phobia.fandom.com Open in urlscan Pro
199.232.212.194  Public Scan

Form analysis
0 forms found in the DOM

Text Content

Phobia Wiki
 * Explore
    * Main Page
    * All Pages
    * Community
    * Interactive Maps
    * Recent Blog Posts

 * Wiki Content
    * Recently Changed Pages
       * Apeirophobia
       * Pyrophobia
       * Papyrophobia
       * Vestiphobia
       * Selenophobia
       * Scolionophobia
       * Melophobia
   
    * Phobias
       * Phobia wiki
       * Melophobia
       * Scolionophobia
       * Selenophobia
       * Vestiphobia
       * Eosophobia
       * Papyrophobia
   
    * Fear of…
       * Fear of fire
       * Fear of stars
       * Fear of water
       * Fear of watching television
       * Fear of comets
       * Fear of meteors
       * Fear of death

 * Community
    * Help


FANDOM
Fan Central BETA Games Anime Movies TV Video
Wikis
 * Explore Wikis
 * Community Central

Start a Wiki

Don't have an account?
Register

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sign In
Advertisement

Sign In Register
Phobia Wiki
5,521
pages

 * Explore
    * Main Page
    * All Pages
    * Community
    * Interactive Maps
    * Recent Blog Posts

 * Wiki Content
    * Recently Changed Pages
       * Apeirophobia
       * Pyrophobia
       * Papyrophobia
       * Vestiphobia
       * Selenophobia
       * Scolionophobia
       * Melophobia
   
    * Phobias
       * Phobia wiki
       * Melophobia
       * Scolionophobia
       * Selenophobia
       * Vestiphobia
       * Eosophobia
       * Papyrophobia
   
    * Fear of…
       * Fear of fire
       * Fear of stars
       * Fear of water
       * Fear of watching television
       * Fear of comets
       * Fear of meteors
       * Fear of death

 * Community
    * Help


CONTENTS

 * 1 Rules
 * 2 Topic
 * 3 Clinical phobias
 * 4 Specific phobias
   * 4.1 Diagnosis
 * 5 Social phobia
   * 5.1 Diagnosis
 * 6 Neurobiology
 * 7 Epidemiology
 * 8 Etiology
   * 8.1 Environmental
 * 9 Treatments
   * 9.1 Hypnotherapy
 * 10 Non-psychological conditions
 * 11 Non-clinical uses of the term
   * 11.1 Terms for prejudice
 * 12 See also
 * 13 latest activity


HOME

View source
 * View history
 * Talk (8)

Welcome to the Phobia Wiki
We are currently editing over 5,521 articles, and 1,962 files.

This wiki is all about phobias, a psychological disorder in which a person
(irrationally) fears specific things, such as fear of storms (procellaphobia),
fear of having no escape (cleithrophobia/claustrophobia), fear of death
(thanatophobia) & fear of ghosts (phasmophobia)

For a list of phobias, click here.


CONTENTS

 * 1 Rules
 * 2 Topic
 * 3 Clinical phobias
 * 4 Specific phobias
   * 4.1 Diagnosis
 * 5 Social phobia
   * 5.1 Diagnosis
 * 6 Neurobiology
 * 7 Epidemiology
 * 8 Etiology
   * 8.1 Environmental
 * 9 Treatments
   * 9.1 Hypnotherapy
 * 10 Non-psychological conditions
 * 11 Non-clinical uses of the term
   * 11.1 Terms for prejudice
 * 12 See also
 * 13 latest activity


RULES

 * No Pornography!
 * No Vandalism!
 * No Spam Comments!
 * No Trolling!
 * No Edit Wars!


TOPIC

Phobia (from the , Phóbos, meaning "fear" or "morbid fear") is, when used in the
context of clinical psychology, a type of anxiety disorder, usually defined as a
persistent fear of an object or situation in which the sufferer commits to great
lengths in avoiding, typically disproportional to the actual danger posed, often
being recognized as irrational. In the event the phobia cannot be avoided
entirely, the sufferer will endure the situation or object with marked distress
and significant interference in social or occupational activities.

