of Canada include these trademarksPDF opens in
a new window.

Nothing on these Websites shall be construed as conferring any licence of any
intellectual property rights, whether by estoppel, implication or otherwise. The
Information is for your personal use, provided such use includes a reference to
the respective copyright and/or trademark notice or attribution as denoted on
the pages copied. Except when otherwise stipulated, the Information may not
otherwise be copied, displayed, distributed, downloaded, licensed, modified,
published, reposted, reproduced, reused, sold, transmitted, used to create a
derivative work or otherwise used for public or commercial purposes without the
express written permission of RBC. The Information is protected under the
copyright laws of Canada and other countries. Any unauthorized downloading,
re-transmission, or other copying or modification of trademarks and/or the
contents of the Websites may be a violation of federal or other law that may
apply to trademarks and/or copyrights, and such actions could subject the copier
to legal action.

Information provided by you

You agree that any information or materials that you provide to any of the RBC
Companies through any of its Websites shall become the sole property of Royal
Bank, and may be used freely by any RBC Company. By providing such information
and materials, you declare and warrant that you have all necessary rights to
submit such information and materials and that the information and materials do
not infringe the rights of third parties.

Electronic Communication via the Internet

Any unprotected electronic communication over the Internet is, as with
communication via other mediums (e.g. cellular phones, post office mail, Social
Media Pages (later defined)), not secure or confidential, subject to possible
interception or loss, and possible alteration. You should not send any
confidential, proprietary or sensitive information about you or others via these
mediums. RBC is not responsible for and will not be liable to you or any one
else for any damages in connection with an email, text message, comment, post or
any other electronic message sent by you to an RBC Company, or an email, text
message, comment post or any other electronic message sent by an RBC Company to
you.

No endorsements

No endorsement or approval of any third party or its advice, opinions,
information, products or services is expressed or implied by any Information.

No liability

None of the RBC Companies are responsible, and will not be liable to you or
anyone else, for any damages whatsoever and howsoever caused (including direct,
indirect, incidental, special, consequential, exemplary or punitive damages)
arising out of or in connection with the Websites or the Information, or your
ability on inability to access or use the Websites or the Information, or any
action or decision made by you in reliance on the Websites or the Information,
or any errors in or omissions from the Websites or the Information, or any
unauthorized use or reproduction of the Websites or the Information, even if an
RBC Company has been advised of the possibility of these damages.

Links/Software

The Websites include links between the Websites. The Websites are operated by
different RBC Companies, as specifically disclosed in the footers of the
Websites. The Websites also include links to and from websites operated outside
of Canada by RBC Companies, as specifically disclosed on those sites.

Links from or to websites, including links to the Websites, are for convenience
only. The RBC Companies do not review or control, and are not responsible for,
any websites linked from or to the Websites, the content of those websites, the
privacy practices of those websites, the third parties named therein, or their
products or services. Linking to any other website is at your sole risk and the
RBC Companies will not be responsible or liable for any damages in connection
with such linking. In addition, the RBC Companies do not endorse or approve of
any websites linked from or to the Websites, except for Websites of RBC
Companies.

You may not gather, extract, reproduce and/or display on any other non-RBC
website or other online service, any material on or from the Websites, whether
or not by the use of spiders or other 'screen scraping' software or system used
to extract data without the express consent of Royal Bank.

If you download any software, we are not responsible or liable for any
difficulties or consequences associated with downloading such software. The use
of any downloaded software is governed by the terms of the applicable license
agreement, if any, which accompanies such software or is provided with such
software or herein.

The following terms apply if you download a software application that an RBC
Company offers to access any services, features, functionality, content and/or
information made available by an RBC Company using certain mobile devices (the
"Software"):

 * Royal Bank grants to you a non-exclusive and non-transferable license for the
   Software. The license authorizes you to use the Software in object code
   format for the purpose of using the online services of the RBC Companies
   ("Online Services") and/or accessing any services, features, functionality,
   content and/or information made available by any RBC Company using certain
   mobile devices.
 * Royal Bank retains at all times all ownership rights, including without
   limitation, copyright, in the Software. You agree not to copy the Software
   and not to disclose or distribute the Software to third parties. Royal Bank
   has no obligation to provide any training, maintenance, or other assistance
   for the Software.
 * YOU ACCEPT THE SOFTWARE "AS IS" AND ASSUME THE ENTIRE RISK FOR THE
   PERFORMANCE OF THE SOFTWARE. ROYAL BANK AND ANY OTHER RBC COMPANY WILL NOT BE
   LIABLE TO YOU FOR ANY DAMAGES RESULTING FROM YOUR USE OF THE SOFTWARE, UNDER
   THESE TERMS OR OTHERWISE.
 * Royal Bank may end these software terms at any time on notice to you. On the
   ending of these terms, you will destroy or return all copies of the Software
   or of any documentation for it then in your possession. The grant of the
   license may not be assigned by you unless agreed upon in writing by Royal
   Bank.

