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OUTLINE

 1. Abstract
 2. Keywords
 3. List of abbreviations
 4. Methods
 5. Results
 6. Discussion
 7. Conclusions
 8. Suppliers
 9. References

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FIGURES (3)

 1. 
 2. 
 3. 




TABLES (2)

 1. Table 1
 2. Table 2




ARCHIVES OF REHABILITATION RESEARCH AND CLINICAL TRANSLATION

Volume 2, Issue 1, March 2020, 100034

ORIGINAL RESEARCH
RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF A NEW ECCENTRIC HAMSTRING STRENGTH MEASUREMENT
DEVICE

Author links open overlay panelClare Lodge MSc, DPT a, Diarmuid Tobin MSc a,
Brian O’Rourke MSc a, Kristian Thorborg PhD b
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ABSTRACT


OBJECTIVE

To investigate the reliability and establish validity of a new eccentric
hamstring strength measurement device.


DESIGN

A randomized double-crossover trial with intraclass correlation coefficients to
analyze the outcomes. Participants attended 4 sessions, 7 days apart. They were
randomly allocated into 2 groups. Session 1 was a familiarization session for
all participants on the new eccentric hamstring strength measurement device and
isokinetic dynamometer. The following 3 sessions were used to measure knee
flexor (hamstring) eccentric strength on the isokinetic dynamometer and a
further test-retest measurement using the new eccentric hamstring strength
measurement device.


SETTING

Institute of Technology Carlow, third level educational institution.


PARTICIPANTS

Male intercollegiate field-sport players completed the trial (N=19).
Participants were 21±2 years, weighed 78.6±4.6 kg, and were 179.6±6.4 cm in
height.


INTERVENTIONS

N/A.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Peak torque (Nm) was recorded by the isokinetic device, and peak force (N) was
recorded by the new eccentric hamstring strength measurement device and used to
test for significant interdevice correlations (>0.7). Intraclass correlation
coefficients were calculated using the peak force recorded from 2 separate
trials of the new eccentric hamstring strength measurement device.


RESULTS

High test-retest reliability was observed from the new eccentric hamstring
strength measurement device, intraclass coefficient (ICC)=.910 (confidence
interval [CI], .76-.96) and .914 (CI, .78-.96) for left and right peak forces,
respectively. Typical error of measurement between trials was calculated to be
14.65 and 17.29N for the left and right limbs, respectively. Minimum detectable
change (MDC) was also calculated to be 40.62N (MDC%=14.68%) and 39.63N
(MDC%=13.31%) for left and right limbs, respectively. The interdevice
correlation showed good validity, ICC=.823 (CI, .58-.93) and .840 (CI, .58-.93)
for left and right peak torque/forces, respectively.


CONCLUSION(S)

The new eccentric hamstring strength measurement device is a reliable and valid
device that provides an objective measurement of eccentric hamstring strength
that may be used in combination with a comprehensive assessment to inform
rehabilitation and management.

 * Previous article in issue
 * Next article in issue


KEYWORDS

Clinical decision-making
Hamstring muscles
Rehabilitation


LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

CI
confidence interval
CV
coefficient of variance
ICC
intraclass coefficient
MDC
minimum detectable change

Hamstring strain injuries are prevalent in sports that involve sprinting such as
soccer, rugby, and athletics.1 Most hamstring strain injuries occur during the
late swing phase in the gait cycle; it is at this stage of gait that the
hamstring muscle group experiences the greatest amount of eccentric force.2
Eccentric knee flexor strength is fundamental for performance because it allows
for greater control of the descending limb during sprinting and jumping which
leads to a faster change over from eccentric deceleration to concentric
acceleration.3 The Nordic Hamstring Exercise (NHE) is a commonly used eccentric
strengthening exercise that the athlete performs in a high kneeling position
with their ankles fixated, either by a second party or by a stationary object.
From this start position the athlete inclines their torso, maintaining neutral
hip alignment, for as far as possible and then uses their arms to contact the
ground in front of them when the hamstrings can no longer control the movement.
It is acknowledged that there are several modifiable risk factors for hamstring
injury including strength imbalances between the hamstring antagonists on the
same limb and asymmetries between right and left limbs.4

Decreased eccentric hamstring strength during the NHE has been shown to increase
the risk of sustaining a hamstring injury fourfold as well as been linked to a
higher risk of sustaining a noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury.5,6

Consequently, objective measurement of eccentric hamstring strength may inform
decision making for sporting selection, prognosis postinjury, and return to play
timeframes, as well as contribute to the assessment and identification of those
at potential risk of injury.

