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Skip to main contentEnable accessibility for visually impairedOpen the accessibility menu Open the Accessible Navigation Menu Submit Subscribe Chinese (Simplified) English * Home * Systems & Design * Low Power - High Performance * Manufacturing, Packaging & Materials * Test, Measurement & Analytics * Auto, Security & Pervasive Computing * Special Reports * Business & Startups * Jobs * Knowledge Center * Technical Papers * Home '; * AI/ML/DL * Architectures * Automotive/ Aerospace * Communication/Data Movement * Design & Verification * Lithography * Manufacturing * Materials * Memory * Optoelectronics / Photonics * Packaging * Power & Performance * Quantum * Security * Test, Measurement & Analytics * Transistors * Z-End Applications * Events & Webinars * Events * Webinars * Videos & Research * Videos * Industry Research * Newsletters & Store * Newsletters * Store * MENU * Home * Special Reports * Systems & Design * Low Power-High Performance * Manufacturing, Packaging & Materials * Test, Measurement & Analytics * Auto, Security & Pervasive Computing * Knowledge Center * Videos * Startup Corner * Business & Startups * Jobs * Technical Papers * Events * Webinars * Industry Research * Newsletters * Store * Special Reports Home > Systems & Design > The Real Differences Between HW And SW 13 Shares 6 3 Systems & Design OPINION THE REAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HW AND SW 13 Shares 6 3 While many see processes and procedures for hardware design as being more advanced than software, there are some things that hardware design needs to learn from software. October 3rd, 2016 - By: Brian Bailey How many times have we heard people say that hardware and software do not speak the same language? The two often have different terms for essentially the same thing. What hardware calls constrained random test is what software people call fuzzing. Another one recently caught my eye in a conversation with Jama Software, a Portland software company that has made a name for itself in requirements management for software. The differences showed up when I talked to Derwyn Harris, one of the co-founders of Jama. He told me that requirements management and agile methods had defined the initial company development, but along the way they lost sight of their own requirements and decided that they needed to change. They also observed that many other companies in the industry faced the same issues. “Traceability is driving people to solutions beyond documents,” said Harris. “Certification and regulation are driving the need for traceability and making it important in a live sense.” By live, Harris is talking about the way in which agile has changed the software development process. “The one thing coming out of agile is that people want to be more iterative. That means they need processes that are more aligned and provide a seamless feedback loop. Software companies need the ability to move faster and to become more competitive, and they need to shift from a concentration on specification to one of requirements.” Jama provided a brief demonstration of how it has been migrating some of their techniques into hardware, and that is when things got a little weird for me. In place of requirements I saw spec items, such as “has a DDR3 interface” or “must have four cores.” Could the term ‘requirements’ be used that differently between hardware and software? To get to the bottom of this I spoke to Adrian Rolufs, a senior consultant for Jama who comes from a semiconductor background and thus should be able to speak my language. Rolufs responded to my confusion. “As a starting point, this (demo) project is what we would show a customer who is focused on chip development and not on the software that goes with a chip. The highest level of information that tends to be available for semiconductors is very low level in the bigger picture. You are building a chip that goes into something that probably goes into something else until you get to something that a person would interact with. The chip could also go into many different products. When working with semiconductor customers, the high-level requirements are usually very detailed and there may be requirements such as, ‘I must have a specific ball pitch or specific processor core because that is what my legacy code is written in.’ When requirements come in like that, they tend to be not very different from specification items. The difference is the context within the project.” This means that most hardware is designed without a product focus. But what about standards such as ISO 26262 or DO-254, which are asking for requirements traceability? They don’t want to know that the unit has a DDR interface. They want to know that the bandwidth to memory meets a certain requirement, and they want to know how you demonstrated that to be the case. Concurrency also complicates the question. Most of the time, software provides only a single way in which functionality is implemented, but hardware is very different in that respect. It often provides many ways in which something may happen, or in terms of what other things it is doing at the same time. “When you are writing hardware requirements you are often developing architectures in parallel,” explains Rolufs. “You may be doing modeling at the top level to see if what you are writing makes sense. Every chip development that I am aware of has someone thinking about the solution as soon as a stakeholder requirement is mentioned. The first