Jurisdiction

Each of the Websites is administered by the applicable RBC Company, as
specifically disclosed in the footers of the Websites, from its offices in
Canada. The Websites, the Information, the Terms and the Additional Terms will
be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the Province of
Ontario and the laws of Canada applicable therein, without giving effect to any
principles of conflicts of laws, and notwithstanding your domicile, residence or
physical location. All disputes, controversies or claims arising out of or in
connection with the Websites, the Information, the Additional Terms or the Terms
shall be submitted to and be subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts
of the Province of Ontario. You submit and attorn to the exclusive jurisdiction
of the courts of the Province of Ontario to finally adjudicate or determine any
suit, action or proceeding arising out of or in connection with the Websites,
the Information, the Additional Terms or the Terms.


PART B: ADDITIONAL TERMS FOR SPECIFIC WEBSITES

RBC Bank

RBC Bank (Georgia), N.A. (“RBC Bank”) is a U.S. national banking association
supervised by the U.S. Office of the Comptroller of the Currency. RBC Bank is a
trade name used by RBC Bank (Georgia), N.A. Our main office is located in
Atlanta, Georgia, while our operations are headquartered in Raleigh, North
Carolina. We provide banking services in all 50 U.S. states to Canadian
cross-border and RBC Wealth Management clients. Our deposit accounts are insured
by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) to the maximum amount
provided by law, and we are an Equal Housing Lender. Securities, insurance and
other services described on this site, or to which you may link from this site,
may be provided by affiliates of RBC Bank or by third parties.

General Information

Certain portions of this website may contain separate disclosures, terms and
conditions, which are in addition to these Legal Notices and Terms of Use. In
the event of a conflict with these Legal Notices and Terms of Use, the other
provisions will govern with respect to that portion of the site.

If any provision of these Legal Notices and Terms of Use or any other term or
condition found on this website is held to be invalid or unenforceable, the
validity or enforceability of the remaining provisions will not be affected, and
to the extent feasible and permitted by applicable law, the invalid or
unenforceable provision will be replaced with a valid and enforceable provision
that comes closest to the intention underlying the invalid or unenforceable
provision.

You agree that your use of this site is governed by the laws of the United
States and the State of Georgia.

Additional disclosures and disclaimers

The information contained on this website is not intended for distribution to or
use by anyone, nor is it intended to constitute an offer or solicitation of
banking or other services, in any jurisdiction, state or country where such
distribution or use or the offering, solicitation or providing of such services
is contrary to applicable law.

Any company or other information on this site is provided for informational
purposes only and is not intended as an offer or solicitation for the sale or
purchase of any security, nor should it be used or relied on in connection with
any sale or purchase of securities.

Neither we nor any of our affiliates acts as an advisor or fiduciary in
providing any information on this website. Please consult a qualified financial,
legal, tax, accounting, estate planning or other advisor for guidance concerning
your specific circumstances.

RBC InvestEase

Available Only Where Permitted by Law

The products, services and securities referred to on the RBC InvestEase website
are only available in Canada and other jurisdictions where they may be legally
offered for sale. The information on this website should not be construed as an
offer by RBC InvestEase to sell specific securities in any jurisdiction outside
of Canada, including the United States. If you are not currently a resident in
Canada, you should not access the information available on this website.

ETF Information

Commissions, management fees and expenses all may be associated with investments
in exchange-traded funds (ETF). Please read the prospectus before investing.
ETFs are not guaranteed, their values change frequently and past performance may
not be repeated. ETF units are bought and sold at market price on a stock
exchange and brokerage commissions may reduce returns. RBC iShares ETFs do not
seek to return any predetermined amount at maturity. Index returns do not
represent RBC iShares ETF returns. In addition, the RBC iShares ETFs in which
RBC InvestEase Inc. clients invest are managed by BlackRock Asset Management
Canada Limited. RBC Global Asset Management Inc. and BlackRock Asset Management
Canada Limited have entered into a strategic alliance to bring together their
respective ETF products under the RBC iShares ETF brand, and to offer a unified
distribution support and service model for RBC iShares ETFs.

General Information

RBC InvestEase is a restricted portfolio manager providing access to model
portfolios consisting of RBC iShares ETFs. Each model portfolio holds up to 100%
of RBC iShares ETFs. RBC iShares ETFs are comprised of RBC ETFs managed by RBC
Global Asset Management Inc. (RBC GAM) and iShares ETFs managed by BlackRock
Canada Limited (BlackRock Canada). RBC GAM and BlackRock Canada entered into a
strategic alliance to bring together their respective ETF products under the RBC
iShares brand, and to offer a unified distribution support and service model for
RBC iShares ETFs.

