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---

Text Content

Powered by Cookiebot
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 * Details
 * [#IABV2SETTINGS#]
 * About


THIS WEBSITE USES COOKIES

The World Economic Forum uses necessary cookies to make our site work. We would
also like to set optional "marketing" cookies to personalise content and ads and
“performance” cookies to improve the website. 
Consent Selection
Necessary

Preferences

Performance

Marketing

Show details
Necessary 36

Necessary cookies help make a website usable by enabling basic functions like
page navigation and access to secure areas of the website. The website cannot
function properly without these cookies.
Acast
1
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AcastLangThis cookie is used to determine the preferred language of the visitor
and sets the language accordingly on the website, if possible.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
Cookiebot
1
Learn more about this provider
CookieConsentStores the user's cookie consent state for the current domain
Expiry: 6 monthsType: HTTP
Google
4
Learn more about this provider
_GRECAPTCHAThis cookie is used to distinguish between humans and bots. This is
beneficial for the website, in order to make valid reports on the use of their
website.
Expiry: 179 daysType: HTTP
rc::aThis cookie is used to distinguish between humans and bots. This is
beneficial for the website, in order to make valid reports on the use of their
website.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
rc::bThis cookie is used to distinguish between humans and bots.
Expiry: SessionType: HTML
rc::cThis cookie is used to distinguish between humans and bots.
Expiry: SessionType: HTML
Our World Data
1
Learn more about this provider
bugsnag-anonymous-idThis cookie is used to detect errors on the website - this
information is sent to the website's support staff in order to optimize the
visitor's experience on the website.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
Parse.ly
1
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cookies.js_dtestThis cookie determines whether the browser accepts cookies.
Expiry: SessionType: HTTP
Powr
1
Learn more about this provider
__cflbRegisters which server-cluster is serving the visitor. This is used in
context with load balancing, in order to optimize user experience.
Expiry: 6 daysType: HTTP
VWO
11
Learn more about this provider
analyzeThis cookie is used by the website’s operator in context with
multi-variate testing. This is a tool used to combine or change content on the
website. This allows the website to find the best variation/edition of the site.
Expiry: SessionType: Pixel
s.gifRegisters user behaviour and navigation on the website, and any interaction
with active campaigns. This is used for optimizing advertisement and for
efficient retargeting.
Expiry: SessionType: Pixel
v.gifThis cookie is set to make split-tests on the website, which optimizes the
website's relevance towards the visitor – the cookie can also be set to improve
the visitor's experience on a website.
Expiry: SessionType: Pixel
_vis_opt_sUsed by Visual Website Optimizer to determine if the visitor is
participating in a design experiment.
Expiry: 99 daysType: HTTP
_vis_opt_test_cookieUsed to check if the user's browser supports cookies.
Expiry: SessionType: HTTP
_vwo_dsCollects data on the user's visits to the website, such as the number of
visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded with
the purpose of generating reports for optimising the website content.
Expiry: 2 monthsType: HTTP
_vwo_snCollects statistics on the visitor's visits to the website, such as the
number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been
read.
Expiry: 1 dayType: HTTP
_vwo_uuidUsed by Visual Website Optimizer to ensure that the same user interface
variant is displayed for each visit, if the user is participating in a design
experiment.
Expiry: 399 daysType: HTTP
_vwo_uuid_v2This cookie is set to make split-tests on the website, which
optimizes the website's relevance towards the visitor – the cookie can also be
set to improve the visitor's experience on a website.
Expiry: 1 yearType: HTTP
nlsgd#Pending
Expiry: SessionType: HTTP
vwoSnThis cookie is set to make split-tests on the website, which optimizes the
website's relevance towards the visitor – the cookie can also be set to improve
the visitor's experience on a website.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
World Economic Forum
4
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_web_sessionPending
Expiry: SessionType: HTTP
fdisIdentifies the logged in user. A unique session ID is linked to the user so
that they are identified while navigating the website. The user is logged out
when the session expires.
Expiry: SessionType: HTTP
followTopicUsed to set topic preferences for unauthenticated visitors prior to
authentication
Expiry: 1 dayType: HTTP
redirect_pathUserd to handle internal page redirects
Expiry: SessionType: HTTP
climatewatchdata.org
3
osano_consentmanager_tattles-cookieStores the user's cookie consent state for
the current domain
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
osano_consentmanager_tattles-iframeStores the user's cookie consent state for
the current domain
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
osano_consentmanager_tattles-scriptStores the user's cookie consent state for
the current domain
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
fonts.net
highcharts.com
livestream.com
onesignal.com
vimeo.com

