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Home > Systems & Design > The Real Differences Between HW And SW
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Systems & Design
OPINION


THE REAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HW AND SW

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While many see processes and procedures for hardware design as being more
advanced than software, there are some things that hardware design needs to
learn from software.

October 3rd, 2016 - By: Brian Bailey


How many times have we heard people say that hardware and software do not speak
the same language? The two often have different terms for essentially the same
thing. What hardware calls constrained random test is what software people call
fuzzing.

Another one recently caught my eye in a conversation with Jama Software, a
Portland software company that has made a name for itself in requirements
management for software. The differences showed up when I talked to Derwyn
Harris, one of the co-founders of Jama. He told me that requirements management
and agile methods had defined the initial company development, but along the way
they lost sight of their own requirements and decided that they needed to
change. They also observed that many other companies in the industry faced the
same issues.

“Traceability is driving people to solutions beyond documents,” said Harris.
“Certification and regulation are driving the need for traceability and making
it important in a live sense.”

By live, Harris is talking about the way in which agile has changed the software
development process. “The one thing coming out of agile is that people want to
be more iterative. That means they need processes that are more aligned and
provide a seamless feedback loop. Software companies need the ability to move
faster and to become more competitive, and they need to shift from a
concentration on specification to one of requirements.”

Jama provided a brief demonstration of how it has been migrating some of their
techniques into hardware, and that is when things got a little weird for me. In
place of requirements I saw spec items, such as “has a DDR3 interface” or “must
have four cores.” Could the term ‘requirements’ be used that differently between
hardware and software? To get to the bottom of this I spoke to Adrian Rolufs, a
senior consultant for Jama who comes from a semiconductor background and thus
should be able to speak my language.

Rolufs responded to my confusion. “As a starting point, this (demo) project is
what we would show a customer who is focused on chip development and not on the
software that goes with a chip. The highest level of information that tends to
be available for semiconductors is very low level in the bigger picture. You are
building a chip that goes into something that probably goes into something else
until you get to something that a person would interact with. The chip could
also go into many different products. When working with semiconductor customers,
the high-level requirements are usually very detailed and there may be
requirements such as, ‘I must have a specific ball pitch or specific processor
core because that is what my legacy code is written in.’ When requirements come
in like that, they tend to be not very different from specification items. The
difference is the context within the project.”

This means that most hardware is designed without a product focus. But what
about standards such as ISO 26262 or DO-254, which are asking for requirements
traceability? They don’t want to know that the unit has a DDR interface. They
want to know that the bandwidth to memory meets a certain requirement, and they
want to know how you demonstrated that to be the case.

Concurrency also complicates the question. Most of the time, software provides
only a single way in which functionality is implemented, but hardware is very
different in that respect. It often provides many ways in which something may
happen, or in terms of what other things it is doing at the same time.

“When you are writing hardware requirements you are often developing
architectures in parallel,” explains Rolufs. “You may be doing modeling at the
top level to see if what you are writing makes sense. Every chip development
that I am aware of has someone thinking about the solution as soon as a
stakeholder requirement is mentioned. The first step in many chip developments
is to develop a diagram showing the major blocks that will be in there. It is
likely they have developed a similar product in the past, and they will have a
bunch of stuff they are trying to reuse. They have experience. They have a lot
of solution knowledge already available. So hardware never starts with a blank
slate, and requirements are written in terms of a solution that is already
known. Most hardware teams are not very good at innovation because they have
already solved the problem and they want to stick with what they know works.”

Requirements tend to get very complex when you start looking at test case
management. Making sure you have a test for every requirement is a lot of
work—making sure you didn’t miss a case, or take into account process
variability that can upset things. “Change management is important for many of
these kinds of project,” says Rolufs. “Then they can track the impact of finding
that a spec item cannot be met.”

At the end of the day, hardware design and verification is about probability.
How likely is it that a bug has escaped? How likely is it that I have accounted
for worst case conditions? How likely is it that 95% of the parts produced will
meet the spec?

“While it may sound complex, this is what semiconductor guys are good at,” adds
Rolufs. “That is their core expertise.”

Semiconductor companies traditionally have not written requirements. They did
not start off with a set of customer needs; rather they develop a chip that they
think people will want. It is probably less likely today that you can just build
something because it is an interesting piece of engineering and expect there to
be a customer. As slows, design will become increasingly important and
requirements may start to be more of a driving force in semiconductors.

It also seems as if this may be another point where the concept of verification
intent (what Accellera calls ) may start to integrate with other system level
capabilities. Being able to show that a requirement is met by a path through a
graph, and then being able to show the test cases that exercise that path, would
enable all of these things to be linked. It would seem as if requirement
management and traceability is a new skill that semiconductors companies will
have to learn—and where the software industry already has expertise.

Related Stories
HW Vs. SW: Who’s Leading Whom?
Both sides have some specific problems and have developed solutions suited to
their needs. But as hardware and software are forced closer together, who has
the best ideas?
Cars, Security, And HW-SW Co-Design
Experts at the table, part two: Standards are helping address some issues in
concurrently designing hardware and software. More challenges are ahead as
automotive electronics and cybersecurity issues enter into the equation.
Cars, Security, And HW-SW Co-Design
Experts at the table, part 1: Hardware and software must be developed at the
same time these days to shorten the time-to-market for advanced devices and
electronics.


13 Shares
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Tags: agile methods DO-254 hardware ISO 26262 Jama Software software
verification


BRIAN BAILEY

  (all posts)
Brian Bailey is Technology Editor/EDA for Semiconductor Engineering.




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