Other products and services may be offered by one or more separate corporate
entities that are affiliated to RBC InvestEase Inc., including without
limitation: Royal Bank of Canada, RBC Direct Investing Inc., RBC Dominion
Securities Inc., RBC Global Asset Management Inc., Royal Trust Corporation of
Canada and The Royal Trust Company. RBC InvestEase Inc. is a wholly-owned
subsidiary of Royal Bank of Canada and uses the business name RBC InvestEase.

The services provided by RBC InvestEase are only available in Canada.

Related and Connected Issuers

Information on related and connected issuers of RBC InvestEaseSite opens in a
new window
RBC iShares

RBC iShares ETFs are comprised of RBC ETFs managed by RBC Global Asset
Management Inc. and iShares ETFs managed by BlackRock Asset Management Canada
Limited. For more information about the suite of RBC iShares ETFs, please visit
www.rbcishares.comSite opens in a new window. For more information about RBC
ETFs, please visit www.rbcgam.com/etfsSite opens in a new window. For more
information about iShares ETFs, please visit www.blackrock.com/caExternal site
opens in a new window. Commissions, trailing commissions, management fees and
expenses all may be associated with investing in exchange-traded funds (ETFs).
Please read the relevant prospectus before investing. ETFs are not guaranteed,
their values change frequently and past performance may not be repeated. Tax,
investment and all other decisions should be made, as appropriate, only with
guidance from a qualified professional.

® / ™ Trademark(s) of Royal Bank of Canada. Used under licence. iSHARES is a
registered trademark of BlackRock, Inc., or its subsidiaries in the United
States and elsewhere. Used under licence. Ⓒ 2019 RBC Global Asset Management
Inc. and BlackRock Asset Management Canada Limited. All rights reserved.

RBC Direct Investing

No Advice

The information available on the RBC Direct Investing Website is provided by
sources believed by RBC Direct Investing to be reliable. Any information,
including performance data available through any third party provider is not
guaranteed to be current, accurate or complete and is subject to change without
notice. Any expressed views or opinions provided on our site do not imply
endorsement.

Available Only Where Permitted by Law

The products, services and securities referred to on the RBC Direct Investing
Website are only available in Canada and other jurisdictions where they may be
legally offered for sale. The information this Website should not be construed
as an offer by RBC Direct Investing to sell specific securities in any
jurisdiction outside of Canada, including the United States. If you are not
currently a resident of Canada, you should not access the information available
on this website.

Mutual Fund Information

Important information about the mutual funds referenced on this website,
including any associated commissions, trailing commissions, management fees and
expenses, is contained in their respective simplified prospectuses, copies of
which may be obtained directly from the applicable fund company and which you
should read carefully prior to investing. There may be commissions, trailing
commissions, management fees and expenses associated with mutual fund
investments. Please read the prospectus or Fund Facts before investing. Mutual
funds are not guaranteed, their values change frequently and past performance
may not be repeated. For money market funds there can be no assurances that the
fund will be able to maintain its net asset value per security at a constant
amount or that the full amount of your investment in the fund will be returned
to you.

General Information

Any information provided is for your general information and is not intended to
provide legal, investment, financial, accounting or tax advice. If you require
any such advice, you should retain the services of a competent professional.
This website may contain the opinions, views or recommendations of individuals
or organizations. Where present these opinions, views and recommendations are
provided for your general interest, and are not endorsed by RBC Direct
Investing.

RBC Direct Investing Inc. (Member–Canadian Investor Protection Fund), and Royal
Bank are separate corporate entities which are affiliated. RBC Direct Investing
Inc. does not provide investment advice or recommendations regarding the
purchase or sale of any securities. Investors are responsible for their own
investment decisions. RBC Direct Investing is a business name used by RBC Direct
Investing Inc.

Related and Connected Issuers

Information on related and connected issuersSite opens in a new window

RBC Direct Investing Agents for Service in Canada

Addresses of RBC Direct Investing Agents for Service in CanadaSite opens in a
new window

Client Complaints

For an overview of RBC Direct Investing’s client complaint examination and
resolution policy and process, click hereSite opens in a new window.

RBC Direct Investing Online

No Advice

The information available on the RBC DI Online Website is provided by sources
believed by RBC Direct Investing to be reliable. Any information, including
performance data available through any third party provider is not guaranteed to
be current, accurate or complete and is subject to change without notice. Any
expressed views or opinions provided on our site do not imply endorsement.