5
__cf_bm [x5]This cookie is used to distinguish between humans and bots. This is
beneficial for the website, in order to make valid reports on the use of their
website.
Expiry: 1 dayType: HTTP
nr-data.net
linkedin.com

2
JSESSIONID [x2]Preserves users states across page requests.
Expiry: SessionType: HTTP
resourcewatch.org
1
nextauth.messagePreserves users states across page requests.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
static.chartbeat.com
1
_cbtvalidate whether we can set cookies on a domain, however we do not set any
other cookies if the site has set noCookies = true, and the "_cbt" cookie is set
and immediately removed in that case. It also stores no data about the user,
session, page, etc.
Expiry: SessionType: HTTP
Preferences 25

Preference cookies enable a website to remember information that changes the way
the website behaves or looks, like your preferred language or the region that
you are in.
JW Player
1
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jwplayerLocalIdUsed to determine the optimal video quality based on the
visitor's device and network settings.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
LinkedIn
2
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langSet by LinkedIn when a web page contains an embedded "Follow us" panel.
Expiry: SessionType: HTTP
li_alertsUsed to determine when and where certain pop-ups on the website should
be presented for the user and remember whether the user has closed these, to
keep them from showing multiple times.
Expiry: 1 yearType: HTTP
Sli.do
6
Learn more about this provider
app.lastEventUuidCaptures state of last user event on the app too ensure user
flow states are maintained
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
app.redux.localFeatureFlagsSets locale as per user preference on the browser
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
app.redux.rememberedUserMaintains user state while using Sli.do app on the
website
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
app.redux.uiApp.isLightnessAutomaticBased on user device, loads light or
complete app automatically
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
app.redux.uiApp.lightnessBased on user device, loads light or complete app
automatically
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
app.redux.uiNewQuestions.readQuestionsIdsEnables capture of new questions from
users
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
Spotify
1
Learn more about this provider
loglevelMaintains settings and outputs when using the Developer Tools Console on
current session.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
Tableau
2
Learn more about this provider
tableau_localeThe cookie determines the preferred language and country-setting
of the visitor - This allows the website to show content most relevant to that
region and language.
Expiry: SessionType: HTTP
tableau_public_negotiated_localeUsed in context with the language setting on the
website. Facilitates the translation into the preferred language of the visitor.
Expiry: SessionType: HTTP
World Economic Forum
2
Learn more about this provider
dismissedCtaBannerUsed to determine whether a visitor has dismissed a call to
action
Expiry: 1 dayType: HTTP
dismissedNavPromoUsed to determine whether a visitor has dismissed a call to
action
Expiry: 1 dayType: HTTP
YouTube
9
Learn more about this provider
VISITOR_INFO1_LIVETries to estimate the users' bandwidth on pages with
integrated YouTube videos.
Expiry: 179 daysType: HTTP
ytidb::LAST_RESULT_ENTRY_KEYStores the user's video player preferences using
embedded YouTube video
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
yt-remote-cast-availableStores the user's video player preferences using
embedded YouTube video
Expiry: SessionType: HTML
yt-remote-cast-installedStores the user's video player preferences using
embedded YouTube video
Expiry: SessionType: HTML
yt-remote-connected-devicesStores the user's video player preferences using
embedded YouTube video
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
yt-remote-device-idStores the user's video player preferences using embedded
YouTube video
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
yt-remote-fast-check-periodStores the user's video player preferences using
embedded YouTube video
Expiry: SessionType: HTML
yt-remote-session-appStores the user's video player preferences using embedded
YouTube video
Expiry: SessionType: HTML
yt-remote-session-nameStores the user's video player preferences using embedded
YouTube video
Expiry: SessionType: HTML
resourcewatch.org
1
_usrp_#Used by UserReport to register whether the visitor has been invited to
participate in a certain survey.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
swisscomstream.ch
1
jwplayer.bandwidthEstimateRegisters the website's speed and performance. This
function can be used in context with statistics and load-balancing.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
Performance 71

