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CONTENTS

move to sidebar hide
 * (Top)
 * 1History
   Toggle History subsection
   * 1.1Early years
   * 1.2Growth
   * 1.3Initial public offering
   * 1.42012 onward
 * 2Products and services
   Toggle Products and services subsection
   * 2.1Search engine
   * 2.2Advertising
   * 2.3Consumer services
     * 2.3.1Web-based services
     * 2.3.2Software
     * 2.3.3Hardware
   * 2.4Enterprise services
   * 2.5Internet services
   * 2.6Financial services
 * 3Corporate affairs
   Toggle Corporate affairs subsection
   * 3.1Stock price performance and quarterly earnings
   * 3.2Tax avoidance strategies
   * 3.3Corporate identity
   * 3.4Workplace culture
   * 3.5Office locations
     * 3.5.1North America
     * 3.5.2Latin America
     * 3.5.3Europe
     * 3.5.4Asia-Pacific
     * 3.5.5Africa and the Middle East
   * 3.6Infrastructure
   * 3.7Environment
     * 3.7.1Climate change denial and misinformation
   * 3.8Philanthropy
 * 4Criticism and controversies
   Toggle Criticism and controversies subsection
   * 4.12018
   * 4.22019
   * 4.32022
   * 4.42023
   * 4.5Racially-targeted surveillance
   * 4.6Anti-trust, privacy, and other litigation
     * 4.6.1Fines and lawsuits
       * 4.6.1.1European Union
       * 4.6.1.2France
       * 4.6.1.3United States
     * 4.6.2Private browsing lawsuit
     * 4.6.3Gender discrimination lawsuit
     * 4.6.4U.S. government contracts
 * 5See also
 * 6Notes
 * 7References
 * 8Further reading
 * 9External links

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GOOGLE

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

American multinational technology company
For the parent company with the stock tickers GOOG and GOOGL, see Alphabet Inc.
This article is about the company. For the search engine provided by the
company, see Google Search. For other uses, see Google (disambiguation).



Google LLC
The Google logo used since 2015
Google's headquarters, the Googleplex
FormerlyGoogle Inc. (1998–2017)TypeSubsidiaryIndustry
 * Internet
 * Cloud computing
 * Computer software
 * Computer hardware
 * Artificial intelligence
 * Advertising

FoundedSeptember 4, 1998; 25 years ago (1998-09-04)[a] in Menlo Park,
California, United StatesFounders
 * Larry Page
 * Sergey Brin

HeadquartersGoogleplex,
Mountain View, California
,
U.S.
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
 * Sundar Pichai (CEO)
 * Ruth Porat (CFO)
 * Thomas Kurian (CEO of Google Cloud)

Products
 * Search
 * Workspace
 * Android
 * Waze
 * Pixel
 * Nest
 * Full list

Number of employees
139,995 (2021) ParentAlphabet Inc.Subsidiaries
 * Adscape
 * Android
 * DeepMind
 * Endoxon
 * FeedBurner
 * Fitbit
 * ImageAmerica
 * Kaltix
 * Nest Labs
 * YouTube
 * ZipDash

ASN
 * 15169

Websiteabout.googleFootnotes / references
[5][6][7][8]

Then Chairman and CEO Eric Schmidt (left) with co-founders Sergey Brin (center)
and Larry Page (right) in 2008

Google LLC (/ˈɡuːɡəl/ ⓘ) is an American multinational technology company
focusing on artificial intelligence,[9] online advertising, search engine
technology, cloud computing, computer software, quantum computing, e-commerce,
and consumer electronics. It has been referred to as "the most powerful company
in the world"[10] and as one of the world's most valuable brands due to its
market dominance, data collection, and technological advantages in the field of
artificial intelligence.[11][12][13] Alongside Amazon, Apple Inc., Meta, and
Microsoft, Google's parent company Alphabet Inc. is one of the five Big Tech
companies.

Google was founded on September 4, 1998, by American computer scientists Larry
Page and Sergey Brin while they were PhD students at Stanford University in
California. Together they own about 14% of its publicly listed shares and
control 56% of its stockholder voting power through super-voting stock. The
company went public via an initial public offering (IPO) in 2004. In 2015,
Google was reorganized as a wholly owned subsidiary of Alphabet Inc. Google is
Alphabet's largest subsidiary and is a holding company for Alphabet's internet
properties and interests. Sundar Pichai was appointed CEO of Google on October
24, 2015, replacing Larry Page, who became the CEO of Alphabet. On December 3,
2019, Pichai also became the CEO of Alphabet.[14]

The company has since rapidly grown to offer a multitude of products and
services beyond Google Search, many of which hold dominant market positions.
These products address a wide range of use cases, including email (Gmail),
navigation (Waze & Maps), cloud computing (Cloud), web browsing (Chrome), video
sharing (YouTube), productivity (Workspace), operating systems (Android), cloud
storage (Drive), language translation (Translate), photo storage (Photos), video
calling (Meet), smart home (Nest), smartphones (Pixel), wearable technology
(Pixel Watch & Fitbit), music streaming (YouTube Music), video on demand
(YouTube TV), artificial intelligence (Google Assistant & Bard), machine
learning APIs (TensorFlow), AI chips (TPU), and more. Discontinued Google
products include gaming (Stadia), Glass, Google+, Reader, Play Music, Nexus,
Hangouts, and Inbox by Gmail.[15][16]

Google's other ventures outside of Internet services and consumer electronics
include quantum computing (Sycamore), self-driving cars (Waymo, formerly the
Google Self-Driving Car Project), smart cities (Sidewalk Labs), and transformer
models (Google Deepmind).[17]

Google and YouTube are the two most visited websites worldwide followed by
Facebook and X (formerly known as Twitter). Google is also the largest search
engine, mapping and navigation application, email provider, office suite, video
sharing platform, photo and cloud storage provider, mobile operating system, web
browser, ML framework, and AI virtual assistant provider in the world as
measured by market share. On the list of most valuable brands, Google is ranked
second by Forbes[18] and fourth by Interbrand.[19] It has received significant
criticism involving issues such as privacy concerns, tax avoidance, censorship,
search neutrality, antitrust and abuse of its monopoly position.


HISTORY

Main articles: History of Google and List of mergers and acquisitions by
Alphabet
See also: Alphabet Inc.


EARLY YEARS

Larry Page and Sergey Brin in 2003

Google began in January 1996 as a research project by Larry Page and Sergey Brin
when they were both PhD students at Stanford University in
California.[20][21][22] The project initially involved an unofficial "third
founder", Scott Hassan, the original lead programmer who wrote much of the code
for the original Google Search engine, but he left before Google was officially
founded as a company;[23][24] Hassan went on to pursue a career in robotics and
founded the company Willow Garage in 2006.[25][26]

While conventional search engines ranked results by counting how many times the
search terms appeared on the page, they theorized about a better system that
analyzed the relationships among websites.[27] They called this algorithm
PageRank; it determined a website's relevance by the number of pages, and the
importance of those pages that linked back to the original site.[28][29] Page
told his ideas to Hassan, who began writing the code to implement Page's
ideas.[23]

Page and Brin originally nicknamed the new search engine "BackRub", because the
system checked backlinks to estimate the importance of a site.[20][30][31]
Hassan as well as Alan Steremberg were cited by Page and Brin as being critical
to the development of Google. Rajeev Motwani and Terry Winograd later
co-authored with Page and Brin the first paper about the project, describing
PageRank and the initial prototype of the Google search engine, published in
1998. Héctor García-Molina and Jeff Ullman were also cited as contributors to
the project.[32] PageRank was influenced by a similar page-ranking and
site-scoring algorithm earlier used for RankDex, developed by Robin Li in 1996,
with Larry Page's PageRank patent including a citation to Li's earlier RankDex
patent; Li later went on to create the Chinese search engine Baidu.[33][34]

Eventually, they changed the name to Google; the name of the search engine was a
misspelling of the word googol,[20][35][36] a very large number written 10100 (1
followed by 100 zeros), picked to signify that the search engine was intended to
provide large quantities of information.[37]

Google's original homepage had a simple design because the company founders had
little experience in HTML, the markup language used for designing web pages.[38]

Google was initially funded by an August 1998 investment of $100,000 from Andy
Bechtolsheim,[20] co-founder of Sun Microsystems. This initial investment served
as a motivation to incorporate the company to be able to use the funds.[39][40]
Page and Brin initially approached David Cheriton for advice because he had a
nearby office in Stanford, and they knew he had startup experience, having
recently sold the company he co-founded, Granite Systems, to Cisco for $220
million. David arranged a meeting with Page and Brin and his Granite co-founder
Andy Bechtolsheim. The meeting was set for 8 a.m. at the front porch of David's
home in Palo Alto and it had to be brief because Andy had another meeting at
Cisco, where he now worked after the acquisition, at 9 a.m. Andy briefly tested
a demo of the website, liked what he saw, and then went back to his car to grab
the check. David Cheriton later also joined in with a $250,000
investment.[41][42]

Google received money from two other angel investors in 1998: Amazon.com founder
Jeff Bezos, and entrepreneur Ram Shriram.[43] Page and Brin had first approached
Shriram, who was a venture capitalist, for funding and counsel, and Shriram
invested $250,000 in Google in February 1998. Shriram knew Bezos because Amazon
had acquired Junglee, at which Shriram was the president. It was Shriram who
told Bezos about Google. Bezos asked Shriram to meet Google's founders and they
met six months after Shriram had made his investment when Bezos and his wife
were on a vacation trip to the Bay Area. Google's initial funding round had
already formally closed but Bezos' status as CEO of Amazon was enough to
persuade Page and Brin to extend the round and accept his investment.[44][45]

Between these initial investors, friends, and family Google raised around
$1,000,000, which is what allowed them to open up their original shop in Menlo
Park, California.[46] Craig Silverstein, a fellow PhD student at Stanford, was
hired as the first employee.[22][47][48]

After some additional, small investments through the end of 1998 to early
1999,[43] a new $25 million round of funding was announced on June 7, 1999,[49]
with major investors including the venture capital firms Kleiner Perkins and
Sequoia Capital.[40] Both firms were initially reticent about investing jointly
in Google, as each wanted to retain a larger percentage of control over the
company to themselves. Larry and Sergey however insisted in taking investments
from both. Both venture companies finally agreed to investing jointly $12.5
million each due to their belief in Google's great potential and through the
mediation of earlier angel investors Ron Conway and Ram Shriram who had contacts
in the venture companies.[50]


