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BTC DDC MOPH TH SMOKE FREE

Keywords: intention of compliance with tobacco products control act, tobacco
retailers, theory of The samples tobacco retailers at grocery stores located
around government high Available from:


BTC DDC MOPH TH SMOKE FREE

Contents:
Stakeholder’s Assessment of the Awareness and Effectiveness of Smoke-free Law in
Thailand Stakeholder’s Assessment of the Awareness and Effectiveness of
Smoke-free Law in Thailand Background


Luxembourg: World Health Organization; Global economic cost of
smoking-attributable diseases. Tobac Contr ; 58— National Statistical Office.
The Smoking and Drinking Behaviour Survey Bangkok: National Statistical Office;
Disease Control Journal ;— Chotbenjamaporn P, Anuntawong N. Law Division.
Tobacco Product Control Act B. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University; Bureau of
Tobacco Control. Smoke Free School in [Internet]. Bureau of Tobacco Control;
[cited July 22].

Density of tobacco retailers near schools: effects on tobacco use among
students. Am J Publ Health ; — Tobacco retailer density surrounding schools and
youth smoking behaviour: a multi-level analysis. Tobacco Induced Disease ;—7.

Tobacco retailer density surrounding schools and cigarette access behaviors
among underage smoking students. Ann Behav Med ;— Ajzen I. From intention to
actions: A theory of planned behaviour. International Journal of Health Policy
and Management , 7, 10, , International Journal of Health Policy and Management
, ; 7 10 : Toggle navigation. Methods Stakeholder ratings of Guideline
provisions of Article 8 on a three-tiered scale of implementation from
understanding to effectiveness and efficiency were used to identify gaps in
enforcement and compliance important to success in meeting Article 8 goals.

This stakeholder assessment occurred through a stakeholder meeting of 55
stakeholders in Bangkok, Thailand in June Results The average of all assessment
ratings by stakeholders on an ascending scale had a mean score of 1. The
assessment shows that the public understanding of smoke-free principles is also
poor at a mean of 1. More needs to be done to make all places compliant through
enforcement efforts rated with a mean of only 1, and that more is necessary for
protection from tobacco-smoke exposure in other public places and in private
vehicles with mean ratings of 1. Conclusion This stakeholder approach using a
three-tiered rating scale found that the implementation of Article 8 in Thailand
is still lacking.

With this approach, stakeholders identified critical issues needing improvement
and informed changes in the then-proposed Tobacco Product Control Act which
later was adopted in Full Text. Nikogosian H, Kickbusch I. The Legal strength of
international health instruments - What it brings to global health governance?
Int J Health Policy Manag. Guidelines for implementation Article 5. World Health
Organization. Methods: Stakeholder ratings of Guideline provisions of Article 8
on a three-tiered scale of implementation from understanding to effectiveness
and efficiency were used to identify gaps in enforcement and compliance
important to success in meeting Article 8 goals.

This stakeholder assessment occurred through a stakeholder meeting of 55
stakeholders in Bangkok, Thailand in June Results: The average of all assessment
ratings by stakeholders on an ascending scale had a mean score of 1. The
assessment shows that the public understanding of smoke-free principles is also
poor at a mean of 1. More needs to be done to make all places compliant through
enforcement efforts rated with a mean of only 1, and that more is necessary for
protection from tobacco-smoke exposure in other public places and in private
vehicles with mean ratings of 1.


STAKEHOLDER’S ASSESSMENT OF THE AWARENESS AND EFFECTIVENESS OF SMOKE-FREE LAW IN
THAILAND

Conclusion: This stakeholder approach using a three-tiered rating scale found
that the implementation of Article 8 in Thailand is still lacking. With this
approach, stakeholders identified critical issues needing improvement and
informed changes in the then-proposed Tobacco Product Control Act which later
was adopted in Thus, one important way to assess commitment to the FCTC is the
way member states, countries who ratified the Convention, have responded to
Article 8 Guidelines. However, the COP-adopted guidelines do call for member
nations to adopt comprehensive smoke-free policies within 5 years of FCTC
adoption.

Thailand has been a leader among middle-income countries in tobacco control
activities in Asia. But now that guidelines on other articles have been
developed, worldwide action on Article 8 has declined. Thailand recently
proposed and passed a stronger tobacco control law, the Tobacco Products Control
Act which went into effect in July Attendees were 55 government and
non-government organization representatives involved in FCTC implementation and
rated provisions of Article 8 implementation in Thailand at present.




WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic Monitoring tobacco use and prevention
policies. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; The need for attention to these other places
where people are crowded together is indicated by this rating. International
Journal of Health Policy and Management; 7 10 : Norman P, et al. Building
tobacco control research in Thailand: meeting the need for innovative change in
Asia. Conclusion: This stakeholder approach using a three-tiered rating scale
found that the implementation of Article 8 in Thailand is still lacking. Tob
Control. Global economic cost of smoking-attributable diseases. Results Figure
provides the results of this implementation assessment. Looking at the
implementation btc ddc moph th smoke free this way gives the public assurance
that policy is being devised with the total context of societal needs in mind.