Performance cookies help website owners to understand how visitors interact with
websites by collecting and reporting information anonymously.
Chartbeat
1
Learn more about this provider
pingCaptures referal path from the public website
Expiry: SessionType: Pixel
Dailymotion
2
Learn more about this provider
DM_ReaderSessionRemembers the user's preferences when playing embedded video
content from DailyMotion. Also used to keep statistics of user actions.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
dmvkRegisters statistical data on users' behaviour on the website. Used for
internal analytics by the website operator.
Expiry: SessionType: HTTP
Google
3
Learn more about this provider
collectUsed to send data to Google Analytics about the visitor's device and
behavior. Tracks the visitor across devices and marketing channels.
Expiry: SessionType: Pixel
_ga_#Used by Google Analytics to collect data on the number of times a user has
visited the website as well as dates for the first and most recent visit.
Expiry: 399 daysType: HTTP
_gatUsed by Google Analytics to throttle request rate
Expiry: 1 dayType: HTTP
LinkedIn
4
Learn more about this provider
bcookieUsed by the social networking service, LinkedIn, for tracking the use of
embedded services.
Expiry: 1 yearType: HTTP
bscookieUsed by the social networking service, LinkedIn, for tracking the use of
embedded services.
Expiry: 1 yearType: HTTP
li_gcStores the user's cookie consent state for the current domain
Expiry: 179 daysType: HTTP
lidcUsed by the social networking service, LinkedIn, for tracking the use of
embedded services.
Expiry: 1 dayType: HTTP
OECD
3
Learn more about this provider
__qcaCollects data on the user's visits to the website, such as the number of
visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded with
the purpose of generating reports for optimising the website content.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
context_historyPending
Expiry: SessionType: HTML
qcSesCollects data on the user's visits to the website, such as the number of
visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded with
the purpose of generating reports for optimising the website content.
Expiry: SessionType: HTML
Our World Data
3
Learn more about this provider
amp_#Registers statistical data on users' behaviour on the website. Used for
internal analytics by the website operator.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
amplitude_unsent_#Used in context with the website’s pop-up questionnaires and
messengering. The data is used for statistical or marketing purposes.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
amplitude_unsent_identify_#Used in context with the website’s pop-up
questionnaires and messengering. The data is used for statistical or marketing
purposes.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
Parse.ly
2
Learn more about this provider
_parsely_sessionThis cookie is used to collect data on visitor behavior on the
website.
Expiry: 1 dayType: HTTP
_parsely_visitorThis cookie is used to determine if the visitor has visited the
website before, or if it is a new visitor on the website.
Expiry: 13 monthsType: HTTP
Powr
3
Learn more about this provider
ahoy_unique_#Registers statistical data on users' behaviour on the website. Used
for internal analytics by the website operator.
Expiry: 1 dayType: HTTP
ahoy_visitRegisters statistical data on users' behaviour on the website. Used
for internal analytics by the website operator.
Expiry: 1 dayType: HTTP
ahoy_visitorRegisters statistical data on users' behaviour on the website. Used
for internal analytics by the website operator.
Expiry: 399 daysType: HTTP
Sli.do
2
Learn more about this provider
_persistenceTestPending
Expiry: 1 yearType: HTTP
Slido.EventAuthTokensPending
Expiry: 1 yearType: HTTP
Soundcloud
1
Learn more about this provider
WIDGET::local::assignmentsUsed by audio-platform SoundCloud to implement,
measure and improve their embedded content/service on the website - The
collection of data also includes visitors’ interaction with embedded
content/service. This can be used for statistics or marketing purposes.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
Twitter Inc.
1
Learn more about this provider
personalization_idThis cookie is set by Twitter - The cookie allows the visitor
to share content from the website onto their Twitter profile.
Expiry: 399 daysType: HTTP
UserReport
1
Learn more about this provider