GROWTH

In March 1999, the company moved its offices to Palo Alto, California,[51] which
is home to several prominent Silicon Valley technology start-ups.[52] The next
year, Google began selling advertisements associated with search keywords
against Page and Brin's initial opposition toward an advertising-funded search
engine.[53][22] To maintain an uncluttered page design, advertisements were
solely text-based.[54] In June 2000, it was announced that Google would become
the default search engine provider for Yahoo!, one of the most popular websites
at the time, replacing Inktomi.[55][56]

Google's first production server[57]

In 2003, after outgrowing two other locations, the company leased an office
complex from Silicon Graphics, at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway in Mountain View,
California.[58] The complex became known as the Googleplex, a play on the word
googolplex, the number one followed by a googol of zeroes. Three years later,
Google bought the property from SGI for $319 million.[59] By that time, the name
"Google" had found its way into everyday language, causing the verb "google" to
be added to the Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary and the Oxford English
Dictionary, denoted as: "to use the Google search engine to obtain information
on the Internet".[60][61] The first use of the verb on television appeared in an
October 2002 episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer.[62]

Additionally, in 2001 Google's investors felt the need to have a strong internal
management, and they agreed to hire Eric Schmidt as the chairman and CEO of
Google.[46] Eric was proposed by John Doerr from Kleiner Perkins. He had been
trying to find a CEO that Sergey and Larry would accept for several months, but
they rejected several candidates because they wanted to retain control over the
company. Michael Moritz from Sequoia Capital at one point even menaced
requesting Google to immediately pay back Sequoia's $12.5m investment if they
did not fulfill their promise to hire a chief executive officer, which had been
made verbally during investment negotiations. Eric was not initially
enthusiastic about joining Google either, as the company's full potential had
not yet been widely recognized at the time, and as he was occupied with his
responsibilities at Novell where he was CEO. As part of him joining, Eric agreed
to buy $1 million of Google preferred stocks as a way to show his commitment and
to provide funds Google needed.[63]


INITIAL PUBLIC OFFERING

On August 19, 2004, Google became a public company via an initial public
offering. At that time Larry Page, Sergey Brin, and Eric Schmidt agreed to work
together at Google for 20 years, until the year 2024.[64] The company offered
19,605,052 shares at a price of $85 per share.[65][66] Shares were sold in an
online auction format using a system built by Morgan Stanley and Credit Suisse,
underwriters for the deal.[67][68] The sale of $1.67 billion gave Google a
market capitalization of more than $23 billion.[69]

Eric Schmidt, CEO of Google from 2001 to 2011

On November 13, 2006, Google acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google
stock,[70][71][72][73] On March 11, 2008, Google acquired DoubleClick for
$3.1 billion, transferring to Google valuable relationships that DoubleClick had
with Web publishers and advertising agencies.[74][75]

By 2011, Google was handling approximately 3 billion searches per day. To handle
this workload, Google built 11 data centers around the world with several
thousand servers in each. These data centers allowed Google to handle the
ever-changing workload more efficiently.[46]

In May 2011, the number of monthly unique visitors to Google surpassed one
billion for the first time.[76][77]

In May 2012, Google acquired Motorola Mobility for $12.5 billion, in its largest
acquisition to date.[78][79][80] This purchase was made in part to help Google
gain Motorola's considerable patent portfolio on mobile phones and wireless
technologies, to help protect Google in its ongoing patent disputes with other
companies,[81] mainly Apple and Microsoft,[82] and to allow it to continue to
freely offer Android.[83]


2012 ONWARD

In June 2013, Google acquired Waze, a $966 million deal.[84] While Waze would
remain an independent entity, its social features, such as its crowdsourced
location platform, were reportedly valuable integrations between Waze and Google
Maps, Google's own mapping service.[85]

Google announced the launch of a new company, called Calico, on September 19,
2013, to be led by Apple Inc. chairman Arthur Levinson. In the official public
statement, Page explained that the "health and well-being" company would focus
on "the challenge of ageing and associated diseases".[86]

Entrance of building where Google and its subsidiary Deep Mind are located at 6
Pancras Square, London

On January 26, 2014, Google announced it had agreed to acquire DeepMind
Technologies, a privately held artificial intelligence company from London.[87]
Technology news website Recode reported that the company was purchased for $400
million, yet the source of the information was not disclosed. A Google
spokesperson declined to comment on the price.[88][89] The purchase of DeepMind
aids in Google's recent growth in the artificial intelligence and robotics
community.[90] In 2015, DeepMind's AlphaGo became the first computer program to
defeat a top human pro at the game of Go.

According to Interbrand's annual Best Global Brands report, Google has been the
second most valuable brand in the world (behind Apple Inc.) in 2013,[91]
2014,[92] 2015,[93] and 2016, with a valuation of $133 billion.[94]

On August 10, 2015, Google announced plans to reorganize its various interests
as a conglomerate named Alphabet Inc. Google became Alphabet's largest
subsidiary and the umbrella company for Alphabet's Internet interests. Upon
completion of the restructuring, Sundar Pichai became CEO of Google, replacing
Larry Page, who became CEO of Alphabet.[95][96][97]

Current Google CEO, Sundar Pichai, with Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi

On August 8, 2017, Google fired employee James Damore after he distributed a
memo throughout the company that argued bias and "Google's Ideological Echo
Chamber" clouded their thinking about diversity and inclusion, and that it is
also biological factors, not discrimination alone, that cause the average woman
to be less interested than men in technical positions.[98] Google CEO Sundar
Pichai accused Damore of violating company policy by "advancing harmful gender
stereotypes in our workplace", and he was fired on the same day.[99][100][101]

Between 2018 and 2019, tensions between the company's leadership and its workers
escalated as staff protested company decisions on internal sexual harassment,
Dragonfly, a censored Chinese search engine, and Project Maven, a military drone
artificial intelligence, which had been seen as areas of revenue growth for the
company.[102][103] On October 25, 2018, The New York Times published the exposé,
"How Google Protected Andy Rubin, the 'Father of Android'". The company
subsequently announced that "48 employees have been fired over the last two
years" for sexual misconduct.[104] On November 1, 2018, more than 20,000 Google
employees and contractors staged a global walk-out to protest the company's
handling of sexual harassment complaints.[105][106] CEO Sundar Pichai was
reported to be in support of the protests.[107] Later in 2019, some workers
accused the company of retaliating against internal activists.[103]

On March 19, 2019, Google announced that it would enter the video game market,
launching a cloud gaming platform called Google Stadia.[108]

On June 3, 2019, the United States Department of Justice reported that it would
investigate Google for antitrust violations.[109] This led to the filing of an
antitrust lawsuit in October 2020, on the grounds the company had abused a
monopoly position in the search and search advertising markets.[110]

In December 2019, former PayPal chief operating officer Bill Ready became
Google's new commerce chief. Ready's role will not be directly involved with
Google Pay.[111]

In April 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Google announced several
cost-cutting measures. Such measures included slowing down hiring for the
remainder of 2020, except for a small number of strategic areas, recalibrating
the focus and pace of investments in areas like data centers and machines, and
non-business essential marketing and travel.[112] Most employees were also
working from home due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the success of it even led to
Google announcing that they would be permanently converting some of their jobs
to work from home [113]

The 2020 Google services outages disrupted Google services: one in August that
affected Google Drive among others, another in November affecting YouTube, and a
third in December affecting the entire suite of Google applications. All three
outages were resolved within hours.[114][115][116]

In 2021, the Alphabet Workers Union was founded, composed mostly of Google
employees.[117]

In January 2021, the Australian Government proposed legislation that would
require Google and Facebook to pay media companies for the right to use their
content. In response, Google threatened to close off access to its search engine
in Australia.[118]

In March 2021, Google reportedly paid $20 million for Ubisoft ports on Google
Stadia.[119] Google spent "tens of millions of dollars" on getting major
publishers such as Ubisoft and Take-Two to bring some of their biggest games to
Stadia.[120]

In April 2021, The Wall Street Journal reported that Google ran a years-long
program called "Project Bernanke" that used data from past advertising bids to
gain an advantage over competing for ad services. This was revealed in documents
concerning the antitrust lawsuit filed by ten US states against Google in
December.[121]

In September 2021, the Australian government announced plans to curb Google's
capability to sell targeted ads, claiming that the company has a monopoly on the
market harming publishers, advertisers, and consumers.[122]

In 2022, Google began accepting requests for the removal of phone numbers,
physical addresses and email addresses from its search results. It had
previously accepted requests for removing confidential data only, such as Social
Security numbers, bank account and credit card numbers, personal signatures, and
medical records. Even with the new policy, Google may remove information from
only certain but not all search queries. It would not remove content that is
"broadly useful", such as news articles, or already part of the public
record.[123]

In May 2022, Google announced that the company had acquired California based,
MicroLED display technology development and manufacturing Start-up Raxium.
Raxium is set to join Google's Devices and Services team to aid in the
development of micro-optics, monolithic integration, and system
integration.[124][125]

In early 2023, following the success of ChatGPT and concerns that Google was
falling behind in the AI race, Google's senior management issued a "code red"
and a "directive that all of its most important products—those with more than a
billion users—must incorporate generative AI within months".[126]

In early May 2023, Google announced its plans to build two additional data
centers in Ohio. These centers, which will be built in Columbus and Lancaster,
will power up the company's tools, including AI technology. The said data hub
will add to the already operational center near Columbus, bringing Google's
total investment in Ohio to over $2 billion.[127]


PRODUCTS AND SERVICES

Main article: List of Google products


SEARCH ENGINE

Main articles: Google Search and Google Images

Google indexes billions of web pages to allow users to search for the
information they desire through the use of keywords and operators.[128]
According to comScore market research from November 2009, Google Search is the
dominant search engine in the United States market, with a market share of
65.6%.[129] In May 2017, Google enabled a new "Personal" tab in Google Search,
letting users search for content in their Google accounts' various services,
including email messages from Gmail and photos from Google Photos.[130][131]

Google launched its Google News service in 2002, an automated service which
summarizes news articles from various websites.[132] Google also hosts Google
Books, a service which searches the text found in books in its database and
shows limited previews or and the full book where allowed.[133]