The Hamstring Solo Elite (HSE)a is a newly designed pressure feedback device
that uses load cell technology to monitor individual limb eccentric knee flexor
strength during an NHE.

The NHE is a valid means of developing hamstring strength1,7; however, up to
this point the ability to obtain live and objective strength measures during
this motion has not been possible. The availability of these additional
objective data will inform practice and decision making in real time. The
advantage of quantifying individual limb feedback allows imbalances, caused by
limb dominance, or previous history of injury to be identified and considered in
rehabilitation by the trainer or clinician.

To date, isokinetic dynamometry is considered the criterion standard for the
assessment of hamstring strength.8 Its lack of portability and cost inhibit its
utility in practical and applied settings.5 Therefore, research investigating
the efficacy of alternative tests to objectively assess hamstring strength is
warranted.

It is therefore important that the HSE device’s reliability and validity are
established against the criterion standard, isokinetic dynamometer.9 The aim of
this study was to determine the reliability and validity of the HSE.


METHODS

Ethical clearance was obtained by the ethics committee at the Institute of
Technology Carlow. A randomized double-crossover trial was executed with
participants reporting to the isokinetic laboratory for 4 sessions that occurred
7 days apart.

Participants (N=26) were recruited from the student body at the Institute of
Technology Carlow using the following inclusion criteria: (1) participates in
lower limb strength training twice weekly, as a minimum, for the last 12 months
and (2) competitive field sport male college students. Exclusion criteria
included (1) lower extremity injury in the last 3 months, (2) any health
conditions that would contraindicate performing maximal strength testing, and
(3) history of recurrent low-back, hip, or knee injuries. Some participants
(n=7) were excluded on the basis of the above criteria. All participants signed
informed consent and completed a thorough medical screening form in the presence
of the tester.

They were randomly allocated into 2 groups using a random number generator by
the laboratory technician to ensure randomization of the groups was adequate and
to determine the order in which their testing was to be carried out.

To achieve an acceptable intraclass coefficient (ICC) of at least 0.70 (alpha
level, α=0.05 and beta level, β=0.20), at least 19 participants were needed for
data analysis.10 The required sample size was calculated by performing power
calculations based on recommendations and data from a previous research article
that used similar measurement methods in comparable populations.5
Familiarization (day 1) was composed of a 3-minute warmup on a Wattbikeb at 60
rpm. During the familiarization session, the participants were required to
perform repetitions of eccentric knee flexion on the Biodex Systemc (fig 1)
isokinetic device at 30°/s, with maximum effort, until they could perform
consistent repetitions (minimum: 5 repetitions, maximum: 10 repetitions with a
10-s rest between reps) with a coefficient of variance (CV) value of <15. During
familiarization, participants also performed a minimum of 10 repetitions of the
NHE, with maximum effort, on the HSE pressure feedback (fig 1). Verbal cueing
was supplied to reinforce the technique during test repetitions.

 1. Download : Download full-size image

Figure 1. Biodex System 3 eccentric knee flexion apparatus setup (Top).
Hamstring Solo Elite pressure feedback device (Bottom).


ISOKINETIC STRENGTH TESTING (DAYS 2-4)

Data collection on the Biodex System consisted of 1 set of 5 maximum eccentric
knee flexions on each leg at 30°/s with 10-second rest between repetitions. The
participants performed a 3-minute warmup on a Wattbike at 60 rpm before
commencing testing. Instruction was given to perform a maximal knee flexion
contraction against the extension force applied by the device until the
isokinetic arm returned to the start position.

Participants were securely fixed to the device and performed 1 practice
repetition. Peak torque (Nm) for both limbs was recorded for data analysis.
Repetitions were only recorded if the CV value was observed to be <15.


HSE TESTING (DAYS 2-4)

The testing procedure on the HSE3 consisted of 1 set of 5 NHE repetitions, as
slowly as possible, with a 10-second rest between repetitions.

The participants performed a 3-minute warmup on a WattBike at 60 rpm before
commencing testing. The participants were given visual and detailed verbal
coaching cues on performance technique before commencing.