__ur_dcCollects information of the user's movement and demographical data via
the UserReports questionnaire tool.
Expiry: 1 yearType: HTTP
VWO
3
Learn more about this provider
l.gifThis cookie is used by the website’s operator in context with multi-variate
testing. This is a tool used to combine or change content on the website. This
allows the website to find the best variation/edition of the site.
Expiry: SessionType: Pixel
_vis_opt_exp_#_combiUsed by Visual Website Optimizer to ensure that the same
user interface variant is displayed for each visit, if the user is participating
in a design experiment.
Expiry: 99 daysType: HTTP
_vwo_nls_q_#VWO cookie to capture test results
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
World Economic Forum
24
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__utma [x2]Collects data on the number of times a user has visited the website
as well as dates for the first and most recent visit. Used by Google Analytics.
Expiry: 399 daysType: HTTP
__utmb [x2]Registers a timestamp with the exact time of when the user accessed
the website. Used by Google Analytics to calculate the duration of a website
visit.
Expiry: 1 dayType: HTTP
__utmc [x2]Registers a timestamp with the exact time of when the user leaves the
website. Used by Google Analytics to calculate the duration of a website visit.
Expiry: SessionType: HTTP
__utmt [x2]Used to throttle the speed of requests to the server.
Expiry: 1 dayType: HTTP
__utmvSaves user-defined tracking parameters for use in Google Analytics.
Expiry: 1 dayType: HTTP
__utmz [x2]Collects data on where the user came from, what search engine was
used, what link was clicked and what search term was used. Used by Google
Analytics.
Expiry: 6 monthsType: HTTP
__gsasUsed by Google AdSense for experimenting with advertisement efficiency
across websites using their services.
Expiry: 1 yearType: HTTP
_chartbeat4Used by the web analytics company Chartbeat to register whether the
user has visited the website before.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
_chartbeat4Used by the web analytics company Chartbeat to register whether the
user has visited the website before.
Expiry: 1 dayType: HTTP
_chartbeat4_expiresUsed by the web analytics company Chartbeat to register
whether the user has visited the website before.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
_v__cb_cpCollects data such as visitors' IP address, geographical location and
website navigation - This information is used for internal optimization and
statistics for the website's operator.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
_v__cb_cpCollects data such as visitors' IP address, geographical location and
website navigation - This information is used for internal optimization and
statistics for the website's operator.
Expiry: 1 dayType: HTTP
_v__cb_cp_expiresContains the expiry-date for the cookie with corresponding
name.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
_v__chartbeat3Contains data on user navigation, interaction and time spent on
the website and its sub-pages - This data is used to optimise the relevance of
advertisements and for statistical purposes.
Expiry: 1 yearType: HTTP
_v__chartbeat3Contains data on user navigation, interaction and time spent on
the website and its sub-pages - This data is used to optimise the relevance of
advertisements and for statistical purposes.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
_v__chartbeat3_expiresContains data on user navigation, interaction and time
spent on the website and its sub-pages - This data is used to optimise the
relevance of advertisements and for statistical purposes.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
client_idRegisters statistical data on users' behaviour on the website. Used for
internal analytics by the website operator.
Expiry: SessionType: HTTP
client_session_idCaptures sessions for users
Expiry: SessionType: HTTP
mp_#_mixpanelPending
Expiry: 1 yearType: HTTP
YouTube
3
Learn more about this provider
YSCRegisters a unique ID to keep statistics of what videos from YouTube the user
has seen.
Expiry: SessionType: HTTP
yt.innertube::nextIdRegisters a unique ID to keep statistics of what videos from
YouTube the user has seen.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
yt.innertube::requestsRegisters a unique ID to keep statistics of what videos
from YouTube the user has seen.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
livestream.com
vimeo.com