Google expanded its search services to include shopping (launched originally as
Froogle in 2002),[134] finance (launched 2006),[135] and flights (launched
2011).[136]


ADVERTISING

Google on ad-tech London, 2010

Google generates most of its revenues from advertising. This includes sales of
apps, purchases made in-app, digital content products on Google and YouTube,
Android and licensing and service fees, including fees received for Google Cloud
offerings. Forty-six percent of this profit was from clicks (cost per clicks),
amounting to US$109,652 million in 2017. This includes three principal methods,
namely AdMob, AdSense (such as AdSense for Content, AdSense for Search, etc.)
and DoubleClick AdExchange.[137]

In addition to its own algorithms for understanding search requests, Google uses
technology its acquisition of DoubleClick, to project user interest and target
advertising to the search context and the user history.[138][139]

In 2007, Google launched "AdSense for Mobile", taking advantage of the emerging
mobile advertising market.[140]

Google Analytics allows website owners to track where and how people use their
website, for example by examining click rates for all the links on a page.[141]
Google advertisements can be placed on third-party websites in a two-part
program. Google Ads allows advertisers to display their advertisements in the
Google content network, through a cost-per-click scheme.[142] The sister
service, Google AdSense, allows website owners to display these advertisements
on their website and earn money every time ads are clicked.[143] One of the
criticisms of this program is the possibility of click fraud, which occurs when
a person or automated script clicks on advertisements without being interested
in the product, causing the advertiser to pay money to Google unduly. Industry
reports in 2006 claimed that approximately 14 to 20 percent of clicks were
fraudulent or invalid.[144] Google Search Console (rebranded from Google
Webmaster Tools in May 2015) allows webmasters to check the sitemap, crawl rate,
and for security issues of their websites, as well as optimize their website's
visibility.


CONSUMER SERVICES

WEB-BASED SERVICES

Google offers Gmail for email,[145] Google Calendar for time-management and
scheduling,[146] Google Maps for mapping, navigation and satellite imagery,[147]
Google Drive for cloud storage of files,[148] Google Docs, Sheets and Slides for
productivity,[148] Google Photos for photo storage and sharing,[149] Google Keep
for note-taking,[150] Google Translate for language translation,[151] YouTube
for video viewing and sharing,[152] Google My Business for managing public
business information,[153] and Duo for social interaction.[154] In March 2019,
Google unveiled a cloud gaming service named Stadia.[108] A job search product
has also existed since before 2017,[155][156][157] Google for Jobs is an
enhanced search feature that aggregates listings from job boards and career
sites.[158]

Some Google services are not web-based. Google Earth, launched in 2005, allowed
users to see high-definition satellite pictures from all over the world for free
through a client software downloaded to their computers.[159]

SOFTWARE

Google develops the Android mobile operating system,[160] as well as its
smartwatch,[161] television,[162] car,[163] and Internet of things-enabled smart
devices variations.[164]

It also develops the Google Chrome web browser,[165] and ChromeOS, an operating
system based on Chrome.[166]

HARDWARE

Google Pixel smartphones on display in a store

In January 2010, Google released Nexus One, the first Android phone under its
own brand.[167] It spawned a number of phones and tablets under the "Nexus"
branding[168] until its eventual discontinuation in 2016, replaced by a new
brand called Pixel.[169]

In 2011, the Chromebook was introduced, which runs on ChromeOS.[170]

In July 2013, Google introduced the Chromecast dongle, which allows users to
stream content from their smartphones to televisions.[171][172]

In June 2014, Google announced Google Cardboard, a simple cardboard viewer that
lets the user place their smartphone in a special front compartment to view
virtual reality (VR) media.[173]

Other hardware products include:

 * Nest, a series of voice assistant smart speakers that can answer voice
   queries, play music, find information from apps (calendar, weather etc.), and
   control third-party smart home appliances (users can tell it to turn on the
   lights, for example). The Google Nest line includes the original Google
   Home[174] (later succeeded by the Nest Audio), the Google Home Mini (later
   succeeded by the Nest Mini), the Google Home Max, the Google Home Hub (later
   rebranded as the Nest Hub), and the Nest Hub Max.
 * Nest Wifi (originally Google Wifi), a connected set of Wi-Fi routers to
   simplify and extend coverage of home Wi-Fi.[175]


ENTERPRISE SERVICES

Main articles: Google Workspace and Google Cloud Platform

Google Workspace (formerly G Suite until October 2020[176]) is a monthly
subscription offering for organizations and businesses to get access to a
collection of Google's services, including Gmail, Google Drive and Google Docs,
Google Sheets and Google Slides, with additional administrative tools, unique
domain names, and 24/7 support.[177]

On September 24, 2012,[178] Google launched Google for Entrepreneurs, a largely
not-for-profit business incubator providing startups with co-working spaces
known as Campuses, with assistance to startup founders that may include
workshops, conferences, and mentorships.[179] Presently, there are seven Campus
locations: Berlin, London, Madrid, Seoul, São Paulo, Tel Aviv, and Warsaw.

On March 15, 2016, Google announced the introduction of Google Analytics 360
Suite, "a set of integrated data and marketing analytics products, designed
specifically for the needs of enterprise-class marketers" which can be
integrated with BigQuery on the Google Cloud Platform. Among other things, the
suite is designed to help "enterprise class marketers" "see the complete
customer journey", generate "useful insights", and "deliver engaging experiences
to the right people".[180] Jack Marshall of The Wall Street Journal wrote that
the suite competes with existing marketing cloud offerings by companies
including Adobe, Oracle, Salesforce, and IBM.[181]


INTERNET SERVICES

In February 2010, Google announced the Google Fiber project, with experimental
plans to build an ultra-high-speed broadband network for 50,000 to 500,000
customers in one or more American cities.[182][183] Following Google's corporate
restructure to make Alphabet Inc. its parent company, Google Fiber was moved to
Alphabet's Access division.[184][185]

In April 2015, Google announced Project Fi, a mobile virtual network operator,
that combines Wi-Fi and cellular networks from different telecommunication
providers in an effort to enable seamless connectivity and fast Internet
signal.[186][187]


FINANCIAL SERVICES

As a more mature company, Google has made many moves into financial services.

In August 2023, it became the first major tech company to join the OpenWallet
Foundation, launched earlier in the year, whose goal was creating open-source
software for interoperable digital wallets.[188]


CORPORATE AFFAIRS


STOCK PRICE PERFORMANCE AND QUARTERLY EARNINGS

Google's initial public offering (IPO) took place on August 19, 2004. At IPO,
the company offered 19,605,052 shares at a price of $85 per share.[65][66] The
sale of $1.67 billion gave Google a market capitalization of more than $23
billion.[69] The stock performed well after the IPO, with shares hitting $350
for the first time on October 31, 2007,[189] primarily because of strong sales
and earnings in the online advertising market.[190] The surge in stock price was
fueled mainly by individual investors, as opposed to large institutional
investors and mutual funds.[190] GOOG shares split into GOOG class C shares and
GOOGL class A shares.[191] The company is listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange
under the ticker symbols GOOGL and GOOG, and on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange
under the ticker symbol GGQ1. These ticker symbols now refer to Alphabet Inc.,
Google's holding company, since the fourth quarter of 2015.[update][192]

In the third quarter of 2005, Google reported a 700% increase in profit, largely
due to large companies shifting their advertising strategies from newspapers,
magazines, and television to the Internet.[193][194][195]

For the 2006 fiscal year, the company reported $10.492 billion in total
advertising revenues and only $112 million in licensing and other revenues.[196]
In 2011, 96% of Google's revenue was derived from its advertising programs.[197]

Google generated $50 billion in annual revenue for the first time in 2012,
generating $38 billion the previous year. In January 2013, then-CEO Larry Page
commented, "We ended 2012 with a strong quarter ... Revenues were up 36%
year-on-year, and 8% quarter-on-quarter. And we hit $50 billion in revenues for
the first time last year – not a bad achievement in just a decade and a
half."[198]

Google's consolidated revenue for the third quarter of 2013 was reported in
mid-October 2013 as $14.89 billion, a 12 percent increase compared to the
previous quarter.[199] Google's Internet business was responsible for $10.8
billion of this total, with an increase in the number of users' clicks on
advertisements.[200] By January 2014, Google's market capitalization had grown
to $397 billion.[201]


TAX AVOIDANCE STRATEGIES

Further information: Corporation tax in the Republic of Ireland § Multinational
tax schemes, and Google tax

Google uses various tax avoidance strategies. On the list of largest technology
companies by revenue, it pays the lowest taxes to the countries of origin of its
revenues. Google between 2007 and 2010 saved $3.1 billion in taxes by shuttling
non-U.S. profits through Ireland and the Netherlands and then to Bermuda. Such
techniques lower its non-U.S. tax rate to 2.3 per cent, while normally the
corporate tax rate in, for instance, the UK is 28 per cent.[202] This reportedly
sparked a French investigation into Google's transfer pricing practices in
2012.[203]

In 2020, Google said it had overhauled its controversial global tax structure
and consolidated all of its intellectual property holdings back to the US.[204]

Google Vice-president Matt Brittin testified to the Public Accounts Committee of
the UK House of Commons that his UK sales team made no sales and hence owed no
sales taxes to the UK.[205] In January 2016, Google reached a settlement with
the UK to pay £130m in back taxes plus higher taxes in future.[206] In 2017,
Google channeled $22.7 billion from the Netherlands to Bermuda to reduce its tax
bill.[207]

In 2013, Google ranked 5th in lobbying spending, up from 213th in 2003. In 2012,
the company ranked 2nd in campaign donations of technology and Internet
sections.[208]


CORPORATE IDENTITY

Further information: History of Google § Name, Google (verb), Google logo,
Google Doodle, List of Google April Fools' Day jokes, and List of Google Easter
eggs
Google's logo from 2013 to 2015

The name "Google" originated from a misspelling of "googol",[209][210] which
refers to the number represented by a 1 followed by one-hundred zeros. Page and
Brin write in their original paper on PageRank:[32] "We chose our system name,
Google, because it is a common spelling of googol, or 10100[,] and fits well
with our goal of building very large-scale search engines." Having found its way
increasingly into everyday language, the verb "google" was added to the Merriam
Webster Collegiate Dictionary and the Oxford English Dictionary in 2006, meaning
"to use the Google search engine to obtain information on the
Internet."[211][212] Google's mission statement, from the outset, was "to
organize the world's information and make it universally accessible and
useful",[213] and its unofficial slogan is "Don't be evil".[214] In October
2015, a related motto was adopted in the Alphabet corporate code of conduct by
the phrase: "Do the right thing".[215] The original motto was retained in the
code of conduct of Google, now a subsidiary of Alphabet.