A three-tiered criterion of understanding, effectiveness, and efficiency was
used in giving the ratings. To provide a framework for rating implementation, a
three-tiered scale with scoring between 0 and 3 to establish the level of
implementation of provisions of Article 8 was developed by tobacco control
experts who had worked with TRC on FCTC research.

The stakeholder approach was chosen since it is an accepted method of confirming
community concerns needing further investigation through research. A stakeholder
meeting was held with representatives from six Ministries, National Police
Office, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration and non-government organizations
including experts and experienced officials with a familiarity of the
implementation of the smoke-free law and its enforcement in Thailand.


STAKEHOLDER’S ASSESSMENT OF THE AWARENESS AND EFFECTIVENESS OF SMOKE-FREE LAW IN
THAILAND

Note: There are three main Article areas shown: education, legislation and
enforcement with coverage of public spaces. Figure provides the results of this
implementation assessment. The ratings of items in Figure reflect stakeholder
views of public understanding of smoke-free principles not understood level 1 ,
law effectiveness compliance level 2 and law effectiveness and efficiency level
3. As shown in Figure, the public, as assessed by stakeholders, has a poor
understanding of tobacco smoke harms 1.

The mean score of 1. The level of compliance with smoke-free laws was scored
lowest at 1. For item 3 on the comprehensive protection from exposure to tobacco
smoke in all places and areas, a mean score of 1. Satisfaction of effectiveness
was present with the level of protection in government buildings, healthcare and
educational facilities, private workplaces, on airplanes, in motor vehicles used
for work, in cultural facilities and restaurants, all rated 2.

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However, half of the ratings of places did not reach level 2. The mean of all
Article 8 assessment ratings from Figure is 1. More needs to be done to make all
places comply with enforcement efforts. Even though some past studies 13 - 15
reported that the Thai public had shown a high level of understanding that
secondhand smoke is dangerous, stakeholders perceive this understanding to be
quite superficial.

Also, the score of 1. The need for attention to these other places where people
are crowded together is indicated by this rating.


BACKGROUND

Significantly, a score of 1. This score is the lowest, indicating lack of
protection as compared to other specific places listed in item 3 since Thailand
has not yet banned smoking in private cars.

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Many countries already have smoking bans in private vehicles to protect
passengers from secondhand smoke and to improve road safety, especially to
protect children from smoke that can cause them both short- and long-term health
effects. Another concern of importance to stakeholders was smoking at entrances
to public buildings where smoking is prohibited inside. The recommendations
reported below reflect stakeholder concerns and have informed consideration of
the provisions of the proposed Tobacco Product Control Act which subsequently
was adopted in The rating results confirm various concerns and gaps observed by
stakeholders and requiring a public response.

Some responses were expressed as recommendations requiring long-term actions
while enforcement actions were seen as more immediately possible.




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Trending News. Buying Guides. How much informed trading is it best for any given
market to have?

Traders who know material non-public information improve the accuracy of asset
prices by expressing their informed views through trading, and the possibility
of trading profits encourages them to acquire information to begin with.
Extensive informed trading can demoralize investors from entering a market at
all. Professors Fox, Glosten, and Rauterberg use the tradeoff between price
accuracy and liquidity as the main evaluative lens for scrutinizing various
types of informed trading:.

How well the market functions can be described largely in terms of its two most
important characteristics: price accuracy and liquidity. But, the ratio of these
two impacts and the duration of the price accuracy improvement vary greatly from
one type to another. Fox et al.


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While the price accuracy gains of insider trading differ by type of trade, the
liquidity effects do not appreciably do so. If market makers lose money to an
informed trader, it does not make any difference how the counter-party acquired
their advantage; a bookie loses money against a gambler who knows the outcome of
the match, regardless of how the gambler knows. Thus, price accuracy matters in
evaluating particular trading practices, but only liquidity matters in
evaluating the general domain of insider trading regulation.

Assets for which the liquidity harm of informed trading is large should be
subject to insider trading regulation in some cases the details of which must be
decided in light of price accuracy effects ; assets for which the liquidity harm
of informed trading is small should not be subject to insider trading
regulations. Therefore, we can decide the domain of insider trading regulation
in part based on the liquidity cost of informed trading, prior to any fine
tuning in light of price accuracy. Consider how this first principle applies to
various asset types. Informed trading has a clear cost in terms of liquidity for
securities markets.

We can be confident that market intermediaries in securities widen their spreads
in the presence of informed traders. Similar stories can be told about commodity
markets.

Trading costs rise in response to expected losses to informed traders. There is
no natural user of crypto assets who must trade in them regardless of the market
conditions. The goal of many asset promoters of creating a liquid currency is
highly dependent upon reducing adverse selection and trading costs. The story is
different for other assets, such as real estate and precious art, because the
effect of information asymmetries do less to inefficiently alter conduct in the
real economy.

Buyers of real estate routinely pay six percent commissions to brokers plus
myriad other costs.