2
vuid [x2]Collects data on visitor interaction with the website's video-content -
This data is used to make the website's video-content more relevant towards the
visitor.
Expiry: 399 daysType: HTTP
powr.io
www.google-analytics.com

4
_ga [x2]Registers a unique ID that is used to generate statistical data on how
the visitor uses the website.
Expiry: 399 daysType: HTTP
_gid [x2]Registers a unique ID that is used to generate statistical data on how
the visitor uses the website.
Expiry: 1 dayType: HTTP
static.chartbeat.com
9
_cbCollects data such as visitors' IP address, geographical location and website
navigation - This information is used for internal optimization and statistics
for the website's operator.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
_cbCollects data such as visitors' IP address, geographical location and website
navigation - This information is used for internal optimization and statistics
for the website's operator.
Expiry: 1 yearType: HTTP
_cb_expiresThis cookie is used in context with HTML local storage, this sets an
expiry date/time for the _cb tracker, which makes it function like a cookie.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
_cb_svrefCollects data such as visitors' IP address, geographical location and
website navigation - This information is used for internal optimization and
statistics for the website's operator.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
_cb_svrefThis cookie is used to collect information on a visitor. This
information will become an ID string with information on a specific visitor – ID
information strings can be used to target groups with similar preferences, or
can be used by third-party domains or ad-exchanges.
Expiry: 1 dayType: HTTP
_cb_svref_expiresThis cookie is used in context with HTML local storage, this
sets an expiry date/time for the _cb_sverf, which makes it function like a
cookie.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
_chartbeat2Used by the web analytics company Chartbeat to register whether the
user has visited the website before.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
_chartbeat2Used by the web analytics company Chartbeat to register whether the
user has visited the website before.
Expiry: 1 yearType: HTTP
_chartbeat2_expiresUsed by the web analytics company Chartbeat to register
whether the user has visited the website before.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
Marketing 27

Marketing cookies are used to track visitors across websites. The intention is
to display ads that are relevant and engaging for the individual user and
thereby more valuable for publishers and third party advertisers.
Adform
2
Learn more about this provider
CUsed to check if the user's browser supports cookies.
Expiry: 29 daysType: HTTP
uidRegisters a unique user ID that recognises the user's browser when visiting
websites that use the same ad network. The purpose is to optimise display of ads
based on the user's movements and various ad providers' bids for displaying user
ads.
Expiry: 2 monthsType: HTTP
Dailymotion
2
Learn more about this provider
tsThis cookie is necessary for the PayPal login-function on the website.
Expiry: 13 monthsType: HTTP
v1stPending
Expiry: 13 monthsType: HTTP
Google
7
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IDEUsed by Google DoubleClick to register and report the website user's actions
after viewing or clicking one of the advertiser's ads with the purpose of
measuring the efficacy of an ad and to present targeted ads to the user.
Expiry: 1 yearType: HTTP
pagead/landing [x2]Collects data on visitor behaviour from multiple websites, in
order to present more relevant advertisement - This also allows the website to
limit the number of times that they are shown the same advertisement.
Expiry: SessionType: Pixel
test_cookieUsed to check if the user's browser supports cookies.
Expiry: 1 dayType: HTTP
ads/ga-audiencesUsed by Google AdWords to re-engage visitors that are likely to
convert to customers based on the visitor's online behaviour across websites.
Expiry: SessionType: Pixel
NIDRegisters a unique ID that identifies a returning user's device. The ID is
used for targeted ads.
Expiry: 6 monthsType: HTTP
_gcl_auUsed by Google AdSense for experimenting with advertisement efficiency
across websites using their services.
Expiry: 3 monthsType: HTTP
Meta Platforms, Inc.
1
Learn more about this provider
frUsed by Facebook to deliver a series of advertisement products such as real
time bidding from third party advertisers.
Expiry: 3 monthsType: HTTP
Parse.ly
1
Learn more about this provider
pxRegisters anonymised user data, such as IP address, geographical location,
visited websites, and what ads the user has clicked, with the purpose of
optimising ad display based on the user's movement on websites that use the same
ad network.
Expiry: SessionType: Pixel
Quantcast
1
Learn more about this provider
mcCollects data on the user's visits to the website, such as what pages have
been loaded. The registered data is used for targeted ads.
Expiry: 13 monthsType: HTTP
Sli.do
1
Learn more about this provider
NRBA_SESSION_IDCollects user data through quiz/survey-like content. This allows
the website to promote relevant products or services.
Expiry: SessionType: HTML
Spotify
2
Learn more about this provider
sp_landingUsed to implement audio-content from Spotify on the website. Can also
be used to register user interaction and preferences in context with
audio-content - This can serve statistics and marketing purposes.
Expiry: 1 dayType: HTTP
sp_tUsed to implement audio-content from Spotify on the website. Can also be
used to register user interaction and preferences in context with audio-content
- This can serve statistics and marketing purposes.
Expiry: 1 yearType: HTTP
Twitter Inc.
2
Learn more about this provider
muc_adsCollects data on user behaviour and interaction in order to optimize the
website and make advertisement on the website more relevant.
Expiry: 399 daysType: HTTP
RichHistoryCollects data on visitors' preferences and behaviour on the website -
This information is used make content and advertisement more relevant to the
specific visitor.
Expiry: SessionType: HTML
UserReport
3
Learn more about this provider
__bpn_uidCollects information of the user's movement and demographical data via
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Emerging Technologies