The original Google logo was designed by Sergey Brin.[216] Since 1998,[update]
Google has been designing special, temporary alternate logos to place on their
homepage intended to celebrate holidays, events, achievements and people. The
first Google Doodle was in honor of the Burning Man Festival of 1998.[217][218]
The doodle was designed by Larry Page and Sergey Brin to notify users of their
absence in case the servers crashed. Subsequent Google Doodles were designed by
an outside contractor, until Larry and Sergey asked then-intern Dennis Hwang to
design a logo for Bastille Day in 2000. From that point onward, Doodles have
been organized and created by a team of employees termed "Doodlers".[219]

Google has a tradition of creating April Fools' Day jokes. Its first on April 1,
2000, was Google MentalPlex which allegedly featured the use of mental power to
search the web.[220] In 2007, Google announced a free Internet service called
TiSP, or Toilet Internet Service Provider, where one obtained a connection by
flushing one end of a fiber-optic cable down their toilet.[221]

Google's services contain easter eggs, such as the Swedish Chef's "Bork bork
bork," Pig Latin, "Hacker" or leetspeak, Elmer Fudd, Pirate, and Klingon as
language selections for its search engine.[222] When searching for the word
"anagram," meaning a rearrangement of letters from one word to form other valid
words, Google's suggestion feature displays "Did you mean: nag a ram?"[223]
Since 2019, Google runs free online courses to help engineers learn how to plan
and author technical documentation better.[224]


WORKPLACE CULTURE

Google employees marching in the Pride in London parade in 2016

On Fortune magazine's list of the best companies to work for, Google ranked
first in 2007, 2008 and 2012,[225][226][227] and fourth in 2009 and
2010.[228][229] Google was also nominated in 2010 to be the world's most
attractive employer to graduating students in the Universum Communications
talent attraction index.[230] Google's corporate philosophy includes principles
such as "you can make money without doing evil," "you can be serious without a
suit," and "work should be challenging and the challenge should be fun."[231]

As of September 30, 2020,[update] Alphabet Inc. had 132,121 employees,[232] of
which more than 100,000 worked for Google.[8] Google's 2020[update] diversity
report states that 32 percent of its workforce are women and 68 percent are men,
with the ethnicity of its workforce being predominantly white (51.7%) and Asian
(41.9%).[233] Within tech roles, 23.6 percent were women; and 26.7 percent of
leadership roles were held by women.[234] In addition to its 100,000+ full-time
employees, Google used about 121,000 temporary workers and contractors, as of
March 2019.[update][8]

Google's employees are hired based on a hierarchical system. Employees are split
into six hierarchies based on experience and can range "from entry-level data
center workers at level one to managers and experienced engineers at level
six."[235] As a motivation technique, Google uses a policy known as Innovation
Time Off, where Google engineers are encouraged to spend 20% of their work time
on projects that interest them. Some of Google's services, such as Gmail, Google
News, Orkut, and AdSense originated from these independent endeavors.[236] In a
talk at Stanford University, Marissa Mayer, Google's vice-president of Search
Products and User Experience until July 2012, showed that half of all new
product launches in the second half of 2005 had originated from the Innovation
Time Off.[237]

In 2005, articles in The New York Times[238] and other sources began suggesting
that Google had lost its anti-corporate, no evil philosophy.[239][240][241] In
an effort to maintain the company's unique culture, Google designated a Chief
Culture Officer whose purpose was to develop and maintain the culture and work
on ways to keep true to the core values that the company was founded on.[242]
Google has also faced allegations of sexism and ageism from former
employees.[243][244] In 2013, a class action against several Silicon Valley
companies, including Google, was filed for alleged "no cold call" agreements
which restrained the recruitment of high-tech employees.[245] In a lawsuit filed
January 8, 2018, multiple employees and job applicants alleged Google
discriminated against a class defined by their "conservative political views[,]
male gender[,] and/or [...] Caucasian or Asian race".[246]

On January 25, 2020, the formation of an international workers union of Google
employees, Alpha Global, was announced.[247] The coalition is made up of "13
different unions representing workers in 10 countries, including the United
States, United Kingdom, and Switzerland."[248] The group is affiliated with UNI
Global Union, which represents nearly 20 million international workers from
various unions and federations. The formation of the union is in response to
persistent allegations of mistreatment of Google employees and a toxic workplace
culture.[248][249][246] Google had previously been accused of surveilling and
firing employees who were suspected of organizing a workers union.[250] In 2021
court documents revealed that between 2018 and 2020 Google ran an anti-union
campaign called Project Vivian to "convince them (employees) that unions
suck".[251]


OFFICE LOCATIONS

Further information: Googleplex
Google's New York City office building houses its largest advertising sales
team. Google's Toronto office

Google's headquarters in Mountain View, California is referred to as "the
Googleplex", a play on words on the number googolplex and the headquarters
itself being a complex of buildings. Internationally, Google has over 78 offices
in more than 50 countries.[252]

In 2006, Google moved into about 300,000 square feet (27,900 m2) of office space
at 111 Eighth Avenue in Manhattan, New York City. The office was designed and
built specially for Google, and houses its largest advertising sales team.[253]
In 2010, Google bought the building housing the headquarter, in a deal that
valued the property at around $1.9 billion.[254][255] In March 2018, Google's
parent company Alphabet bought the nearby Chelsea Market building for $2.4
billion. The sale is touted as one of the most expensive real estate
transactions for a single building in the history of New
York.[256][257][258][259] In November 2018, Google announced its plan to expand
its New York City office to a capacity of 12,000 employees.[260] The same
December, it was announced that a $1 billion, 1,700,000-square-foot (160,000 m2)
headquarters for Google would be built in Manhattan's Hudson Square
neighborhood.[261][262] Called Google Hudson Square, the new campus is projected
to more than double the number of Google employees working in New York
City.[263]

By late 2006, Google established a new headquarters for its AdWords division in
Ann Arbor, Michigan.[264] In November 2006, Google opened offices on Carnegie
Mellon's campus in Pittsburgh, focusing on shopping-related advertisement coding
and smartphone applications and programs.[265][266] Other office locations in
the U.S. include Atlanta, Georgia; Austin, Texas; Boulder, Colorado; Cambridge,
Massachusetts; San Francisco, California; Seattle, Washington; Kirkland,
Washington; Birmingham, Michigan; Reston, Virginia, Washington, D.C.,[267] and
Madison, Wisconsin.[268]

Google's Dublin Ireland office, headquarters of Google Ads for Europe

It also has product research and development operations in cities around the
world, namely Sydney (birthplace location of Google Maps)[269] and London (part
of Android development).[270] In November 2013, Google announced plans for a new
London headquarter, a 1 million square foot office able to accommodate 4,500
employees. Recognized as one of the biggest ever commercial property
acquisitions at the time of the deal's announcement in January,[271] Google
submitted plans for the new headquarter to the Camden Council in June
2017.[272][273] In May 2015, Google announced its intention to create its own
campus in Hyderabad, India. The new campus, reported to be the company's largest
outside the United States, will accommodate 13,000 employees.[274][275]

Google's Global Offices sum a total of 85 Locations worldwide,[276] with 32
offices in North America, 3 of them in Canada and 29 in United States Territory,
California being the state with the most Google's offices with 9 in total
including the Googleplex. In the Latin America Region Google counts with 6
offices, in Europe 24 (3 of them in UK), the Asia Pacific region counts with 18
offices principally 4 in India and 3 in China, and the Africa Middle East region
counts 5 offices.

NORTH AMERICA

SN City Country or US State 1. Ann Arbor  Michigan 2. Atlanta  Georgia 3. Austin
 Texas 4. Boulder  Colorado 5. Boulder – Pearl Place  Colorado 6. Boulder –
Walnut  Colorado 7. Cambridge  Massachusetts 8. Chapel Hill  North Carolina 9.
Chicago – Carpenter  Illinois 10. Chicago – Fulton Market  Illinois 11. Detroit
 Michigan 12. Irvine  California 13. Kirkland  Washington 14. Kitchener  Canada
15. Los Angeles  California 16. Madison  Wisconsin 17. Miami  Florida 18.
Montreal  Canada 19. Mountain View  California 20. New York  New York 21.
Pittsburgh  Pennsylvania 22. Playa Vista  California 23. Portland  Oregon 24.
Redwood City  California 25. Reston  Virginia 26. San Bruno  California 27. San
Diego  California 28. San Francisco – HQ  California 29. Seattle  Washington 30.
Sunnyvale  California 31. Toronto  Canada 32. Washington DC  District of
Columbia

LATIN AMERICA

SN City Country 1. Belo Horizonte  Brazil 2. Bogotá  Colombia 3. Buenos Aires
 Argentina 4. Mexico City  Mexico 5. Santiago de Chile  Chile 6. São Paulo
 Brazil

EUROPE

SN City Country 1. Aarhus  Denmark 2. Amsterdam  Netherlands 3. Athens  Greece
4. Berlin  Germany 5. Brussels  Belgium 6. Copenhagen  Denmark 7. Dublin
 Ireland 8. Hamburg  Germany 9. Lisbon  Portugal 10. London – 6PS  United
Kingdom 11. London – BEL  United Kingdom 12. London – CSG  United Kingdom 13.
Madrid  Spain 14. Milan  Italy 15. Moscow  Russia 16. Munich  Germany 17. Oslo
 Norway 18. Paris  France 19. Prague  Czech Republic 20. Stockholm  Sweden 21.
Vienna  Austria 22. Warsaw  Poland 23. Wroclaw  Poland 24. Zurich – BRA
  Switzerland 25. Zurich – EUR   Switzerland

