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        "<b style="position: absolute; color: transparent; background-color:transparent; z-index: -76;">1689 Convention of Estates</b><span class="f271e887 c5fe85 ba4ff12 bb9654d fefada3f f1528258 c905bb103 ea953b210" data-cf66="d353cb8"
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    <p style="position: absolute; color: transparent; background-color:transparent; z-index: -55;">While Scotland played no part in the landing in England and there was little enthusiasm for William and Mary, by November 1688 only a tiny minority
      actively supported James.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2006165_2-0"></sup> Many of William's exile advisors were Scots, including , , his personal chaplain, , and , his chief propagandist. News of James's flight led to
      celebrations and anti-Catholic riots in Edinburgh and Glasgow and on 7 January 1689, the asked William to take over government, pending a Convention to agree a settlement.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes1973299_3-0"></sup></p>
    <img id="logo" src="">
    <p style="position: absolute; display: block; width: 0; height: 0; overflow: hidden; z-index: -52;">The throne was offered to Mary and William, who was granted regal power on the basis he held the throne <i>de facto</i>, by right of
      conquest.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2003202–203_11-0"></sup> In an attempt to preserve Episcopalianism, the Scottish bishops proposed Union with England but this was rejected by the English
      Parliament.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch1992305_12-0"></sup> On 11 April, the Convention ended James' reign and adopted the Articles of Grievances and , making Parliament the primary legislative power in
      Scotland.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoward1980460_13-0"></sup></p>
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      <p style="position: absolute; display: block; width: 0; height: 0; overflow: hidden; z-index: -33;">The English Parliament held James 'abandoned' his throne by fleeing from London to France; since the same argument could not be used in
        Scotland, the Convention argued he 'forfeited' it by his actions, listed in the Articles of Grievances. This was a fundamental change; if Parliament could decide James had forfeited his throne, monarchs derived legitimacy from Parliament, not
        God, ending the principle of .<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2006392-394_10-0"></sup></p><button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button"
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      <p style="position: absolute; left: -10649px; z-index: -99;">William's nominee, the , was elected President of the Convention, although his remained loyal to James. Despite being a minority, the Episcopalians were hopeful of retaining control
        of the Kirk since William supported the retention of bishops.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2006386–387_6-0"></sup> However, on 12 March, James and on 16th, a Letter to the Convention was read out, demanding obedience and
        threatening punishment for non-compliance.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes1973_7-0"></sup></p>
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    <p style="position: absolute; left: -11455px; z-index: -82;">The sat between 16 March 1689 and 5 June 1689 to determine the settlement of the , following the deposition of in the 1688 . The was a sister-institution to , comprising the three
      estates of , and representatives of the .<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kidd2003_1-0"></sup> Historically, it had been summoned by the king of Scots for the limited purpose of raising taxes, and could not pass other
      legislation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kidd2003_1-1"></sup> Unlike the English , the 1689 Scottish Convention was also a contest for control of the or Kirk. </p>
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Public anger at this meant some Episcopalians stopped attending the Convention,
claiming to fear for their safety while others changed sides. Tensions were
high, with the holding for James and recruiting Highland levies. This
exaggerated the Presbyterian majority in the Convention which met behind closed
doors guarded by its own troops.

"1689 Convention of Estates"

While Scotland played no part in the landing in England and there was little
enthusiasm for William and Mary, by November 1688 only a tiny minority actively
supported James. Many of William's exile advisors were Scots, including , , his
personal chaplain, , and , his chief propagandist. News of James's flight led to
celebrations and anti-Catholic riots in Edinburgh and Glasgow and on 7 January
1689, the asked William to take over government, pending a Convention to agree a
settlement.

The throne was offered to Mary and William, who was granted regal power on the
basis he held the throne de facto, by right of conquest. In an attempt to
preserve Episcopalianism, the Scottish bishops proposed Union with England but
this was rejected by the English Parliament. On 11 April, the Convention ended
James' reign and adopted the Articles of Grievances and , making Parliament the
primary legislative power in Scotland.


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Wed Dec 18 2024


CONVENTION OF ESTATES (1689)

07:46:10

The English Parliament held James 'abandoned' his throne by fleeing from London
to France; since the same argument could not be used in Scotland, the Convention
argued he 'forfeited' it by his actions, listed in the Articles of Grievances.
This was a fundamental change; if Parliament could decide James had forfeited
his throne, monarchs derived legitimacy from Parliament, not God, ending the
principle of .

move to sidebarChromeLinuxundefined, undefined

William's nominee, the , was elected President of the Convention, although his
remained loyal to James. Despite being a minority, the Episcopalians were
hopeful of retaining control of the Kirk since William supported the retention
of bishops. However, on 12 March, James and on 16th, a Letter to the Convention
was read out, demanding obedience and threatening punishment for non-compliance.

The sat between 16 March 1689 and 5 June 1689 to determine the settlement of the
, following the deposition of in the 1688 . The was a sister-institution to ,
comprising the three estates of , and representatives of the . Historically, it
had been summoned by the king of Scots for the limited purpose of raising taxes,
and could not pass other legislation. Unlike the English , the 1689 Scottish
Convention was also a contest for control of the or Kirk.

While Scotland played no part in the landing in England and there was little
enthusiasm for William and Mary, by November 1688 only a tiny minority actively
supported James. Many of William's exile advisors were Scots, including , , his
personal chaplain, , and , his chief propagandist. News of James's flight led to
celebrations and anti-Catholic riots in Edinburgh and Glasgow and on 7 January
1689, the asked William to take over government, pending a Convention to agree a
settlement.

The throne was offered to Mary and William, who was granted regal power on the
basis he held the throne de facto, by right of conquest. In an attempt to
preserve Episcopalianism, the Scottish bishops proposed Union with England but
this was rejected by the English Parliament. On 11 April, the Convention ended
James' reign and adopted the Articles of Grievances and , making Parliament the
primary legislative power in Scotland.

1689 Convention of Estates

The sat between 16 March 1689 and 5 June 1689 to determine the settlement of the
, following the deposition of in the 1688 . The was a sister-institution to ,
comprising the three estates of , and representatives of the . Historically, it
had been summoned by the king of Scots for the limited purpose of raising taxes,
and could not pass other legislation. Unlike the English , the 1689 Scottish
Convention was also a contest for control of the or Kirk.

In February, an appointed and his wife as joint monarchs of England. Elections
were held in March 1689 for a Scottish Convention; 'Conventions' were identical
to Parliaments in composition but only discussed specific issues, the previous
one held in 1678 to approve taxes. Of the 125 delegates elected, 75 were classed
as Presbyterian, 50 as Episcopalian, making the Convention a contest over
control of the , as well as the limits of royal authority.

The English Parliament held James 'abandoned' his throne by fleeing from London
to France; since the same argument could not be used in Scotland, the Convention
argued he 'forfeited' it by his actions, listed in the Articles of Grievances.
This was a fundamental change; if Parliament could decide James had forfeited
his throne, monarchs derived legitimacy from Parliament, not God, ending the
principle of .

On 11 May 1689, William and Mary accepted the Scottish throne and the Convention
became a full Parliament on 5 June. The highlighted the new regimes' reliance on
Presbyterian support and led to the final expulsion of bishops from the Kirk in
the 1690 Act of Settlement. The ending of Episcopacy isolated a significant part
of the Scottish political class; in the 18th century, were a key support base of
the .