Available Only Where Permitted by Law

The products, services and securities referred to on the RBC DI online Website
are only available in Canada and other jurisdictions where they may be legally
offered for sale. The information on this Website should not be construed as an
offer by RBC Direct Investing to sell specific securities in any jurisdiction
outside of Canada, including the United States. If you are not currently a
resident of Canada, you should not access the information available on this
website.

Mutual Fund Information

Important information about the mutual funds referenced on this website,
including any associated commissions, trailing commissions, management fees and
expenses, is contained in their respective simplified prospectuses, copies of
which may be obtained directly from the applicable fund company and which you
should read carefully prior to investing. There may be commissions, trailing
commissions, management fees and expenses associated with mutual fund
investments. Please read the prospectus or Fund Facts before investing. Mutual
funds are not guaranteed, their values change frequently and past performance
may not be repeated. For money market funds there can be no assurances that the
fund will be able to maintain its net asset value per security at a constant
amount or that the full amount of your investment in the fund will be returned
to you.

General Information

Any information provided is for your general information and is not intended to
provide legal, investment, financial, accounting or tax advice. If you require
any such advice, you should retain the services of a competent professional.
This Website may contain the opinions, views or recommendations of individuals
or organizations. Where present these opinions, views and recommendations are
provided for your general interest, and are not endorsed by RBC Direct
Investing.

Best execution client disclosure

We and/or our executing broker, RBC Dominion Securities Inc. (“RBC DS”), take
all reasonable steps to obtain best execution when executing an order on behalf
of a client in accordance with applicable securities regulations. View an
overview of RBC DS’ order execution policy and approach to providing “Best
Execution” for retail tradesPDF opens in a new window.

RBC Direct Investing Inc. (Member–Canadian Investor Protection Fund), and Royal
Bank are separate but affiliated corporate entities. RBC Direct Investing Inc.
does not provide investment advice or recommendations regarding the purchase or
sale of any securities. Investors are responsible for their own investment
decisions. RBC Direct Investing is a business name used by RBC Direct Investing
Inc.

RBC Dominion Securities

Insurance products are offered through RBC Wealth Management Financial Services
Inc. ("RBC WM FS"), a subsidiary of RBC Dominion Securities Inc. When discussing
and selling insurance products in all provinces except Quebec, Investment
Advisors are acting as Insurance Representatives of RBC WM FS. When discussing
and selling insurance products in Quebec, Investment Advisors are acting as
Financial Security Advisors of RBC WM FS. RBC WM FS is licensed as a financial
services firm in the province of Quebec.

In Quebec, financial planning services are provided by RBC WM FS. In the rest of
Canada, financial planning services are available though RBC Dominion Securities
Inc.

Available Only Where Permitted by Law

The products, services and securities referred to on the RBC DS Website are only
available in Canada and other jurisdictions where they may be legally offered
for sale. The information on this Website should not be construed as an offer by
RBC DS to sell specific securities in any jurisdiction outside of Canada.

RBC Dominion Securities Inc.* and Royal Bank are separate corporate entities
which are affiliated. *Member-Canadian Investor Protection Fund. RBC Dominion
Securities Inc. is a member company of RBC Wealth Management, a business segment
of Royal Bank.

Related and Connected Issuers

Information on related and connected issuersSite opens in a new window
RBC Dominion Securities (online)

In the event of any discrepancies or contradictions between the information and
content provided by third parties and that approved by RBC DS, the information
provided by RBC DS will govern.

RBC Dominion Securities Inc. ("RBC DS"),its related companies, affiliates,
contractors, agents and/or employees disclaim all warranties, expressed or
implied, including, without limitation, those of merchantability and fitness for
a particular purpose.

Available Only Where Permitted by Law

The products, services and securities referred to on the RBC Dominion Securities
online Website are only available in Canada and other jurisdictions where they
may be legally offered for sale. The information on this website should not be
construed as an offer by RBC Dominion Securities to sell specific securities in
any jurisdiction outside of Canada.

General Information

Any information provided is for your general information and is not intended to
provide legal, investment, financial, accounting or tax advice. If you require
any such advice, you should retain the services of a competent professional.
This website may contain the opinions, views or recommendations of individuals
or organizations. Where present, these opinions, views and recommendations are
provided for your general interest only, but are not necessarily shared or
endorsed by RBC Dominion Securities.

Best Execution

RBC Dominion Securities Inc. has an obligation to take all reasonable steps to
obtain best execution when executing an order on behalf of a client in
accordance with applicable securities regulations. View an overview of RBC
Dominion Securities’ order execution policy and approach to providing “Best
Execution” for retail tradesPDF opens in a new window.

RBC Dominion Securities Inc.* and Royal Bank are separate corporate entities
which are affiliated. *Member-Canadian Investor Protection Fund. RBC Dominion
Securities Inc. is a member company of RBC Wealth Management, a business segment
of Royal Bank.