ASIA-PACIFIC

SN City Country 1. Auckland  New Zealand 2. Bangalore  India 3. Bangkok
 Thailand 4. Beijing  China 5. Guangzhou  China 6. Gurgaon  India 7. Hong Kong
 Hong Kong 8. Hyderabad  India 9. Jakarta  Indonesia 10. Kuala Lumpur  Malaysia
11. Manila  Philippines 12. Melbourne  Australia 13. Mumbai  India 14. Seoul
 South Korea 15. Shanghai  China 16. Singapore  Singapore 17. Sydney  Australia
18. Taipei  Taiwan 19. Tokyo – RPG  Japan 20. Tokyo – STRM  Japan

AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST

SN City Country 1. Dubai  United Arab Emirates 2. Haifa  Israel 3. Istanbul
 Turkey 4. Johannesburg  South Africa 5. Tel Aviv  Israel


INFRASTRUCTURE

Further information: Google data centers

Google has data centers in North and South America, Asia, and Europe.[277] There
is no official data on the number of servers in Google data centers; however,
research and advisory firm Gartner estimated in a July 2016 report that Google
at the time had 2.5 million servers.[278] Traditionally, Google relied on
parallel computing on commodity hardware like mainstream x86 computers (similar
to home PCs) to keep costs per query low.[279][280][281] In 2005, it started
developing its own designs, which were only revealed in 2009.[281]

Google has built its own private submarine communications cables. The first
cable, named Curie, connects California with Chile and was completed on November
15, 2019.[282][283] The second fully Google-owned undersea cable, named Dunant,
connects the United States with France and is planned to begin operation in
2020.[284] Google's third subsea cable, Equiano, will connect Lisbon, Portugal
with Lagos, Nigeria and Cape Town, South Africa.[285] The company's fourth
cable, named Grace Hopper, connects landing points in New York, US, Bude, UK and
Bilbao, Spain, and is expected to become operational in 2022.[286]


ENVIRONMENT

In October 2006, the company announced plans to install thousands of solar
panels to provide up to 1.6 Megawatt of electricity, enough to satisfy
approximately 30% of the campus' energy needs.[287][288] The system is the
largest rooftop photovoltaic power station constructed on a U.S. corporate
campus and one of the largest on any corporate site in the world.[287] Since
2007,[update] Google has aimed for carbon neutrality in regard to its
operations.[289]

Google disclosed in September 2011 that it "continuously uses enough electricity
to power 200,000 homes", almost 260 million watts or about a quarter of the
output of a nuclear power plant. Total carbon emissions for 2010 were just under
1.5 million metric tons, mostly due to fossil fuels that provide electricity for
the data centers. Google said that 25 percent of its energy was supplied by
renewable fuels in 2010. An average search uses only 0.3 watt-hours of
electricity, so all global searches are only 12.5 million watts or 5% of the
total electricity consumption by Google.[290]

In 2010, Google Energy made its first investment in a renewable energy project,
putting $38.8 million into two wind farms in North Dakota. The company announced
the two locations will generate 169.5 megawatts of power, enough to supply
55,000 homes.[291] In February 2010, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
granted Google an authorization to buy and sell energy at market rates.[292] The
corporation exercised this authorization in September 2013 when it announced it
would purchase all the electricity produced by the not-yet-built 240-megawatt
Happy Hereford wind farm.[293]

In July 2010, Google signed an agreement with an Iowa wind farm to buy 114
megawatts of power for 20 years.[294]

In December 2016, Google announced that—starting in 2017—it would purchase
enough renewable energy to match 100% of the energy usage of its data centers
and offices. The commitment will make Google "the world's largest corporate
buyer of renewable power, with commitments reaching 2.6 gigawatts (2,600
megawatts) of wind and solar energy".[295][296][297]

In November 2017, Google bought 536 megawatts of wind power. The purchase made
the firm reach 100% renewable energy. The wind energy comes from two power
plants in South Dakota, one in Iowa and one in Oklahoma.[298] In September 2019,
Google's chief executive announced plans for a $2 billion wind and solar
investment, the biggest renewable energy deal in corporate history. This will
grow their green energy profile by 40%, giving them an extra 1.6 gigawatt of
clean energy, the company said.[299]

In September 2020, Google announced it had retroactively offset all of its
carbon emissions since the company's foundation in 1998.[300] It also committed
to operating its data centers and offices using only carbon-free energy by
2030.[301] In October 2020, the company pledged to make the packaging for its
hardware products 100% plastic-free and 100% recyclable by 2025. It also said
that all its final assembly manufacturing sites will achieve a UL 2799 Zero
Waste to Landfill certification by 2022 by ensuring that the vast majority of
waste from the manufacturing process is recycled instead of ending up in a
landfill.[302]

CLIMATE CHANGE DENIAL AND MISINFORMATION

Google donates to climate change denial political groups including the State
Policy Network and the Competitive Enterprise Institute.[303][304] The company
also actively funds and profits from climate disinformation by monetizing ad
spaces on most of the largest climate disinformation sites.[305] Google
continued to monetize and profit from sites propagating climate disinformation
even after the company updated their policy to prohibit placing their ads on
similar sites.[306]


PHILANTHROPY

Main article: Google.org

In 2004, Google formed the not-for-profit philanthropic Google.org, with a
start-up fund of $1 billion.[307] The mission of the organization is to create
awareness about climate change, global public health, and global poverty. One of
its first projects was to develop a viable plug-in hybrid electric vehicle that
can attain 100 miles per gallon. Google hired Larry Brilliant as the program's
executive director in 2004[308] and Megan Smith has since[update] replaced him
as director.[309]

In March 2007, in partnership with the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute
(MSRI), Google hosted the first Julia Robinson Mathematics Festival at its
headquarters in Mountain View.[310] In 2011, Google donated 1 million euros to
International Mathematical Olympiad to support the next five annual
International Mathematical Olympiads (2011–2015).[311][312] In July 2012, Google
launched a "Legalize Love" campaign in support of gay rights.[313]

In 2008, Google announced its "project 10100" which accepted ideas for how to
help the community and then allowed Google users to vote on their
favorites.[314] After two years of silence, during which many wondered what had
happened to the program,[315] Google revealed the winners of the project, giving
a total of ten million dollars to various ideas ranging from non-profit
organizations that promote education to a website that intends to make all legal
documents public and online.[316]

Responding to the humanitarian crisis after the 2022 Russian invasion of
Ukraine, Google announced a $15 million donation to support Ukrainian
citizens.[317] The company also decided to transform its office in Warsaw into a
help center for refugees.[318]

Also in February 2022, Google announced a $100 million fund to expand skills
training and job placement for low-income Americans, in conjunction with
non-profits Year Up, Social Finance, and Merit America.[319]


CRITICISM AND CONTROVERSIES

Main articles: Criticism of Google, Censorship by Google, and Privacy concerns
regarding Google
This section should include a better summary of Criticism of Google. See
Wikipedia:Summary style for information on how to properly incorporate it into
this article's main text. (April 2019)

San Francisco activists protest privately owned shuttle buses that transport
workers for tech companies such as Google from their homes in San Francisco and
Oakland to corporate campuses in Silicon Valley.

Google has had criticism over issues such as aggressive tax avoidance,[320]
search neutrality, copyright, censorship of search results and content,[321] and
privacy.[322][323]

Other criticisms are alleged misuse and manipulation of search results, its use
of other people's intellectual property, concerns that its compilation of data
may violate people's privacy, and the energy consumption of its servers, as well
as concerns over traditional business issues such as monopoly, restraint of
trade, anti-competitive practices, and patent infringement.

Google formerly complied with Internet censorship policies of the People's
Republic of China,[324] enforced by means of filters colloquially known as "The
Great Firewall of China", but no longer does so. As a result, all Google
services except for Chinese Google Maps are blocked from access within mainland
China without the aid of virtual private networks, proxy servers, or other
similar technologies.


2018

In July 2018, Mozilla program manager Chris Peterson accused Google of
intentionally slowing down YouTube performance on Firefox.[325][326]

In August 2018, The Intercept reported that Google is developing for the
People's Republic of China a censored version of its search engine (known as
Dragonfly) "that will blacklist websites and search terms about human rights,
democracy, religion, and peaceful protest".[327][328] However, the project had
been withheld due to privacy concerns.[329][330]


2019

In 2019, a hub for critics of Google dedicated to abstaining from using Google
products coalesced in the Reddit online community /r/degoogle.[331] The DeGoogle
grassroots campaign continues to grow as privacy activists highlight information
about Google products, and the associated incursion on personal privacy rights
by the company.

In April 2019, former Mozilla executive Jonathan Nightingale accused Google of
intentionally and systematically sabotaging the Firefox browser over the past
decade in order to boost adoption of Google Chrome.[332]

In November 2019, the Office for Civil Rights of the United States Department of
Health and Human Services began investigation into Project Nightingale, to
assess whether the "mass collection of individuals' medical records" complied
with HIPAA.[333] According to The Wall Street Journal, Google secretively began
the project in 2018, with St. Louis-based healthcare company Ascension.[334]


2022

In a 2022 National Labor Relations Board ruling, court documents suggested that
Google sponsored a secretive project—Project Vivian—to counsel its employees and
to discourage them from forming unions.[335]


2023

On May 1, 2023, Google placed an ad against anti-disinformation Brazilian
Congressional Bill No. 2630, which was about to be approved, on its search
homepage in Brazil, calling on its users to ask congressional representatives to
oppose the legislation. The country's government and judiciary accused the
company of undue interference in the congressional debate, saying it could
amount to abuse of economic power and ordering the company to change the ad
within two hours of notification or face fines of R$1 million (2023)
(US$185,528.76) per non-compliance hour. The company then promptly removed the
ad.[336][337]


RACIALLY-TARGETED SURVEILLANCE

Google has aided controversial governments in mass surveillance projects,
sharing with police and military the identities of those protesting racial
injustice. In 2020, they shared with the FBI information collected from all
Android users at a Black Lives Matter protest in Seattle,[338] including those
who had opted out of location data collection.[339][340]