The terms distress and impairment as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV-TR) should also take into
account the context of the sufferer's environment if attempting a diagnosis. The
DSM-IV-TR states that if a phobic stimulus, whether it be an object or a social
situation, is absent entirely in an environment — a diagnosis cannot be made. An
example of this situation would be an individual who has a fear of mice
(Suriphobia) but lives in an area devoid of mice. Even though the concept of
mice causes marked distress and impairment within the individual, because the
individual does not encounter mice in the environment no actual distress or
impairment is ever experienced. Proximity and the degree to which escape from
the phobic stimulus is impossible should also be considered. As the sufferer
approaches a phobic stimulus, anxiety levels increase (e.g. as one gets closer
to a snake, fear increases in ophidiophobia), and the degree to which escape of
the phobic stimulus is limited has the effect of varying the intensity of fear
in instances such as riding an elevator (e.g. anxiety increases at the midway
point between floors and decreases when the floor is reached and the doors
open).

The term phobia is encompassing and usually discussed in terms of specific
phobias and social phobias. Specific phobias are nouns such as arachnophobia or
acrophobia which are specific, and social phobias are phobias within social
situations such as public speaking and crowded areas. Some phobias such as
xenophobia overlap with many other phobias.


CLINICAL PHOBIAS

Most phobias are classified into three categories and, according to the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV),
such phobias are considered to be sub-types of anxiety disorder. The three
categories are:

1. Social phobia: fear of other people or social situations such as performance
anxiety or fears of embarrassment by scrutiny of others. Overcoming social
phobia is often very difficult without the help of therapy or support groups.
Social phobia may be further subdivided into

 * generalized social phobia (also known as social anxiety disorder or simply
   social anxiety).
 * specific social phobia, in which anxiety is triggered only in specific
   situations. The symptoms may extend to psychosomatic manifestation of
   physical problems. For example, sufferers of paruresis find it difficult or
   impossible to urinate in reduced levels of privacy. This goes far beyond mere
   preference: when the condition triggers, the person physically cannot empty
   their bladder.

2. Specific phobias: fear of a single specific panic trigger such as spiders,
snakes, dogs, water, heights, flying, catching a specific illness, etc. Many
people have these fears but to a lesser degree than those who suffer from
specific phobias. People with the phobias specifically avoid the entity they
fear.

3. Agoraphobia: a generalized fear of leaving home or a small familiar 'safe'
area, and of possible panic attacks that might follow. It may also be caused by
various specific phobias such as fear of open spaces, social embarrassment
(social agoraphobia), fear of contamination (fear of germs, possibly complicated
by obsessive-compulsive disorder) or PTSD (post traumatic stress disorder)
related to a trauma that occurred out of doors.

Phobias vary in severity among individuals. Some individuals can simply avoid
the subject of their fear and suffer relatively mild anxiety over that fear.
Others suffer full-fledged panic attacks with all the associated disabling
symptoms. Most individuals understand that they are suffering from an irrational
fear, but are powerless to override their panic reaction.


SPECIFIC PHOBIAS

A specific phobia is a marked and persistent fear of an object or situation
which brings about an excessive or unreasonable fear when in the presence of, or
anticipating, a specific object; the specific phobias may also include concerns
with losing control, panicking, and fainting which is the direct result of an
encounter with the phobia. Specific phobias are defined in relation to objects
or situations whereas social phobias emphasize social fear and the evaluations
that might accompany them.

The DSM breaks specific phobias into five subtypes: animal, natural environment,
blood-injection-injury, situational, and other. In children, phobias involving
animals, natural environment (darkness), and blood-injection-injury usually
develop between the ages of 7 and 9, and these are reflective of normal
development. Additionally, specific phobias are most prevalent in children
between ages 10 and 13.