RBC Financial Planning

Financial planning services and investment advice are provided by Royal Mutual
Funds Inc., a member company under RBC Wealth Management. Royal Mutual Funds
Inc., Royal Bank, Royal Trust Corporation of Canada and The Royal Trust Company
are separate, but affiliated, corporate entities. Royal Mutual Funds Inc. is
licensed as a financial services firm in the province of Quebec.

There may be commissions, trailing commissions, management fees and expenses
associated with mutual fund investments. Mutual funds are not guaranteed, their
values change frequently, and past performance may not be indicative of future
performance. Please read the prospectus before investing.

RBC Global Asset Management

RBC Global Asset Management (RBC GAM) is a business name used by the asset
management division of Royal Bank of Canada (RBC) and includes a number of
separate corporate entities which are affiliated (RBC GAM Companies): RBC Global
Asset Management Inc. (including Phillips, Hager & North Investment Management),
RBC Global Asset Management (U.S.) Inc., RBC Global Asset Management (UK)
Limited, RBC Global Asset Management (Asia) Limited and BlueBay Asset Management
LLP.

Products and services of RBC GAM are only offered in jurisdictions where they
may be lawfully offered for sale. The contents of this site do not constitute an
offer to sell or a solicitation to buy products or services to any person in a
jurisdiction where such offer or solicitation is considered unlawful. Websites
directed at institutional/professional investors or financial intermediaries are
not suitable for retail or individual investors.

In Canada, RBC Funds, RBC Private Pools, PH&N Funds, BlueBay Funds, RBC
Corporate Class Funds and RBC ETFs (the “Funds”) are offered by RBC Global Asset
Management Inc. and distributed through authorized dealers. Please consult your
financial advisor and read the prospectus or Fund Facts before investing. There
may be commissions, trailing commissions, management fees and expenses
associated with mutual fund investments. Mutual funds are not guaranteed, their
values change frequently and past performance may not be indicative of future
performance. Mutual fund securities are not covered by the Canada Deposit
Insurance Corporation or by any other government deposit insurer. For money
market funds, there can be no assurances that a fund will be able to maintain
its net asset value per security at a constant amount or that the full amount of
your investment in a fund will be returned to you. Past performance may not be
repeated. ETF units are bought and sold at market price on a stock exchange and
brokerage commissions will reduce returns. RBC ETFs do not seek to return any
predetermined amount at maturity. Index returns do not represent RBC ETF
returns.

RBC Global Asset Management (U.S.) Inc., an SEC–registered investment adviser
headquartered in Minneapolis, Minnesota, serves as the investment adviser to
certain mutual funds offered in the United States that are distributed by Quasar
Distributors, LLC. Securities are offered through RBC Wealth Management, a
division of RBC Capital Markets, LLC, member NYSE/FINRA/SIPC. NOT FDIC INSURED.
NO BANK GUARANTEE. MAY LOSE VALUE.

RBC Global Asset Management (UK) Limited, is authorized and regulated by the
Financial Conduct Authority (the “FCA”) and is incorporated in England and Wales
with registered office at Riverbank House, 2 Swan Lane, London EC4R, United
Kingdom and registered number 189154. RBC Global Asset Management (UK) Limited’s
affiliated entities not incorporated in the United Kingdom are not authorized
and regulated by the FCA.

In Hong Kong, RBC Global Asset Management (Asia) Limited is licensed by the Hong
Kong Securities and Futures Commission to conduct Type 1 (dealing in
securities), Type 4 (advising on securities) and Type 9 (asset management)
regulated activities.

BlueBay Asset Management LLP (BlueBay) is authorised and regulated by the FCA
and incorporated in England and Wales with registered office at 77 Grosvenor
Street, London W1K 3JR, United Kingdom and registered number OC370085. BlueBay
is also registered as an investment adviser with the US Securities and Exchange
Commission (SEC), and as a commodity pool operator and commodity trading advisor
with the National Futures Association (NFA) as authorized by the US Commodity
Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). In the United States, BlueBay also operates
through BlueBay Asset Management USA LLC, which is registered as an investment
adviser with the SEC and as an introducing broker with the NFA.

The registrations and memberships noted should not be interpreted as an
endorsement or approval of any of the identified RBC GAM Companies by the
respective licensing or registering authorities.

Information provided on this website has been compiled by one or more of RBC GAM
Companies from various sources and is provided for informational purposes only.
It is not intended to provide legal, accounting, tax, investment, financial or
other advice and such information should not be relied upon for providing such
advice. RBC GAM Companies take reasonable steps to provide up–to–date, accurate
and reliable information, and believe the information to be so when provided.
RBC GAM Companies reserve the right at any time and without notice to change,
amend or cease publication of the information. Information obtained from third
parties is believed to be reliable but no representation or warranty, express or
implied, is made by RBC GAM Companies, their affiliates or any other person as
to its accuracy, completeness or correctness. RBC GAM Companies and their
affiliates assume no responsibility for any errors or omissions.