Google is also part of Project Nimbus, a $1.2 billion deal in which the
technology companies Google and Amazon will provide Israel and its military with
artificial intelligence, machine learning, and other cloud computing services,
including building local cloud sites that will "keep information within Israel's
borders under strict security guidelines."[341][342][343] The contract has been
criticized by shareholders as well as their employees over concerns that the
project will lead to further abuses of Palestinians' human rights in the context
of the ongoing illegal occupation and the Israeli–Palestinian
conflict.[344][345] Ariel Koren, a former marketing manager for Google's
educational products and an outspoken critic of the project, wrote that Google
"systematically silences Palestinian, Jewish, Arab and Muslim voices concerned
about Google's complicity in violations of Palestinian human rights—to the point
of formally retaliating against workers and creating an environment of fear",
reflecting her view that the ultimatum came in retaliation for her opposition to
and organization against the project.[341][346]


ANTI-TRUST, PRIVACY, AND OTHER LITIGATION

Main article: Google litigation
The European Commission, which imposed three fines on Google in 2017, 2018, and
2019

FINES AND LAWSUITS

EUROPEAN UNION

On June 27, 2017, the company received a record fine of €2.42 billion from the
European Union for "promoting its own shopping comparison service at the top of
search results."[347]

On July 18, 2018,[348] the European Commission fined Google €4.34 billion for
breaching EU antitrust rules. The abuse of dominant position has been referred
to Google's constraint applied to Android device manufacturers and network
operators to ensure that traffic on Android devices goes to the Google search
engine. On October 9, 2018, Google confirmed[349] that it had appealed the fine
to the General Court of the European Union.[350]

On October 8, 2018, a class action lawsuit was filed against Google and Alphabet
due to "non-public" Google+ account data being exposed as a result of a bug that
allowed app developers to gain access to the private information of users. The
litigation was settled in July 2020 for $7.5 million with a payout to claimants
of at least $5 each, with a maximum of $12 each.[351][352][353]

On March 20, 2019, the European Commission imposed a €1.49 billion ($1.69
billion) fine on Google for preventing rivals from being able to "compete and
innovate fairly" in the online advertising market. European Union competition
commissioner Margrethe Vestager said Google had violated EU antitrust rules by
"imposing anti-competitive contractual restrictions on third-party websites"
that required them to exclude search results from Google's rivals.[354][355]

On September 14, 2022, Google lost the appeal over €4.125bn (£3.5bn) fine, which
was ruled to be paid after it was proved by the European Commission that Google
forced Android phone-makers to carry Google's search and web browser apps. Since
the initial accusations, Google changed its policy.[356]

FRANCE

On January 21, 2019, French data regulator CNIL imposed a record €50 million
fine on Google for breaching the European Union's General Data Protection
Regulation. The judgment claimed Google had failed to sufficiently inform users
of its methods for collecting data to personalize advertising. Google issued a
statement saying it was "deeply committed" to transparency and was "studying the
decision" before determining its response.[357]

On January 6, 2022, France's data privacy regulatory body CNIL fined Alphabet's
Google 150 million euros (US$169 million) for not allowing its Internet users an
easy refusal of Cookies along with Facebook.[358]

UNITED STATES

After U.S. Congressional hearings in July 2020,[359] and a report from the U.S.
House of Representatives' Antitrust Subcommittee released in early October[360]
the United States Department of Justice filed an antitrust lawsuit against
Google on October 20, 2020, asserting that it has illegally maintained its
monopoly position in web search and search advertising.[361][362] The lawsuit
alleged that Google engaged in anticompetitive behavior by paying Apple between
$8 billion-$12 billion to be the default search engine on iPhones.[363] Later
that month, both Facebook and Alphabet agreed to "cooperate and assist one
another" in the face of investigation into their online advertising
practices.[364][365] Another suit was brought against Google in 2023 for
illegally monopolizing the advertising technology market.[366]

PRIVATE BROWSING LAWSUIT

See also: Private browsing

In early June 2020, a $5 billion class-action lawsuit was filed against Google
by a group of consumers, alleging that Chrome's Incognito browsing mode still
collects their user history.[367][368] The lawsuit became known in March 2021
when a federal judge denied Google's request to dismiss the case, ruling that
they must face the group's charges.[369][370] Reuters reported that the lawsuit
alleged that Google's CEO Sundar Pichai sought to keep the users unaware of this
issue.[371]

GENDER DISCRIMINATION LAWSUIT

In 2017, three women sued Google, accusing the company of violating California's
Equal Pay Act by underpaying its female employees. The lawsuit cited the wage
gap was around $17,000 and that Google locked women into lower career tracks,
leading to smaller salaries and bonuses. In June 2022, Google agreed to pay a
$118 million settlement to 15,550 female employees working in California since
2013. As a part of the settlement, Google also agreed to hire a third party to
analyze its hiring and compensation practices.[372][373][374]

U.S. GOVERNMENT CONTRACTS

Following media reports about PRISM, the NSA's massive electronic surveillance
program, in June 2013, several technology companies were identified as
participants, including Google.[375] According to unnamed sources, Google joined
the PRISM program in 2009, as YouTube in 2010.[376]

Google has worked with the United States Department of Defense on drone software
through the 2017 Project Maven that could be used to improve the accuracy of
drone strikes.[377] In April 2018, thousands of Google employees, including
senior engineers, signed a letter urging Google CEO Sundar Pichai to end this
controversial contract with the Pentagon.[378] Google ultimately decided not to
renew this DoD contract, which was set to expire in 2019.[379]


SEE ALSO

 * Outline of Google
 * History of Google
 * List of Google products
 * Google China
 * Google logo
 * Googlization
 * Google.org
 * Google ATAP
 * List of mergers and acquisitions by Alphabet


NOTES

 1. ^ Google was incorporated on September 4, 1998, however, since 2002, the
    company has celebrated its anniversaries on various days in September, most
    frequently on September 27.[1][2][3] The shift in dates reportedly happened
    to celebrate index-size milestones in tandem with the birthday.[4]


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FURTHER READING

 * Saylor, Michael (2012). The Mobile Wave: How Mobile Intelligence Will Change
   Everything. Perseus Books/Vanguard Press. ISBN 978-1-59315-720-3.
 * Vaidhyanathan, Siya (2011). The Googlization of Everything: (And Why We
   Should Worry) (Updated ed.). Berkeley, Calif.: University of California
   Press. ISBN 978-0-520-94869-3. JSTOR 10.1525/j.ctt1pn9z8. OCLC 779828585.


EXTERNAL LINKS

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Platforms

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   * Internet Low Bitrate Codec
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 * Gridcentric, Inc.
 * ITA Software
 * Kubernetes
 * LevelDB
 * Neatx
 * SageTV

Apigee
 * Bigtable
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   * VirusTotal
 * Compute Engine
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 * Dataflow
 * Datastore
 * Kaggle
 * Looker
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 * Messaging
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Tools
 * American Fuzzy Lop
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 * MIT App Inventor
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 * Native Client
 * Optimize
 * OpenRefine
 * OR-Tools
 * PageSpeed
 * Plugin for Eclipse
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 * Public DNS
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 * Schema.org
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 * Sitemaps
 * Swiffy
 * Tesseract (software)
 * Trendalyzer
 * VisBug
 * Wave Federation Protocol
 * Web Toolkit

Search algorithms
 * Hummingbird
 * PageRank
   * applications in biochemistry
   * Matrix
 * Panda
 * Penguin
 * Pigeon
 * RankBrain

Others

 * BERT
 * BigQuery
 * Chrome Experiments
 * Flutter
 * Gemini
 * Googlebot
 * Keyhole Markup Language
 * LaMDA
 * Open Location Code
 * PaLM
 * Programming languages
   * Caja
   * Carbon
   * Dart
   * Go
   * Sawzall
 * Transformer
 * Viewdle
 * Webdriver Torso
 * Web Server

File formats
 * AAB
 * APK
   * AV1
 * On2 Technologies
   * VP3
   * VP6
   * VP8
     * libvpx
 * VP9
 * WebM
 * WebP
 * WOFF2








show
Products


Entertainment

 * Currents (news app)
 * Green Throttle Games
 * Owlchemy Labs
 * Oyster
 * PaperofRecord.com
 * Podcasts
 * Quick, Draw!
 * Santa Tracker
 * Songza
 * Stadia
   * games
   * Typhoon Studios
 * TV
 * Vevo
 * Video

Play
 * Books
 * Games
 * most downloaded apps
 * Music
 * Newsstand
 * Pass
 * Services

YouTube
 * BandPage
 * BrandConnect
 * Content ID
 * Instant
 * Kids
 * Music
 * Official channel
 * Preferred
 * Premium
   * original programming
 * YouTube Rewind
 * RightsFlow
 * Shorts
 * Studio
 * TV


Communication
 * Allo
 * Bump
 * Buzz
 * Chat
 * Contacts
 * Currents (social app)
 * Dodgeball
 * Duo
 * Fi Wireless
 * Friend Connect
 * Gizmo5
 * Google+
 * Gmail
   * History
   * Inbox
   * Interface
 * Groups
 * Hangouts
 * Helpouts
 * IME
   * Japanese
   * Pinyin
   * Transliteration
 * Jaiku
 * Marratech
 * Meebo
 * Meet
 * Messages
 * Moderator
 * Neotonic Software
 * Orkut
 * Postini
 * Quest Visual
   * Word Lens
 * Schemer
 * Spaces
 * Sparrow
 * Talk
 * Translate
   * Translator Toolkit
 * Voice
 * Voice Local Search
 * Wave

Search
 * Aardvark
 * Alerts
 * Answers
 * Base
 * BeatThatQuote.com
 * Blog Search
 * Books
   * Ngram Viewer
 * Code Search
 * Data Commons
 * Dataset Search
 * Dictionary
 * Directory
 * Fast Flip
 * Flu Trends
 * Finance
 * Goggles
 * Google.by
 * Images
   * Image Labeler
   * Image Swirl
 * Kaltix
 * Knowledge Graph
   * Freebase
   * Metaweb
 * Like.com
 * News
   * Archive
   * Weather
 * Patents
 * People Cards
 * Personalized Search
 * Public Data Explorer
 * Questions and Answers
 * SafeSearch
 * Scholar
 * Searchwiki
 * Shopping
 * Catalogs
   * Express
 * Squared
 * Tenor
 * Travel
   * Flights
 * Trends
   * Insights for Search
 * Voice Search
 * WDYL

Navigation
 * Earth
 * Endoxon
 * ImageAmerica
 * Maps
   * Latitude
   * Map Maker
   * Navigation
   * Pin
   * Street View
     * Coverage
     * Trusted
 * Waze