DIAGNOSIS

The diagnostic criteria for 300.29 Specific Phobias as outlined by the DSM-IV-TR
are:

 1. Marked and persistent fear that is excessive or unreasonable, cued by the
    presence or anticipation of a specific object or situation (e.g., flying,
    heights, animals, receiving an injection, seeing blood).
 2. Exposure to the phobic stimulus almost invariably provokes an immediate
    anxiety response, which may take the form of a situationally bound or
    situationally predisposed panic attack.
 3. The person recognizes that the fear is excessive or unreasonable.
 4. The phobic situation(s) is avoided or else is endured with intense anxiety
    or distress.
 5. The avoidance, anxious anticipation or distress in the feared situation(s)
    interferes significantly with the person's normal routine, occupational (or
    academic) functioning, or social activities or relationships, or there is
    marked distress about having the phobia.
 6. In individuals under the age of 18, the duration is at least 6 months.
 7. The anxiety, panic attack, or phobic avoidance associated with the specific
    object or situation are not better accounted for by another mental disorder,
    such as Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (e.g., fear of dirt in someone with an
    obsession about contamination), posttraumatic stress disorder (e.g.,
    avoidance of stimuli associated with a severe stressor), separation anxiety
    disorder (e.g., avoidance of school), social phobia (e.g., avoidance of
    social situations because of fear of embarrassment), panic disorder with
    agoraphobia, or agoraphobia without history of panic disorder.


SOCIAL PHOBIA

Unlike specific phobias, social phobias include fear of public situations and
scrutiny which leads to embarrassment or humiliation in the diagnostic criteria.
People with social phobia have extreme feelings of self-consciousness built into
powerful fear. In social phobias, there is also a generalized category. Unlike
specific phobias which may develop before the age of 10, social phobias are
typically not present until pubertal transition. After this transition, the
prevalence of social phobia increases with age. Many adolescents who develop a
social phobia consequently become rejected by their peers. As interpersonal
dysfunction is a risk factor for depression, there are some negative outcomes
for adolescents with social phobia. For example, about 20% of adolescents
diagnosed with a social phobia also suffer from depression and use alcohol or
other substances.


DIAGNOSIS

The diagnostic criteria for 300.23 Social Phobia as outlined by the DSM-IV-TR:

 1. A marked and persistent fear of one or more social or performance situations
    in which the person is exposed to unfamiliar people or to possible scrutiny
    by others. The individual fears that he or she will act in a way (or show
    anxiety symptoms) that will be humiliating or embarrassing.
 2. Exposure to the feared social situation almost invariably provokes anxiety,
    which may take the form of a situationally bound or situationally
    predisposed panic attack.
 3. The person recognized that the fear is excessive or unreasonable.
 4. The feared social or performance situations are avoided or else are endured
    with intense anxiety or distress.
 5. The avoidance, anxious anticipation, or distress in the feared social or
    performance situation(s) interferes significantly with the person's normal
    routine, occupational (academic) functioning, or social activities or
    relationships, or there is marked distress about having the phobia.
 6. In individuals under age 18, the duration is at least 6 months.
 7. The avoidance is not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance
    (such as a drug of abuse or medication) or a general medical condition that
    is not better accounted for by another mental disorder (e.g. panic disorder
    with or without agoraphobia, separation anxiety disorder, body dysmorphic
    disorder, a pervasive developmental disorder, schizoid personality
    disorder).
 8. If a general medical condition or another mental disorder is present (the
    fear of exposure to the social or performance situation almost invariably
    provokes an immediate anxiety response) is unrelated to it, e.g., the fear
    is not of stuttering, trembling in Parkinson's disease, or exhibiting
    abnormal eating behavior in anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa.

Specify if: Generalized: if the fears include most social situations (also
consider the additional diagnosis of Avoidant Personality Disorder).


NEUROBIOLOGY

Brain regions involved

Beneath the lateral fissure in the cerebral cortex, the insula, or insular
cortex, of the brain has been identified as part of the limbic system, along
with cingulated gyrus, hippocampus, corpus collosum, and other nearby cortices.
This system has been found to play a role in emotion processing and the insula,
in particular, may contribute through its role in maintaining autonomic
functions. Studies by Critchley et al. indicate the insula as being involved in
the experience of emotion by detecting and interpreting threatening stimuli.
Similar studies involved in monitoring the activity of the insula show a
correlation between increased insular activation and anxiety.