The participants were then positioned in a kneeling position on the cushioned
surface of the HSE with their ankles fixed beneath the load cells, just superior
to the medial and lateral malleoli; this setting was specific to each
participant and consistent across all testing days. The participants were then
instructed to lower their torso as slowly as possible toward the ground by only
extending at the knee joint until they could no longer sustain the eccentric
hamstring contraction and land on their palms on the floor. The technique
required the participants to maintain a straight line from the shoulder to the
knee by minimizing hip flexion and lumbar lordosis (to the best of their
ability) during the repetitions. There was no minimum range of motion set and
repetitions were excluded if the participants demonstrated lack of control on
descent or excessive hip movement during the repetition. After each repetition,
the peak force (N) generated for the left and right limbs was recorded through
wireless data acquisition from the load cells


STATISTICAL ANALYSES

The peak torque (Nm) recorded by the isokinetic device and peak force (N)
recorded by the HSE were analyzed to determine if there was a significant
correlation (r>0.7) between devices for each limb individually. ICCs (2,1) were
calculated using the mean peak torque and mean peak force data from both the
isokinetic device and the HSE respectively, for each limb, to determine the
validity of the HSE device when compared to the Biodex isokinetic device. ICCs
(2,1) were calculated using the mean peak force recorded for each of the 2
separate testing days for the right and left limbs, respectively, on HSE to
determine if the device demonstrated acceptable test-retest reliability. SEM,
minimum detectable change (MDC), and percentage MDC were also calculated at a
confidence level of 95%.

The statistical analysis was performed using the IBM SPSS Statistics, version
22.d


RESULTS

Male participants were 21±2 years of age, weighed 78.6±4.6 kg, and were
179.6±6.4 cm in height and were all active members of the college hurling team.


TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY OF THE HSE

Descriptive statistics and the HSE test-retest data for each variable are
displayed in table 1 and fig 2 below. The HSE displayed high test-retest
reliability between the 2 trials. The ICCs displayed between both trials ranged
from .910 (CI, .76-.96) and .914 (CI, .78-.96) for the left and right limbs,
respectively. Standard error of measurement (typical error of measurement)
between trials was calculated to be 14.65 and 14.29N for the left and right
limbs, respectively. MDC was also calculated to be 40.62N (14.68%) and 39.63N
(13.31%) for left and right limbs, respectively.

Table 1. Descriptive statistics and test-retest reliability data for the HSE
(N=19)

Bilateral Limb TestingBetween-Session Reliability (N)ICC (95%
CI)TEMMDCMDCSession 1∗Session 2∗(N)(N)(%)Left268.56±51.45269.99±48.75.910
(.76-.96)14.6540.6214.68Right268.72±57.12269.57±48.84.914
(.78-.96)14.2939.6313.31Left:right ratio0.99±0.020.99±0.101.0
(.98-1.0)1.01.021.1



Abbreviation: TEM, typical error of measurement.



∗

Values are mean ± standard deviation.

 1. Download : Download full-size image

Figure 2. Scatter plot representing the correlation between participants test
retest data on the HSE.


INTERDEVICE VALIDITY

Correlations between the Biodex System3 and HSE for each variable are displayed
in table 2 and fig 3 below. The validity between the Biodex and HSEs respective
peak torque and peak force was observed to be very good (r>0.7). ICCs displayed
between the devices ranged from 0.823 (CI, .586-.938) to 0.840 (CI, .586-.938)
for the left and right limbs, respectively.

Table 2. Descriptive statistics and interdevice validity data (N=19)

Bilateral Limb Testing
Eccentric Knee FlexionBiodex System3∗
Peak Torque (Nm)†Hamstring Solo Elite
Peak Force (N)†ICC (95% CI)Left184.71±33.61268.56±51.450.823
(.586-.938)Right185.45±34.29268.72±57.120.840 (.586-.938)Left:right
ratio0.99±0.020.99±0.101.0 (.98-1.0)

∗

Biodex System3 tested eccentric knee flexion at 30°/s.

†

Values are mean ± standard deviation.

 1. Download : Download full-size image

Figure 3. Scatterplot representing the inter device correlation for Isokinetic
peak torque (Nm) and the HSE peak force (N) for each participant.


DISCUSSION

The HSE displayed good (r>0.7) interdevice validity when ICCs with the Biodex
isokinetic dynamometer were observed. When eccentric knee flexor strength was
assessed for the left and right limbs by both devices; it resulted in a
correlation of 0.823 (CI, .586-.938) and 0.840 (CI, .586-.938), respectively.
The above results indicate that we can accept the hypothesis that the HSE is a
reliable and valid device for measuring eccentric hamstring strength when
compared to the Biodex isokinetic dynamometer, for at least this population of
healthy athletes.

