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JOURNAL ARTICLE
REVIEW




LONG COVID-MECHANISMS, RISK FACTORS, AND MANAGEMENT

Harry Crook, Sanara Raza, Joseph Nowell, Megan Young, Paul Edison
BMJ: British Medical Journal 2021 July 26, 374: n1648

34312178
Since its emergence in Wuhan, China, covid-19 has spread and had a profound
effect on the lives and health of people around the globe. As of 4 July 2021,
more than 183 million confirmed cases of covid-19 had been recorded worldwide,
and 3.97 million deaths. Recent evidence has shown that a range of persistent
symptoms can remain long after the acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, and this
condition is now coined long covid by recognized research institutes. Studies
have shown that long covid can affect the whole spectrum of people with
covid-19, from those with very mild acute disease to the most severe forms. Like
acute covid-19, long covid can involve multiple organs and can affect many
systems including, but not limited to, the respiratory, cardiovascular,
neurological, gastrointestinal, and musculoskeletal systems. The symptoms of
long covid include fatigue, dyspnea, cardiac abnormalities, cognitive
impairment, sleep disturbances, symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder,
muscle pain, concentration problems, and headache. This review summarizes
studies of the long term effects of covid-19 in hospitalized and
non-hospitalized patients and describes the persistent symptoms they endure.
Risk factors for acute covid-19 and long covid and possible therapeutic options
are also discussed.

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