In the frontal lobes, other cortices involved with phobia and fear are the
anterior cingulate cortex and the medial prefrontal cortex. In the processing of
emotional stimuli, studies on phobic reactions to facial expressions have
indicated these areas to be involved in processing and responding to negative
stimuli. The ventromedial prefrontal cortex has been said to influence the
amygdala by monitoring its reaction to emotional stimuli or even fearful
memories. Most specifically, the medial prefrontal cortex is active during
extinction of fear and is responsible for long term extinction. Stimulation of
this area decreases conditioned fear responses and so its role may be in
inhibiting the amygdala and its reaction to fearful
stimuli.hahahahahhaahaahahahaahahaha

The hippocampus is a horseshoe shaped structure that plays an important part in
the brain’s limbic system because of its role in forming memories and connecting
them with emotions and the senses. When dealing with fear, the hippocampus
receives impulses from the amygdala that allows it to connect the fear with a
certain sense, such as a smell or sound.

Amygdala's role in memory and fear responses

The amygdala is an "almond shaped" mass of nuclei that is located deep in the
brain’s medial temporal lobe. It processes the events associated with fear and
is being linked to anxiety disorders and social phobias. The amygdala's ability
to respond to fearful stimuli occurs through the process of fear conditioning.
Similar to classical conditioning, the amygdala learns to associate a
conditioned stimulus with a negative or avoidant stimulus, creating a
conditioned fear response that is often seen in phobic individuals. In this way
the amygdala is responsible for not only recognizing ceratin stimuli or cues as
dangerous, but plays a role in the storage of threatening stimuli to memory. The
basolateral nuclei (or basolateral amygdala) and the hippocampus interact with
the amygdala in the storage of memory, which suggests why memories are often
remembered more vividly if they have emotional significance.

In addition to memory, the amygdala also triggers the secretion of hormones that
affect fear and aggression. When the fear or aggression response is initiated,
the amygdala releases hormones into the body to put the human body into an
"alert" state, which prepares the individual to move, run, fight, etc. This
defensive "alert" state and response is generally referred to in psychology as
the fight-or-flight response.

Inside the brain, however, this stress response can be observed in the
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA).This circuit incorporates the process
of receiving stimuli, interpreting it, and releasing certain hormones into the
blood stream. The parvocellular neurosecretary neurons of the hypothalamus
release corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) which is sent to the anterior
pituitary. Here the pituitary releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) which
ultimately stimulates the release of cortisol. In relation to anxiety, the
amygdala is responsible for activating this circuit, while the hippocampus is
responsible for suppressing it. Glucocorticoid receptors in the hippocampus
monitor the amount of cortisol in the system and through negative feedback can
tell the hypothalamus to stop releasing CRH. 

Studies on mice engineered to have high concentrations of CRH showed higher
levels of anxiety, while those engineered to have no or low amounts of CRH
receptors were less anxious. In phobic patients, therefore, high amounts of
cortisol may be present, or alternatively, there may be low levels of
glucocorticoid receptors or even serotonin (5-HT).

Disruption by damage

For the areas in the brain involved in emotion—most specifically fear— the
processing and response to emotional stimuli can be significantly altered when
one of these regions becomes lesioned or damaged. Damage to the cortical areas
involved in the limbic system such as the cingulate cortex or frontal lobes have
resulted in extreme changes in emotion. Other types of damage include
Klüver-Bucy Syndrome and Urbach-Wiethe disease. In Klüver-Bucy syndrome, a
temporal lobectomy, or removal of the temporal lobes results in changes
involving fear and aggression. Specifically, the removal of these lobes results
in decreased fear, confirming its role in fear recognition and response.
Bilateral damage to the medial temporal lobes, which is known as Urbach-Wiethe
disease exhibits similar symptoms of decreased fear and aggression, but also an
inability to recognize emotional expressions, especially angry or fearful faces.