The HSE also displayed high test-retest reliability for consecutive measurements
of the NHE for eccentric knee flexor strength for each limb on 2 consecutive
trials, high correlations of .910 (CI, .76-.96) and .914 (CI, .78-.96) for the
left and right limbs, respectively, were reported. The test-retest reliability
of the HSE device is similar to the ICCs observed in previous research executed
on isokinetic test-retest reliability studies (r values ranging from 0.86
to 0.95) and the test-retest reliability of handheld dynamometers (r=0.90).11,12

The test-retest reliability of a similar device, namely the Nordbord, was
observed with comparable results (ICCs=0.85-0.89) in this study reported.5 These
results infer that the HSE demonstrates a good level of consistency when
assessing eccentric hamstring strength during the performance of the NHE.

Reliability is essential for a device such as this, with any changes in strength
observed being attributed to the intervention rather than an associated error
with the device. This has significant implications in a clinical setting where
accuracy is essential to prevent a misrepresentation of clinical findings. The
use of accurate and highly calibrated load cell technology, in the HSE’s design,
means that the device should display mechanical consistency when tested
repeatedly. This was confirmed by the high correlation values .910 (CI, .76-.96)
and .914 (CI, .78-.96) when test-retest reliability was examined.

An externally fixed dynamometer such as the HSE has not been validated against
an isokinetic dynamometer such as the Biodex System3 until now, and therefore
the literature lacks comparative ICCs for this study. The significant
correlations observed are vital in validating the device; these results show
that the HSE displays good (>0.7) validity when compared to the Biodex, a
reliable criterion standard method of assessing strength, previously shown ICCs
ranging from 0.86 to 0.95.11, 12, 13, 14 The results of this study infer that
the HSE may be used as a valid mean of assessing eccentric knee flexor strength
through the performance of the NHE.

The significant correlations observed between the Biodex and the HSE, 0.823 (CI,
.586-.938) and 0.840 (CI, .586-.938), may be due to the similar nature of the
test where the participants perform maximal eccentric contractions until they
can no longer control the movement. Using mean peak values as a comparison
eliminates outliers in the measurements such as shorter or longer contraction
durations causing large differences in average strength values.


STUDY LIMITATIONS

The main limitations of the study were the relatively low sample size (N=19).
Recruiting participants with the ability to perform maximal eccentric
repetitions consistently as well as controlling their activities between
testing, such as team training, proved to be a challenge and may have affected
the results. Varying levels of participant fatigue while testing or minor
injuries elsewhere in the kinetic chain may also have negatively affected the
results. Future research should look to increase the sample size tested and also
carry out greater familiarization to encourage optimal consistency in recorded
repetitions as well as establish the participants’ leg dominance; this
information would be valuable and is recommended in future studies. This study
did not monitor lost data points due to participants’ poor control or incomplete
repetitions on the HSE; this would be valuable information in the future and may
provide further insight into the devices’ applicability to a wider population.

It is acknowledged that the HSE device itself has limited capacity because it
cannot control repetition speed or provide an angle of peak torque which would
be useful when targeting strength improvements at a specific joint angle where
injury is common, for example, late swing phase of gait as previously alluded to
in the literature. The issue of repetition speed could be addressed using a
metronome to set the tempo at which the contraction should be carried out;
however, this would require participants to have a high level of eccentric
control. The device does not provide a CV value to determine if a repetition is
valid, which is an important feature of isokinetic dynamometers and one must
consider, given its portable quality, whether the device would need to be
recalibrated over time with repeated transportation.


CONCLUSIONS

The HSE provides a reliable and valid means of assessing eccentric hamstring
strength. Its portable and accessible design allows for easy implementation in
multiple settings. The incorporation of this device as an adjunct to eccentric
hamstring assessment to guide rehabilitation could play a key role in detecting,
quantifying, and addressing strength deficits in patients and athletes.


SUPPLIERS



 * a.
   
   Hamstring Solo Elite; ND Sports Performance.

 * b.
   
   Wattbike; T+F Fitness Systems Ltd.

 * c.
   
   Biodex System; Biodex Medical Systems, Inc.

 * d.
   
   IBM SPSS Statistics, version 22; IBM.



Recommended articles



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CITED BY (0)



Disclosures: none.

© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of the American
Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine.


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