WHAT IF: YOUR BRAIN CONFESSES?

Jan 14, 2016

Image: Test person Niklas Thiel poses with an electroencephalography (EEG) cap
which measures brain activity, at the Technische Universitaet Muenchen (TUM) in
Garching near Munich. REUTERS/Michaela Rehle

KEITH BREENE

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Long the preserve of stage show performers and confidence tricksters, the
ability to read minds has always fascinated humans. The possibility that our
inner thoughts and feelings could be accessed by another is both thrilling and
terrifying.

We are already at the point where some thoughts can be identified externally. So
as neuroscientists decipher the workings of the brain, new questions are being
raised about decoding memories and ascertaining intentions. This has obvious
implications for criminal behaviour. What if neuro-evidence is invited into the
courtroom?



At the moment the technology is in its infancy and has been primarily focused on
aiding communication and movement for disabled people. But the fact that
scientists can already identify some words that people are thinking is an
extraordinary step.

Experts in the brain decoding field acknowledge that accurate interpretations of
a person’s thoughts and memories remain a long way off but there is no doubt
that technology in this area is advancing steadily.

If people’s inner worlds could be accessed it would have a profound effect. Who,
if anyone, would we agree to share this world with? Under what circumstances
would we countenance someone’s thoughts being accessed by force?

The courtroom is always confronting new technologies in the fight against crime.
Fingerprinting, so-called lie detection technology and DNA profiling were all
cutting edge when first presented in evidence. All have been used countless time
to convict, and indeed acquit, suspects. And brain scans are already used in
evidence, in one case to successfully argue that a suspect should be spared the
death penalty.

But the courtroom setting presents many potential problems when it comes to
reading people’s minds. Would coaching allow a suspect to fool the technology?
Would reading minds be a form of self-incrimination, something many courts allow
suspects to avoid doing? And what if someone mistakenly believes they may have
committed a crime?

If your brain confesses but you insist on your innocence, who can the jury
trust?

Vote in the poll above and continue the conversation on Friday, January 22nd at
09:00 EST / 15:00 CET. Tune in for a livestreamed discussion on the possible,
plausible and probable impacts of neuroscience disrupting the justice system at
the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting in Davos.

The session was developed in partnership with TIME.

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License and Republishing

World Economic Forum articles may be republished in accordance with the Creative
Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public
License, and in accordance with our Terms of Use.

The views expressed in this article are those of the author alone and not the
World Economic Forum.

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