Related and Connected Issuers

Information on related and connected issuersSite opens in a new window
RBC Insurance

RBC Insurance means RBC Insurance Holdings Inc., and its affiliates, which
include: RBC Life Insurance Company, RBC Insurance Company of Canada, Assured
Assistance Inc., RBC Insurance Services Inc., RBC Insurance Agency Ltd. and
Royal Bank of Canada Insurance Company Ltd. This site includes links to Websites
operated by Royal Bank and its subsidiaries and affiliates. The services offered
through these Websites are offered by Royal Bank or its subsidiaries and
affiliates, as specifically disclosed on the relevant Website.

All insurance products are subject to the limitations and conditions in the
applicable policy or certificate of insurance in force at the time of purchase
or enrollment and applicable legislation.

Any language contained in the “Terms for all Websites” which excludes or limits
liability to a client for the proper operation or reliability of a digital space
or the accuracy of the information presented thereon, is not applicable for
residents of the Province of Quebec who are using an RBC Insurance website to
purchase a travel insurance product online from RBC Insurance Company of Canada
or who are using a digital space to apply to RBC Life Insurance Company for
disability insurance under the RBC Employee Long Term Disability Top Up Program.

RBC Insurance Online

RBC Insurance means RBC Insurance Holdings Inc., and its affiliates, which
include: RBC Life Insurance Company, RBC Insurance Company of Canada, Assured
Assistance Inc., RBC Insurance Services Inc., RBC Insurance Agency Ltd. and
Royal Bank of Canada Insurance Company Ltd. This site includes links to Websites
operated by Royal Bank and its subsidiaries and affiliates. The services offered
through these Websites are offered by Royal Bank or its subsidiaries and
affiliates, as specifically disclosed on the relevant Website.

All insurance products are subject to the limitations and conditions in the
applicable policy or certificate of insurance in force at the time of purchase
or enrollment and applicable legislation.

Any language contained in the “Terms for all Websites” which excludes or limits
liability to a client for the proper operation or reliability of a digital space
or the accuracy of the information presented thereon, is not applicable for
residents of the Province of Quebec who are using an RBC Insurance website to
purchase a travel insurance product online from RBC Insurance Company of Canada
or who are using a digital space to apply to RBC Life Insurance Company for
disability insurance under the RBC Employee Long Term Disability Top Up Program.

RBC Ventures

RBC Ventures means RBC Ventures Inc., an RBC Company. This site includes links
to Websites operated by Royal Bank and its subsidiaries and affiliates. The
services offered through these Websites are offered by Royal Bank or its
subsidiaries and affiliates, as specifically disclosed on the relevant Website.

RBC Wealth Management

This RBC Wealth Management Website has been prepared to publicize the products
and services offered by RBC Dominion Securities Inc. (Member–Canadian Investor
Protection Fund), RBC Direct Investing Inc. (Member–Canadian Investor Protection
Fund), Royal Mutual Funds Inc., RBC Global Asset Management Inc., RBC Phillips,
Hager & North Investment Counsel Inc., RBC Wealth Management Financial Services
Inc., Royal Trust Corporation of Canada and The Royal Trust Company.

These companies are separate corporate entities which are affiliated.

About our employees:

 * Investment Advisors are employees of RBC Dominion Securities Inc.
 * Investment Counsellors are employees of RBC Phillips, Hager & North
   Investment Counsel Inc.
 * Estate and Trust Professionals are employees of The Royal Trust Company or
   Royal Trust Corporation of Canada.
 * Private Bankers are employees of Royal Bank and Royal Mutual Funds Inc.
 * Financial Planners are employees of either RBC Dominion Securities or Royal
   Bank and Royal Mutual Funds Inc., which is a licensed financial services firm
   in the province of Quebec.
 * When discussing and selling insurance products in all provinces except
   Quebec, Investment Advisors are acting as Insurance Representatives of RBC
   Wealth Management Financial Services Inc. When discussing and selling
   insurance products in Quebec, Investment Advisors are acting as Financial
   Security Advisors of RBC Wealth Management Financial Services Inc. RBC Wealth
   Management Financial Services Inc. is licensed as a financial services firm
   in the province of Quebec.