step in many chip developments is to develop a diagram showing the major blocks that will be in there. It is likely they have developed a similar product in the past, and they will have a bunch of stuff they are trying to reuse. They have experience. They have a lot of solution knowledge already available. So hardware never starts with a blank slate, and requirements are written in terms of a solution that is already known. Most hardware teams are not very good at innovation because they have already solved the problem and they want to stick with what they know works.” Requirements tend to get very complex when you start looking at test case management. Making sure you have a test for every requirement is a lot of work—making sure you didn’t miss a case, or take into account process variability that can upset things. “Change management is important for many of these kinds of project,” says Rolufs. “Then they can track the impact of finding that a spec item cannot be met.” At the end of the day, hardware design and verification is about probability. How likely is it that a bug has escaped? How likely is it that I have accounted for worst case conditions? How likely is it that 95% of the parts produced will meet the spec? “While it may sound complex, this is what semiconductor guys are good at,” adds Rolufs. “That is their core expertise.” Semiconductor companies traditionally have not written requirements. They did not start off with a set of customer needs; rather they develop a chip that they think people will want. It is probably less likely today that you can just build something because it is an interesting piece of engineering and expect there to be a customer. As slows, design will become increasingly important and requirements may start to be more of a driving force in semiconductors. It also seems as if this may be another point where the concept of verification intent (what Accellera calls ) may start to integrate with other system level capabilities. Being able to show that a requirement is met by a path through a graph, and then being able to show the test cases that exercise that path, would enable all of these things to be linked. It would seem as if requirement management and traceability is a new skill that semiconductors companies will have to learn—and where the software industry already has expertise. Related Stories HW Vs. SW: Who’s Leading Whom? Both sides have some specific problems and have developed solutions suited to their needs. But as hardware and software are forced closer together, who has the best ideas? Cars, Security, And HW-SW Co-Design Experts at the table, part two: Standards are helping address some issues in concurrently designing hardware and software. More challenges are ahead as automotive electronics and cybersecurity issues enter into the equation. Cars, Security, And HW-SW Co-Design Experts at the table, part 1: Hardware and software must be developed at the same time these days to shorten the time-to-market for advanced devices and electronics. 13 Shares 6 3 Tags: agile methods DO-254 hardware ISO 26262 Jama Software software verification BRIAN BAILEY (all posts) Brian Bailey is Technology Editor/EDA for Semiconductor Engineering. LEAVE A REPLY CANCEL REPLY Comment * Name* (Note: This name will be displayed publicly) Email* (This will not be displayed publicly) Δ TECHNICAL PAPERS * Rowhammer Bit Flips On A High-End RISC-V CPU (ETH Zurich) June 13, 2024 by Technical Paper Link * KAN: Kolmogorov Arnold Networks: An Alternative To MLPs (MIT, CalTech, et al.) June 13, 2024 by Technical Paper Link * Probing Attacks Against Chiplets June 11, 2024 by Technical Paper Link * Characterizing and Evaluating A Quantum Processor Unit In A HPC Center June 10, 2024 by Technical Paper Link * Device Characteristics of GAA-Structured CMOS and CTFET Under Varying Temperatures June 10, 2024 by Technical Paper Link KNOWLEDGE CENTERS ENTITIES, PEOPLE AND TECHNOLOGIES EXPLORED Learn More RELATED ARTICLES THE RISING PRICE OF POWER IN CHIPS More data requires faster processing, which leads to a whole bunch of problems — not all of which are obvious or even solvable. by Ed Sperling CHIPLET IP STANDARDS ARE JUST THE BEGINNING Data and protocol interoperability standards are needed for EDA tools, and there are more hurdles ahead. Customized chiplets will be required for AI applications. by Ann Mutschler ELECTROMIGRATION CONCERNS GROW IN ADVANCED PACKAGES Higher density, heat, and more materials make it harder to ensure reliability. by Laura Peters BACKSIDE POWER DELIVERY GEARS UP FOR 2NM DEVICES But this novel approach to optimizing logic performance depends on advancing lithography, etching, polishing, and bonding processes. by Laura Peters SILICON PHOTONICS MANUFACTURING RAMPS UP The promise of photonics ICs is spurring innovation, but complex processes and a lack of open foundries are keeping it from reaching its full potential. by Gregory Haley X-RAY INSPECTION IN THE SEMICONDUCTOR INDUSTRY Utilizing multiple technologies helps create a more complete inspection picture. by Chris Rand WHAT WORKS BEST FOR CHIPLETS Not all chiplets are interchangeable, and options will be limited. by Anne Meixner WHY CHIPLETS ARE SO CRITICAL IN AUTOMOTIVE Achieving chiplet interoperability is a competitive necessity, but it will require clearing a number of technical hurdles. by John Koon * SPONSORS * Advertise with us * Advertise with us * Advertise with us * NEWSLETTER SIGNUP Email * SUBSCRIBE Thank you. 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