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HISTORY OF TCP/IP



The most popular network protocol in the world, TCP/IP protocol suite, was
designed in 1970s by 2 DARPA scientists—Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn, persons most
often called the fathers of the Internet.

In the spring of 1973, they started by conducting research on reliable data
communications across packet radio networks, factored in lessons learned from
the Networking Control Protocol, and then created the next generation
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), the standard protocol used on the Internet
today.

In the early versions of this technology, there was only one core protocol,
which was named TCP. And in fact, these letters didn’t even stand for what they
do today Transmission Control Protocol, but they were for the Transmission
Control Program. The first version of this predecessor of modern TCP was written
in 1973, then revised and formally documented in RFC 675, Specification of
Internet Transmission Control Program from December 1974.

During the development of TCP, Cerf and Kahn used the concepts of CYCLADES, a
French packet switching network, designed and directed in 1973 by Louis Pouzin.
It was developed to explore alternatives to the ARPANET design and to support
network research generally. CYCLADES was the first network to make the hosts
responsible for the reliable delivery of data, rather than the network itself,
using unreliable datagrams (Pouzin coined the term datagram, by combining the
words data and telegram) and associated end-to-end protocol mechanisms.

TCP/IP became the standard Internet communications protocol that allow digital
computer to communicate over long distances. The Internet is a packet-switched
network, in which information is broken down into small packets, sent
individually over many different routes at the same time, and then reassembled
at the receiving end. TCP is the component that collects and reassembles the
packets of data, while IP is responsible for making sure the packets are sent to
the right destination. TCP/IP was developed in the 1970s and adopted as
the protocol standard for ARPANET (the predecessor to the Internet) in 1983.

What is the current status of Internet Protocol Suite
(commonly known as TCP/IP)?

It is the set of communications protocols used for the Internet and other
similar networks. It is named from two of the most important protocols in it:
the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP), which
were the first two networking protocols defined in this standard. Today’s IP
networking represents a synthesis of several developments that began to evolve
in the 1960s and 1970s, namely the Internet and LANs (Local Area Networks),
which emerged in the mid- to late-1980s, together with the advent of the World
Wide Web in the early 1990s.

The design of the network included the recognition that it should provide only
the functions of efficiently transmitting and routing traffic between end nodes
and that all other intelligence should be located at the edge of the network, in
the end nodes. Using a simple design, it became possible to connect almost any
network to the ARPANet, irrespective of their local characteristics. One popular
saying has it that TCP/IP, the eventual product of Cerf and Kahn’s work, will
run over two tin cans and a string.

A computer or device called a router (a name changed from gateway to avoid
confusion with other types of gateways) is provided with an interface to each
network, and forwards packets back and forth between them. Requirements for
routers are defined in RFC 1812.

DARPA then contracted with BBN Technologies, Stanford University, and the
University College London to develop operational versions of the protocol on
different hardware platforms. Four versions were developed: TCP v1, TCP v2, a
split into TCP v3 and IP v3 in the spring of 1978, and then stability with
TCP/IP v4—the standard protocol still in use on the Internet today.

In 1975, a two-network TCP/IP communications test was performed between Stanford
and University College London (UCL). In November, 1977, a three-network TCP/IP
test was conducted between sites in the US, UK, and Norway. Several other TCP/IP
prototypes were developed at multiple research centers between 1978 and 1983.
The migration of the ARPANet to TCP/IP was officially completed on January 1,
1983, when the new protocols were permanently activated.

In March 1982, the US Department of Defense declared TCP/IP as the standard for
all military computer networking. In 1985, the Internet Architecture Board held
a three day workshop on TCP/IP for the computer industry, attended by 250 vendor
representatives, promoting the protocol and leading to its increasing commercial
use.

The Internet Protocol Suite, like many protocol suites, may be viewed as a set
of layers. Each layer solves a set of problems involving the transmission of
data, and provides a well-defined service to the upper layer protocols based on
using services from some lower layers. Upper layers are logically closer to the
user and deal with more abstract data, relying on lower layer protocols to
translate data into forms that can eventually be physically transmitted.

The TCP/IP model consists of four layers, as it is described in RFC 1122. From
lowest to highest, these are—the Link Layer, the Internet Layer, the Transport
Layer, and the Application Layer. It should be noted that this model was not
intended to be a rigid reference model into which new protocols have to fit in
order to be accepted as a standard.

Almost all operating systems in use today, including all consumer-targeted
systems, include a TCP/IP implementation.

Source: 
www.history-computer.com
Encyclopaedia Britannica: www.britannica.com/technology/TCP-IP






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