About the products and services we offer:

 * RBC Direct Investing describes the service provided by RBC Direct Investing
   Inc. RBC Direct Investing Inc. does not provide specific investment
   recommendations. Investors are responsible for their own investment
   decisions.
 * RBC Phillips, Hager & North Investment Counsel describes the investment
   counselling services offered by RBC Phillips, Hager & North Investment
   Counsel Inc.
 * Estate and Trust Services describes the, estate settlement, executor and
   trustee services offered by The Royal Trust Company and Royal Trust
   Corporation of Canada.
 * Private Banking describes the private banking, investments, deposit, mortgage
   and credit services offered by Royal Bank and Royal Mutual Funds Inc.
 * In Quebec, financial planning services are provided by Royal Mutual Funds
   Inc. or RBC Wealth Management Financial Services Inc. and each is licensed as
   a financial services firm in that province. In the rest of Canada, financial
   planning services are available through Royal Mutual Funds Inc., or RBC
   Dominion Securities Inc.
 * Using borrowed money to finance the purchase of securities, including mutual
   fund securities, involves greater risk than a purchase using cash resources
   only. Should you borrow money to purchase securities, your responsibility to
   repay the loan as required by its terms remains the same even if the value of
   the securities purchased declines. Unless otherwise indicated, securities
   purchased from or through the Member Companies are not insured by a
   government deposit insurer, or guaranteed by Royal Bank or any of the member
   companies and may fluctuate in value.
 * Insurance products are offered through RBC Wealth Management Financial
   Services Inc. ("RBC WM FS"), a subsidiary of RBC Dominion Securities Inc.
   When discussing and selling insurance products in all provinces except
   Quebec, Investment Advisors are acting as Insurance Representatives of RBC WM
   FS. When discussing and selling insurance products in Quebec, Investment
   Advisors are acting as Financial Security Advisors of RBC WM FS. RBC WM FS.
   is licensed as a financial services firm in the province of Quebec.
 * The Dow Jones Indexes SM are proprietary to and distributed by Dow Jones &
   Company, Inc. and have been licensed for use.

Unclaimed property:

The provinces of Quebec, Alberta and British Columbia have introduced
regulations which set out specific responsibilities for the administration of
Unclaimed Property if the last known address of the owner of the property was
within one of these provinces. The legislation is designed to ensure that all
reasonable efforts are made to return Unclaimed Property to its owner. Unclaimed
Property refers to securities and/or money held in accounts, without recent
activity (3 years), where the current location of the client is not known to us
and the last known address is in one of Quebec, Alberta or British Columbia. RBC
Dominion Securities Inc., RBC Phillips, Hager & North Investment Counsel Inc.,
Royal Trust Corporation of Canada and the Royal Trust Company maintain a
database of accounts which may hold Unclaimed Property.

If you have an enquiry or claim in respect of Unclaimed Property either on your
own behalf or, for example, in your capacity as attorney under a power of
attorney or as estate trustee, please provide full details including your full
name and account number in writing to wmcaunclaimed@rbc.com.

RBC Wealth Management Online

The RBC Wealth Management Online Website has been prepared to publicize the
products and services offered by RBC Dominion Securities Inc. (Member–Canadian
Investor Protection Fund), RBC Direct Investing Inc. (Member–Canadian Investor
Protection Fund), Royal Mutual Funds Inc., RBC Global Asset Management Inc., RBC
Phillips, Hager & North Investment Counsel Inc., RBC Wealth Management Financial
Services Inc., Royal Trust Corporation of Canada and The Royal Trust Company.

These companies are separate corporate entities which are affiliated.

About our employees:

 * Investment Advisors are employees of RBC Dominion Securities Inc.
 * Investment Counsellors are employees of RBC Phillips, Hager & North
   Investment Counsel Inc.
 * Senior Trust Advisors and Trust Officers are employees of The Royal Trust
   Company or Royal Trust Corporation of Canada.
 * Private Bankers are employees of Royal Bank and Royal Mutual Funds Inc.
 * Financial Planners are employees of either RBC Dominion Securities Inc.,
   Royal Trust Corporation of Canada, The Royal Trust Company or Royal Bank and
   Royal Mutual Funds Inc., which is a licensed financial services firm in the
   province of Quebec.
 * When discussing and selling insurance products in all provinces except
   Quebec, Investment Advisors are acting as Insurance Representatives of RBC
   Wealth Management Financial Services Inc. ("RBC WM FS"). When discussing and
   selling insurance products in Quebec, Investment Advisors are acting as
   Financial Security Advisors of RBC WM FS. RBC WM FS. is licensed as a
   financial services firm in the province of Quebec.