The amygdala’s role in learned fear includes interactions with other brain
regions in the neural circuit of fear. While lesions in the amygdala can inhibit
its ability to recognize fearful stimuli, other areas such as the ventromedial
prefrontal cortex and the basolateral nuclei of the amygdala can affect the
region's ability to not only become conditioned to fearful stimuli, but to
eventually extinguish them. The basolateral nuclei, through receiving stimulus
info, undergo synaptic changes which allow the amygdala to develop a conditioned
response to fearful stimuli. Lesions in this area, therefore, have been shown to
disrupt the acquisition of learned responses to fear. Likewise, lesions in the
ventromedial prefrontal cortex (the area responsible for monitoring the
amygdala) have been shown to not only slow down the speed of extinguishing a
learned fear response, but also how effective or strong the extinction is. This
suggests there is a pathway or circuit among the amygdala and nearby cortical
areas that process emotional stimuli and influence emotional expression, all of
which can be disrupted when an area becomes damaged.


EPIDEMIOLOGY

Phobias are a common form of anxiety disorders and distributions are
heterogeneous by age and gender. An American study by the National Institute of
Mental Health (NIMH) found that between 8.7 percent and 18.1 percent of
Americans suffer from phobias, making it the most common mental illness among
women in all age groups and the second most common illness among men older than
25. Between 4 percent and 10 percent of all children experience specific phobias
during their lives, and social phobias occur in one percent to three percent of
children and adolescents.

A Swedish study found that females have a higher incidence than males (26.5
percent for females and 12.4 percent for males). Among adults, 21.2 percent of
women and 10.9 percent of men have a single specific phobia, while multiple
phobias occur in 5.4 percent of females and 1.5 percent of males. Women are
nearly four times as likely as men to have a fear of animals (12.1 percent in
women and 3.3 percent in men) — a higher dimorphic than with all specific or
generalized phobias or social phobias. Social phobias are more common in girls
than in boys, while situational phobia occurs in 17.4 percent of women and 8.5
percent of men.


ETIOLOGY


ENVIRONMENTAL

Rachman proposed three pathways to acquiring fear conditioning: classical
conditioning, vicarious acquisition and informational/instructional acquisition:

 * Much of the progress in understanding the acquisition of fear responses in
   phobias can be attributed to the Pavlovian model, which is synonymous with
   classical conditioning. When an aversive stimulus and a neutral one are
   paired together, for instance when an electric shock is given in a specific
   room, the subject can start to fear not only the shock but the room as well.
   In behavioral terms, this is described as a conditioned stimulus (CS) (the
   room) that is paired with an aversive unconditioned stimulus (UCS) (the
   shock), which leads to a conditioned response (CR) (fear for the room)
   (CS+UCS=CR).

For instance, in case of the fear of heights (acrophobia), the CS is heights
such as a balcony on the top floors of a high rise building. The UCS originates
from an aversive or traumatizing event in the person's life, such as almost
falling down from a great height. The original fear of almost falling down is
associated with being on a high place, leading to a fear of heights. In other
words, the CS (heights) associated with the aversive UCS (almost falling down)
leads to the CR (fear). This direct conditioning model, though very influential
in the theory of fear acquisition, is not the only way to acquire a phobia.
 * Vicarious fear acquisition is learning to fear something, not by a subject's
   own experience of fear, but by watching others reacting fearfully
   (observational learning). For instance, when a child sees a parent reacting
   fearfully to an animal, the child can become afraid of the animal as well.
 * Informational/instructional fear acquisition is learning to fear something by
   getting information. For instance, fearing barbed wire after having heard
   that touching it will result in an electric shock.

A conditioned fear response to an object or situation is not always a phobia. To
meet the criteria for a phobia there must also be symptoms of impairment and
avoidance. Impairment is defined as being unable to complete routine tasks
whether occupational, academic or social. In acrophobia an impairment of
occupation could result from not taking a job solely because of its location at
the top floor of a building, or socially not participating in a social event at
a theme park. The avoidance aspect is defined as behavior that results in the
omission of an aversive event that would otherwise occur with the goal of the
preventing anxiety.


TREATMENTS

Various methods are claimed to treat phobias. Their proposed benefits may vary
from person to person.

Some therapists use virtual reality or imagery exercise to desensitize patients
to the feared entity. These are parts of systematic desensitization therapy.