Business
and finance
 * Ad Manager
 * AdMob
 * Ads
 * Adscape
 * AdSense
 * Attribution
 * BebaPay
 * Checkout
 * Contributor
 * DoubleClick
   * Affiliate Network
   * Invite Media
 * Marketing Platform
   * Analytics
   * Looker Studio
   * Urchin
 * Pay (mobile app)
   * Wallet
   * Pay (payment method)
   * Send
   * Tez
 * PostRank
 * Primer
 * Softcard
 * Wildfire Interactive
 * Widevine

Organization
and productivity

 * Bookmarks
 * Browser Sync
 * Calendar
 * Cloud Search
 * Desktop
 * Drive
 * Etherpad
 * fflick
 * Files
 * iGoogle
 * Jamboard
 * Notebook
 * One
 * Photos
 * Quickoffice
 * Quick Search Box
 * Surveys
 * Sync
 * Tasks
 * Toolbar

Docs Editors
 * Docs
 * Drawings
 * Forms
 * Fusion Tables
 * Keep
 * Sheets
 * Slides
 * Sites

Publishing
 * Apture
 * Blogger
   * Pyra Labs
 * Domains
 * FeedBurner
 * One Pass
 * Page Creator
 * Sites
 * Web Designer


Education
 * Classroom
 * Grasshopper
 * Socratic
 * Photomath
 * Read Along
 * Workspace
   * Marketplace

Others

 * Account
   * Dashboard
   * Takeout
 * Android Auto
 * Android Beam
 * Arts & Culture
 * Assistant
 * Authenticator
 * Bard
 * Body
 * BufferBox
 * Building Maker
 * BumpTop
 * Cast
   * List of supported apps
 * Cloud Print
 * Crowdsource
 * Expeditions
 * Family Link
 * Find My Device
 * Fit
 * Google Fonts
 * Gboard
 * Gesture Search
 * Impermium
 * Knol
 * Lively
 * Live Transcribe
 * MyTracks
 * Nearby Share
 * Now
 * Offers
 * Opinion Rewards
 * Person Finder
 * PlinkArt
 * Poly
 * Question Hub
 * Reader
 * Safe Browsing
 * Sidewiki
 * SlickLogin
 * Sound Amplifier
 * Speech Services
 * Station
 * Store
 * TalkBack
 * Tilt Brush
 * URL Shortener
 * Voice Access
 * Wavii
 * Web Light
 * WiFi

Chrome
 * Apps
 * Chromium
 * Dinosaur Game
 * GreenBorder
 * Remote Desktop
 * Web Store
 * V8

Images and
photography
 * Camera
 * Lens
 * Snapseed
   * Nik Software
 * Panoramio
 * Photos
 * Picasa
   * Web Albums
 * Picnik








show
Hardware


Smartphones
 * Android Dev Phone
 * Android One
 * Nexus
   * Nexus One
   * S
   * Galaxy Nexus
   * 4
   * 5
   * 6
   * 5X
   * 6P
   * Comparison
 * Pixel
   * Pixel
   * 2
   * 3
   * 3a
   * 4
   * 4a
   * 5
   * 5a
   * 6
   * 6a
   * 7
   * 7a
   * Fold
   * 8
   * Comparison
 * Play Edition
 * Project Ara

Laptops and tablets
 * Chromebook
 * Nexus
   * 7 (2012)
   * 7 (2013)
   * 10
   * 9
   * Comparison
 * Pixel
   * Chromebook Pixel
   * Pixelbook
   * Pixelbook Go
   * C
   * Slate
   * Tablet

Wearables
 * Fitbit
   * List of products
 * Pixel Buds
 * Pixel Watch
 * Pixel Watch 2
 * Project Iris (unreleased)
 * Virtual reality
   * Cardboard
   * Contact Lens
   * Daydream
   * Glass

Others
 * Chromebit
 * Chromebox
 * Clips
 * Digital media players
   * Chromecast
   * Nexus Player
   * Nexus Q
 * Dropcam
 * Liquid Galaxy
 * Nest
   * Smart Speakers
   * Thermostat
   * Wifi
 * OnHub
 * Pixel Visual Core
 * Search Appliance
 * Sycamore processor
 * Tensor
 * Tensor Processing Unit
 * Titan Security Key






show
Related


Terms and phrases
 * "Don't be evil"
 * Gayglers
 * Google (verb)
 * Google bombing
   * 2004 U.S. presidential election
 * Google effect
 * Googlefight
 * Google hacking
 * Googleshare
 * Google tax
 * Googlewhack
 * Googlization
 * "Illegal flower tribute"
 * Rooting
 * Search engine manipulation effect
 * Sitelink
 * Site reliability engineering
 * YouTube poop

Documentaries
 * AlphaGo
 * Google: Behind the Screen
 * Google Maps Road Trip
 * Google and the World Brain
 * The Creepy Line

Books
 * Google Hacks
 * The Google Story
 * Google Volume One
 * Googled: The End of the World as We Know It
 * How Google Works
 * I'm Feeling Lucky
 * In the Plex
 * The Google Book

Popular culture
 * Google Feud
 * Google Me (film)
 * "Google Me" (Kim Zolciak song)
 * "Google Me" (Teyana Taylor song)
 * Is Google Making Us Stupid?
 * Proceratium google
 * Matt Nathanson: Live at Google
 * The Billion Dollar Code
 * The Internship
 * Where on Google Earth is Carmen Sandiego?

Others
 * "Attention Is All You Need"
 * elgooG
 * g.co
 * .google
 * Pimp My Search
 * Predictions of the end
 * Relationship with Wikipedia
 * Sensorvault
 * Stanford Digital Library Project




 * Italics indicate discontinued products or services.
 * Category
 * Commons
 * Outline
 * WikiProject



show
 * v
 * t
 * e

Alphabet Inc.
Subsidiaries


Current
 * Access
   * Google Fiber
 * Calico
 * CapitalG
 * Google
   * DeepMind
     * AlphaFold
     * AlphaGo
       * vs. Fan Hui
       * vs. Ke Jie
       * vs. Lee Sedol
         * film
       * Future of Go Summit
     * AlphaGo Zero
     * AlphaStar
     * AlphaZero
     * Master
     * MuZero
     * WaveNet
   * DoubleClick
   * Firebase
   * Fitbit
   * Tenor
   * Waze
   * YouTube
 * GV
 * Isomorphic Labs
 * Verily
   * Baseline Study
 * X Development
 * Waymo
 * Wing

Former
 * Boston Dynamics
 * Chronicle Security
 * Jigsaw
 * Loon
 * Makani
 * Meka Robotics
 * Nest Labs
 * Sidewalk Labs
   * Toronto


People


Executives


Current
 * Sundar Pichai (CEO)
 * Ruth Porat (CFO)

Former
 * Larry Page (CEO)
 * Sergey Brin (President)
 * David Drummond (CLO)


Board of directors


Current
 * Frances Arnold
 * Sergey Brin
 * R. Martin Chavez
 * John Doerr
 * John L. Hennessy
 * Ann Mather
 * Larry Page
 * Sundar Pichai
 * Ram Shriram
 * Roger W. Ferguson Jr.

Former
 * Diane Greene
 * Alan Mulally
 * Eric Schmidt


Others
 * Andrew Conrad
 * Tony Fadell
 * Arthur D. Levinson
 * David Krane
 * Astro Teller


 * Category
 *  Companies portal
 *  Internet portal



show
Links to related articles

show
 * v
 * t
 * e

Open Handset Alliance
Mobile
operators
 * Bouygues Telecom
 * China Mobile
 * China Telecommunications Corporation
 * China Unicom
 * Gruppo TIM
 * KDDI
 * Nepal Telecom
 * NTT Docomo
 * SoftBank Group
 * Sprint Corporation
 * T-Mobile
 * Telefónica
 * Telus
 * Vodafone

Software
companies
 * Access
 * Ascender Corporation
 * eBay
 * Google
 * Myriad Group
 * Nuance Communications
 * NXP Software
 * Omron
 * PacketVideo
 * SVOX
 * VisualOn

Semiconductor
companies
 * AKM Semiconductor
 * Arm
 * Audience
 * Broadcom
 * CSR plc (joined as SiRF)
 * Cypress Semiconductor
 * Freescale Semiconductor
 * Gemalto
 * Intel
 * Marvell Technology Group
 * MediaTek
 * MIPS Technologies
 * Nvidia
 * Qualcomm
 * Qualcomm Atheros
 * Renesas Electronics
 * ST-Ericsson (joined as Ericsson Mobile Platforms)
 * Synaptics
 * Texas Instruments

Handset
makers
 * Acer
 * Alcatel Mobile Phones
 * Asus
 * Chaudhary Group (with association of LG)
 * CCI
 * Dell
 * Foxconn
 * Garmin
 * HTC
 * Huawei
 * Kyocera
 * Lenovo Mobile
 * LG Electronics
 * Motorola Mobility
 * NEC Corporation
 * Samsung Electronics
 * Sharp Corporation
 * Sony Mobile
 * Toshiba
 * ZTE

Commercialization
companies
 * Accenture
 * Borqs
 * Sasken Communication Technologies
 * Teleca
 * The Astonishing Tribe
 * Wind River Systems
 * Wipro Technologies

See also
 * Android
 * Dalvik virtual machine
 * Google Nexus
 * T-Mobile G1



show
 * v
 * t
 * e

Google Lunar X Prize
Organizers
 * Google
   * Sundar Pichai
   * Larry Page
   * Sergey Brin
 * X Prize Foundation
   * Peter Diamandis

Finalist teams
 * Hakuto
 * Moon Express
 * SpaceIL
 * Synergy Moon
 * TeamIndus

Withdrawn teams
 * Advaeros
 * AngelicvM
 * ARCA
 * Astrobotic
 * Barcelona Moon Team
 * C-Base Open Moon
 * Euroluna
 * FREDNET
 * Independence-X
 * JURBAN
 * LunaTrex
 * Micro-Space
 * Mystical Moon
 * Next Giant Leap
 * Odyssey Moon
 * Omega Envoy
 * Part-Time Scientists
 * Penn State Lunar Lion Team
 * Team Puli
 * Quantum3
 * Rocket City Space Pioneers
 * SCSG
 * Selenokhod
 * SpaceMETA
 * STELLAR
 * Team Italia
 * Team Phoenicia
 * Team Plan B
 * Team SELENE