About the products and services we offer:

 * RBC Direct Investing describes the service provided by RBC Direct Investing
   Inc. RBC Direct Investing Inc. does not provide specific investment
   recommendations. Investors are responsible for their own investment
   decisions.
 * RBC Phillips, Hager & North Investment Counsel describes the investment
   counselling services offered by RBC Phillips, Hager & North Investment
   Counsel Inc.
 * Trust Services describes the custody, estate planning, executor and trustee
   services offered by The Royal Trust Company and Royal Trust Corporation of
   Canada.
 * Private Banking describes the private banking, investments, deposit, mortgage
   and credit services offered by Royal Bank and Royal Mutual Funds Inc.
 * In Quebec, financial planning services are provided by Royal Mutual Funds
   Inc. or RBC Wealth Management Financial Services Inc. and each is licensed as
   a financial services firm in that province. In the rest of Canada, financial
   planning services are available through Royal Mutual Funds Inc., Royal Trust
   Corporation of Canada, The Royal Trust Company, or RBC Dominion Securities
   Inc.
 * Using borrowed money to finance the purchase of securities, including mutual
   fund securities, involves greater risk than a purchase using cash resources
   only. Should you borrow money to purchase securities, your responsibility to
   repay the loan as required by its terms remains the same even if the value of
   the securities purchased declines. Unless otherwise indicated, securities
   purchased from or through the Member Companies are not insured by a
   government deposit insurer, or guaranteed by Royal Bank or any of the member
   companies and may fluctuate in value.
 * Insurance products are offered through RBC WM FS, a subsidiary of RBC
   Dominion Securities Inc. When discussing and selling insurance products in
   all provinces except Quebec, Investment Advisors are acting as Insurance
   Representatives of RBC WM FS. When discussing and selling insurance products
   in Quebec, Investment Advisors are acting as Financial Security Advisors of
   RBC WM FS. RBC WM FS. is licensed as a financial services firm in the
   province of Quebec.
 * The Dow Jones Indexes SM are proprietary to and distributed by Dow Jones &
   Company, Inc. and have been licensed for use.

Mobile Services

The following terms apply if you access Online Services using certain mobile
devices through Websites specifically designed for mobile devices or through the
Software ("Mobile Services"):

You must be enrolled in the Online Services of the specific RBC Company in order
to use the Mobile Services of that RBC Company;

You will not have access to all of the same services, features, functionality,
content or information through Mobile Services as you may through Online
Services (including your online message centre, notices, legal and privacy
terms, links, bills, statements and complete transaction and account
information) and you must access Online Services through a technology other than
Mobile Services on a regular basis to access the services, features,
functionality, content and information of such Online Service;

There may be important terms and conditions that are displayed only when you
click on information icons or links within Mobile Services. You must access and
read those terms and conditions, and by using Mobile Services, those terms and
conditions apply to your use of Mobile Services, in addition to the terms and
conditions of any applicable agreements;

Mobile Services may not be available for use in locations outside of Canada and
the United States; and

You are responsible for any fees imposed by a service provider that you might
incur by accessing Mobile Services.

Social Media

The following terms apply if you access any of the social media pages, accounts,
sites, channels and/or any application(s) within the said pages, accounts, sites
and channels which have been established and administered by RBC (each
individually referred to as a "Social Media Page", collectively referred to as
the "Social Media Pages"). The term "Websites" (defined earlier in these Terms)
includes Social Media Pages. The term "Social Media Page Website" refers to the
website which hosts the Social Media Pages you are accessing.

General Statement

By using the Social Media Pages and submitting a comment, photo, video links
and/or other materials, you (and your parent/legal guardian if you are under the
age of majority in your jurisdiction of residence) agree to be bound and comply
with these Terms, the RBC Privacy Policy and the general terms of use applicable
to the Social Media Page Websites.

Social Media Terms of Use

The Social Media Pages are designed for you and we encourage you to review,
leave comments, discuss RBC products and services, watch and share our videos
and to engage us. Some of the comments and materials posted to the Social Media
Pages and the Social Media Page Websites may not represent the opinions of RBC.
You agree that you will not post or submit any information, post, link or
material of any kind on the Social Media Pages which fall into any of the
categories described below:

 * Anything defamatory, abusive, infringing, obscene, misleading, unlawful or
   which otherwise violates the legal rights (including the privacy) of others;
 * Anything that contains any unsolicited advertising, promotional materials, or
   other forms of solicitation to other users, individuals or entities;
 * Anything that falsifies the origin or source of any information;
 * Anything repetitive, off–topic or overly–inflammatory; or
 * Any financial or personal information about yourself or others. For more
   information, please visit Our Privacy PolicySite opens in a new window.

Any information, posts, links or material of any kind that we determine to fall
into any of the categories described above will be hidden/removed by RBC, at its
sole discretion.

RBC will not be responsible or liable for the entities which own or operate the
Social Media Page Websites or the Social Media Page Websites in any way,
including being liable for any losses, or direct or indirect damages arising
from any action or decision made by you or anyone else in reliance on the Social
Media Page Websites.

If you have a question or concern about anything posted on the Social Media
Pages, feel free to contact us at socialmedia@rbc.com


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