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can be beneficial. Cognitive behavioral
therapy allows the patient to challenge dysfunctional thoughts or beliefs by
being mindful of their own feelings with the aim that the patient will realize
their fear is irrational. CBT may be conducted in a group setting. Gradual
desensitisation treatment and CBT are often successful, provided the patient is
willing to endure some discomfort. In one clinical trial, 90% of patients were
observed with no longer having a phobic reaction after successful CBT treatment.

CBT is also an effective treatment for phobias in children and adolescents, and
it has been adapted to be appropriate for use with this age. One example of a
CBT program targeted towards children is the Coping Cat. This treatment program
can be used with children between the ages of 7 and 13 to treat social phobia.
This program works to decrease negative thinking, increase problem solving, and
to provide a functional coping outlook in the child. Another CBT program was
developed by Ann Marie Albano to treat social phobia in adolescents. This
program has five stages: Psychoeducation, Skill Building, Problem Solving,
Exposure, and Generalization and Maintenance. Psycho education focuses on
identifying and understanding symptoms. Skill Building focuses on learning
cognitive restructuring, social skills, and problem solving skills. Problem
Solving focuses on identifying problems and using a proactive approach to
solving them. Exposure involves exposing the adolescent to social situations in
a hierarchical approach. Finally, Generalization and Maintenance involves
practicing the skills learned.

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) has been demonstrated in
peer-reviewed clinical trials to be effective in treating some phobias. Mainly
used to treat Post-traumatic stress disorder, EMDR has been demonstrated as
effective in easing phobia symptoms following a specific trauma, such as a fear
of dogs following a dog bite.

Antidepressant medications such SSRIs, MAOIs may be helpful in some cases of
phobia. Benzodiazepines may be useful in acute treatment of severe symptoms but
the risk benefit ratio is against their long-term use in phobic disorders.

There are also new pharmacological approaches, which target learning and memory
processes that occur during psychotherapy. For example, it has been shown that
glucocorticoids can enhance extinction-based psychotherapy.

Emotional Freedom Technique, a psychotherapeutic alternative medicine tool, also
considered to be pseudoscience by the mainstream medicine, is allegedly useful.

Another method psychologists and psychiatrists use to treat patients with
extreme phobias is prolonged exposure. Prolonged exposure is used in
psychotherapy when the person with the phobia is exposed to the object of their
fear over a long period of time. This technique is only testedTemplate:Clarify
when a person has overcome avoidance of or escape from the phobic object or
situation. People with slight distress from their phobias usually do not need
prolonged exposure to their fear.

For children and adolescents, one of the most effective treatments for specific
phobias is participant modeling and reinforced practice. In this treatment
method, the therapist models for the child how they should respond to their
fears and then encourages the child to practice this behavior and reinforces
their efforts.

These treatment options are not mutually exclusive. Often a therapist will
suggest multiple treatments.


HYPNOTHERAPY

Hypnotherapy may be used along with other therapies to improve common phobias
such as agoraphobia, and social phobia, driving phobia, hospital phobia, needle
phobia, dental phobia and vomiting phobia.

Hypnotherapy aims to get the individual into a relaxed state of mind, where the
subconscious mind can be engaged. When using hypnosis, a dissociative technique
is recommended which might include, for example, patients watching a younger
version of themselves, watching a film or seeing a reflection. The therapist
then enables patients to integrate the present with the past, traumatic
experience so that they learn from the events and thus become stronger.
Psychodynamic psychotherapy may be used at the beginning of each session to
encourage the recall of stimuli. Hypnotherapy sessions may be done in groups as
some patients may prefer sessions with others who are facing the same situation
much like a support group. Overall, treatment is aimed at reducing the
debilitating effects of phobias without the use of medication.


NON-PSYCHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS

The word phobia may also signify conditions other than fear. For example,
although the term hydrophobia means a fear of water, it may also mean inability
to drink water due to an illness, or may be used to describe a chemical compound
which repels water. It was also once used as a synonym for rabies, as an
aversion to water is one of its symptoms. Likewise, the term photophobia may be
used to define a physical complaint (i.e. aversion to light due to inflamed eyes
or excessively dilated pupils) and does not necessarily indicate a fear of
light.