Spacecraft
 * ALINA (Part-Time Scientists)
 * Beresheet (SpaceIL)
 * HHK-1 / ECA (TeamIndus)
 * MX-1E (Moon Express)
 * Peregrine (Astrobotic)
 * SORATO (Hakuto)
 * Tesla (Synergy Moon)
 * Unity (AngelicvM)



show
 * v
 * t
 * e

Major mobile device companies
Companies with an annual revenue of over US$3 billion
 * Acer
 * Advan
 * Alba
 * Amazon
 * Apple
 * Asus
 * BBK Electronics
   * Oppo
     * OnePlus
     * Realme
   * Vivo
     * iQOO
 * BlackBerry Limited
 * BLU Products
 * Bush
 * Dell
 * Foxconn
   * Sharp
   * InFocus
   * Nokia
 * Fujitsu
 * GeeksPhone
 * Gionee
 * Google (Fitbit)
 * Haier
 * Hisense
 * Honor
 * HTC
 * HP
 * Huawei
 * Intel
 * Kyocera
 * Lenovo
   * Motorola Mobility
 * LG
 * Meizu
 * Microsoft
   * Lumia
 * HMD Global
   * Nokia
 * Onyx Boox
 * Panasonic
 * Samsung
 * Sony
 * TCL
   * Alcatel Mobile
   * BlackBerry Mobile
   * RCA
   * Palm
 * Toshiba
 * Transsion
   * Tecno
   * Infinix
   * Itel
 * Tinno Mobile
   * Wiko
 * True
 * Vaio
 * VinSmart
 * Xiaomi
   * Redmi
   * POCO
   * Black Shark
 * ZTE
   * Nubia
 * Zoostorm

See also Largest IT companies Category:Mobile technology companies
Category:Mobile phone manufacturers



show
 * v
 * t
 * e

Major Internet companies
Companies with an annual revenue of over US$4 billion
Internet
 * Adobe
 * Alibaba
 * Alphabet
   * Google
 * Amazon
 * Apple
 * Baidu
 * IAC
 * Kakao
 * Meituan
 * Meta
   * Facebook
 * Microsoft
 * Naver
 * NetEase
 * Tencent
 * Yandex

Cloud computing
 * Akamai
 * Alibaba Cloud
 * AWS
 * Apple iCloud
 * Google
 * IBM
 * Microsoft Azure
 * Oracle Corporation
 * Salesforce
 * ServiceNow

E-commerce
 * Amazon.com
 * Apple
 * Booking Holdings
 * Coupang
 * eBay
 * Expedia
 * Flipkart
 * Groupon
 * JD.com
 * Lazada
 * Mercado Libre
 * Rakuten
 * Shopee
 * Shopify
 * Suning.com
 * Trip.com
 * Uber
 * Wayfair
 * Zalando

Media
 * Bloomberg
 * BuzzFeed
 * ByteDance
 * G/O Media
 * Kuaishou
 * Netflix
 * Paramount Streaming
 * Spotify
 * Warner Bros. Discovery



show
 * v
 * t
 * e

Major software companies
Companies with annual software revenue of over US$3 billion
 * Adobe
 * Amadeus IT Group
 * Amazon
 * Apple
 * Autodesk
 * Citrix
 * FIS
 * Google
 * HPE
 * IBM
 * Intuit
 * Infor
 * Microsoft
 * Oracle
 * Quest Software
 * Sage Group
 * SAP
 * Tencent

See also Largest IT companies Largest software companies Category:Software
companies



show
 * v
 * t
 * e

Laureates of the Prince or Princess of Asturias Award for Communication and
Humanities

Prince of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities
1980s
 * 1981: María Zambrano
 * 1982: Mario Bunge
 * 1983: El País newspaper
 * 1984: Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz
 * 1985: José Ferrater Mora
 * 1986: Grupo Globo
 * 1987: El Espectador and El Tiempo newspapers
 * 1988: Horacio Sáenz Guerrero
 * 1989: Pedro Laín Entralgo and Fondo de Cultura Económica

1990s
 * 1990: José Simeón Cañas Central American University
 * 1991: Luis María Anson
 * 1992: Emilio García Gómez
 * 1993: Vuelta magazine by Octavio Paz
 * 1994: Spanish Missions in Rwanda and Burundi
 * 1995: EFE Agency and José Luis López Aranguren
 * 1996: Indro Montanelli and Julián Marías
 * 1997: Václav Havel and CNN
 * 1998: Reinhard Mohn
 * 1999: Caro and Cuervo Institute

2000s
 * 2000: Umberto Eco
 * 2001: George Steiner
 * 2002: Hans Magnus Enzensberger
 * 2003: Ryszard Kapuściński and Gustavo Gutiérrez Merino
 * 2004: Jean Daniel
 * 2005: Alliance française, Società Dante Alighieri, British Council,
   Goethe-Institut, Instituto Cervantes and Instituto Camões
 * 2006: National Geographic Society
 * 2007: Nature and Science journals
 * 2008: Google
 * 2009: National Autonomous University of Mexico

2010s
 * 2010: Alain Touraine and Zygmunt Bauman
 * 2011: Royal Society
 * 2012: Shigeru Miyamoto
 * 2013: Annie Leibovitz
 * 2014: Quino




Princess of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities
2010s
 * 2015: Emilio Lledó Íñigo
 * 2016: James Nachtwey
 * 2017: Les Luthiers
 * 2018: Alma Guillermoprieto
 * 2019: Museo del Prado

2020s
 * 2020: Guadalajara International Book Fair and Hay Festival of Literature &
   Arts
 * 2021: Gloria Steinem
 * 2022: Adam Michnik
 * 2023: Nuccio Ordine





show
 * v
 * t
 * e

Electronics industry in the United States
Companies


Home appliances
 * Apple
 * Bose
 * Cisco
 * Corsair
 * Dell
 * Dolby Laboratories
 * Element Electronics
 * Emerson Radio
 * Harman
 * Honeywell
 * HP
 * InFocus
 * Jensen Electronics
 * Kenmore
 * Kingston
 * Kimball
 * Koss
 * Lexmark
 * Logitech
 * Magnavox
 * Marantz
 * Memorex
 * Microsoft
 * Monster
 * Plantronics
 * Planar Systems
 * Pyle USA
 * Razer
 * Seagate
 * Seiki Digital
 * Skullcandy
 * Turtle Beach
 * ViewSonic
 * Vizio
 * Western Digital
   * HGST
   * SanDisk
 * Westinghouse Electric Company
 * Westinghouse Electronics
 * Xerox

Electronic components
 * 3M
 * Achronix
 * Analog Devices
   * Maxim Integrated
 * Applied Materials
 * Altera
 * AVX
 * Cirque
 * Diodes Inc.
 * Flex
 * Jabil
 * KEMET
 * Maxwell Technologies
 * Sanmina
 * Vishay

Semiconductor devices
 * AMD
 * Ampere Computing
 * Apple
 * Broadcom
 * Cypress Semiconductor
 * GlobalFoundries
 * IBM
 * Intel
 * Interlink
 * KLA-Tencor
 * Lam Research
 * Lattice
 * Marvell Technology
 * Microchip (Atmel)
 * Micron
 * NetApp
 * Nimbus Data
 * Nvidia
   * Mellanox
 * NXP
 * Onsemi
 * Qualcomm
 * Silicon Image
 * Synaptics
 * Tabula
 * Texas Instruments
 * Xilinx
 * Zilog

Mobile devices
 * Apple
 * BLU
 * Google
 * Lenovo (Motorola Mobility)

Other
 * Cadence Design Systems
 * Cray
 * GE
   * RCA
 * Oracle Corporation
 * Synopsys


Defunct
 * Actel
 * Atari Corporation
 * Commodore
 * Compaq
 * Fairchild
 * Freescale
 * LSI
 * Microsemi
 * National Semiconductor
 * Palm
 * Philco
 * RCA
 * Signetics
 * Silicon Graphics
 * Solectron
 * Sun Microsystems
 * Zenith Electronics

Portals:
 *  Companies
 *  Computer programming
 *  Internet
 *  San Francisco Bay Area
 *  Technology



show
Authority control databases
International
 * ISNI
 * VIAF

National
 * Norway
 * France
 * BnF data
 * Catalonia
 * Germany
 * Israel
 * United States
 * Czech Republic
 * Australia
 * Sweden

Artists
 * Museum of Modern Art
 * Te Papa (New Zealand)

People
 * Trove

Other
 * IdRef

Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Google&oldid=1189538807"
Categories:
 * Google
 * 1998 establishments in California
 * 2004 initial public offerings
 * Alphabet Inc.
 * AI companies
 * American corporate subsidiaries
 * Cloud computing providers
 * Companies based in Mountain View, California
 * Companies in the PRISM network
 * Computer companies established in 1998
 * Computer companies of the United States
 * Computer hardware companies
 * Computer systems companies
 * Internet properties established in 1998
 * Mobile phone manufacturers
 * Multinational companies headquartered in the United States
 * Technology companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
 * Technology companies established in 1998
 * University spin-offs
 * Virtual reality companies
 * Web portals
 * Web service providers
 * Webby Award winners

Hidden categories:
 * Pages using the Phonos extension
 * Articles with short description
 * Short description is different from Wikidata
 * Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism
 * Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages
 * Use American English from July 2022
 * All Wikipedia articles written in American English
 * Use mdy dates from August 2022
 * Infobox network service provider ASN same as Wikidata
 * Pages including recorded pronunciations
 * Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2015
 * All articles containing potentially dated statements
 * Articles containing potentially dated statements from 1998
 * Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2020
 * Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2020
 * Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2019
 * Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007
 * Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2009
 * Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata
 * Pages using Sister project links with default search
 * Articles with ISNI identifiers
 * Articles with VIAF identifiers
 * Articles with BIBSYS identifiers
 * Articles with BNF identifiers
 * Articles with BNFdata identifiers
 * Articles with CANTICN identifiers
 * Articles with GND identifiers
 * Articles with J9U identifiers
 * Articles with LCCN identifiers
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 * Articles with NLA identifiers
 * Articles with SELIBR identifiers
 * Articles with MoMA identifiers
 * Articles with TePapa identifiers
 * Articles with Trove identifiers
 * Articles with SUDOC identifiers

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