NON-CLINICAL USES OF THE TERM

It is possible for an individual to develop a phobia over virtually anything.
The name of a phobia generally contains a Greek word for what the patient fears
plus the suffix -phobia. Creating these terms is something of a word game. Few
of these terms are found in medical literature. However, this does not
necessarily make it a non-psychological condition.


TERMS FOR PREJUDICE

A number of terms with the suffix -phobia are used non-clinically. Such terms
are primarily understood as negative attitudes towards certain categories of
people or other things, used in an analogy with the medical usage of the term.
Usually these kinds of "phobias" are described as fear, dislike, disapproval,
prejudice, hatred, discrimination, or hostility towards the object of the
"phobia". Often this attitude is based on prejudices and is a particular case of
most xenophobia.

Below are some examples:

 * Biphobia - Negative attitudes and feelings towards bisexuality and bisexual
   people as a social group or as individuals.
 * Homophobia - Negative attitudes and feelings toward homosexuality or people
   who are identified or perceived as being lesbian, gay, bisexual or
   transgender (LGBT).
 * Islamophobia - Negative attitudes and feelings towards Islam or Muslims,
   particularly radical Muslims
 * Transphobia - Negative attitudes and feelings towards transsexualism and
   transsexual or transgender people, based on the expression of their internal
   gender identity.
 * Xenophobia – fear or dislike of strangers or the unknown, sometimes used to
   describe nationalistic political beliefs and movements.


SEE ALSO

 * List of Phobias


LATEST ACTIVITY

Categories
 * Categories:
 * Browse
 * Phobias
 * Non-phobias

Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.
More Fandoms
 * Horror

Advertisement


FAN FEED

More Phobia Wiki
 * 1 Neoannophobia
 * 2 Pugophobia
 * 3 Mastrophobia







EXPLORE PROPERTIES

 * Fandom
 * Muthead
 * Fanatical


FOLLOW US

 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 


OVERVIEW

 * What is Fandom?
 * About
 * Careers
 * Press
 * Contact
 * Terms of Use
 * Privacy Policy
 * Global Sitemap
 * Local Sitemap


COMMUNITY

 * Community Central
 * Support
 * Help
 * Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information


ADVERTISE

 * Media Kit
 * Contact


FANDOM APPS

Take your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat.
 * 
 * 

Phobia Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community.
View Mobile Site
Follow on IG TikTok Join Fan Lab
Check out Fandom Quizzes and cha

This Site Uses Cookies

Fandom and our partners use technology such as cookies on our site to store and
collect information from your browser to personalize content and ads, provide
social media features, and analyze our traffic.

As set forth in our Privacy Policy, we use these cookies and technologies on the
basis of your consent, which you can give by clicking / tapping "ACCEPT" below.
By consenting, you permit us and our partners to collect personal data such as
your browsing history on our site and IP address to provide ads that are aligned
to your interests, Store and/or access information on a device, Select basic
ads, Create a personalised ads profile, Select personalised ads, Create a
personalised content profile, Select personalised content, Measure ad
performance, Measure content performance, Apply market research to generate
audience insights, Develop and improve products, Ensure security, prevent fraud,
and debug, Technically deliver ads or content, Match and combine offline data
sources, Link different devices, Receive and use automatically-sent device
characteristics for identification, Use precise geolocation data, Actively scan
device characteristics for identification.

For additional options, please select "LEARN MORE." Note that if you do not
accept, you may see ads that are less relevant to you and certain features of
the site may not work as intended. You can change your mind and revisit your
consent choices at any time by utilizing the "clear cookies" functionality in
your browser (this will prompt us to ask for consent again when you next visit
our website). For information about our use of cookies and our partners who use
cookies on our site, please see our Privacy Policy and Partner List,
respectively.

By accepting our Privacy Policy, you consent to us sharing your personal data
with 242 partners for the purposes and special purposes.

LEARN MORE
ACCEPT ALL
Search this wiki
Search all wikis