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One reason is that some purchases in this realm are personal rather than
financial the buyer wants to live in the house, or view the artwork , and so may
be less elastic as a result. Another reason is that most participants in the
real estate and art markets are only occasional participants—they do not buy and
sell all day. Taken together, this means that there is no one actor who is
constantly penalized by the cost of informed trading and may take socially
inefficient self-protected actions as a result.

Insider trading law prevents informed traders from making gains at the expense
of market intermediaries and other traders. If they flee the market or charge
more for liquidity as in securities, commodities and crypto assets , then we may
be in the domain of insider trading law, and the question then becomes whether
there are offsetting price accuracy effects that make one particular type of
transaction or another desirable, notwithstanding its cost. The common law of
contract imposes some duties on contractors to disclose information to their
counter-party or abstain from trading with them.

For example, a seller of real estate may not sell a home with an undisclosed
knowledge of a latent defect, just as some sellers of stock may not sell stock
with undisclosed knowledge of the equivalent of a latent defect. Insider trading
law is enforced by numerous professionals: class action lawyers and government
enforcement officials.

Federal laws also allow private civil actions by injured persons arguably harmed
by insider traders. For 14e-3 and 10b-5 actions, the trader need not prove they
actually bought from or sold to the insider. An additional layer of law is
justified to a greater degree if these professional enforcers are justified. Two
factors bear on this question: 1 the necessity of expertise, and 2 the value of
the asset and asset class. Professional enforcers can develop expertise.

This expertise makes it easier to enforce the law. But expertise is only
sometimes of large value. It is of large value when the subject matter is
complex, such that amateur enforcers may bungle things, and when cases are
sufficiently alike that there is even some general subject to become an expert
in.

Asset value is the other factor. When an asset class is of great overall value,
it is likely worth social resources preventing problems with that asset class.
However, single plaintiffs will bring their own case if the value is great to
them, too. So, what is required is an asset that makes up a high aggregate value
to society, but a relatively low value to the harmed investor. Then it is worth
a public enforcer precisely because the victim may just let things go, resulting
in underenforcement.

These two principles broadly comport with my claims about the domain of insider
trading law. To see why, consider the candidate asset classes. Securities
insider trading is well-situated for professional enforcement. The law,
economics, and microstructure of securities and securities trading baffles most
law students, to say nothing of investors. It takes professionals to understand
finance and to bring cases arising in capital markets.

The importance of the subject is also great—the dollar value of securities is
staggering, and it represents the industrial policy and retirement prospects of
a nation. And it is not just complexity. Insider trading is difficult to detect.

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It requires costly forensic techniques, such as wiretaps and confidential
witnesses, which only the government and sophisticated firms use. Theory and
experience teach that professional enforcement is justified if insider trading
is to be reduced in securities. A similar story is true of commodities.

How many Americans understand the last few minutes of the film Trading Places?
Although commodities prices sometimes swing wildly, the small changes in price
implied by material non-public information is often not sufficient to motivate a
victim to sue—in part because her position is hedged and her losses on one
instrument are largely offset by another.

The long-term harm is one she is in no position to vindicate—widespread
breakdown in the value of hedging and speculation instruments. Although it is
early, it seems plausible that crypto assets fit with the forgoing, such that
crypto assets warrant expert enforcers. Crypto assets have a large market
capitalization, and they may presage a transformative phase in the technological
evolution of capitalism. This is compounded by the fact that many promoters and
exchanges are located overseas.

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Real estate and art are different on these two factors. Each property is
somewhat unique, making it harder for experts to develop expertise. Traders tend
to use the assets they own, giving them a local expertise that may exceed that
of professional enforcers. The precise contours of insider trading law are
debatable.

Should we have an ad hoc rule banning short-swing trades? One common approach to
this question is to blithely assume that equity securities stand alone. These
replies have long dominated discussions of insider trading in commodities and
traditional currencies, but they are now being deployed to exclude
cryptocurrencies and other crypto assets from the domain of insider trading law
and policy.

This Article addressed crypto assets both on their own merits as an important
asset class worthy of attention, and also as a token for the broader approach to
the paradigm. There is no simple reason to think that crypto assets stand
outside of insider trading law and policy. Indeed, many distinctive features of
these novel assets make familiar market abuse rationales more applicable than
ever.

Should it be a federal crime any time someone buys or sells anything with less
than perfect candor? There are costs to insider trading law, whatever its form,
and they should only be borne in contexts where they stand some chance of being
worth the candle. Instead, it is helpful to realize that the core of the matter
concerns the marginal contribution of insider trading law to the existing body
of contract law: the creation of an extra limit on informed trading and an extra
layer of enforcement. These differences are justified where traders react too
much in protecting themselves ex ante and too little in protecting themselves ex
post.

That is to say we should have insider trading law in domains where traders and
intermediaries are likely to withdraw from markets due to widespread informed
trading—especially in high-volume intermediated markets—and where experts are
able to develop expertise in a wide variety of somewhat fungible but complex
assets, the value of which to single litigants may be too low relative to the
overall social value. Those considerations put crypto assets, securities, and
commodities within the domain of insider trading, but leave many other assets
beyond.




BTC ABOUT

Contents:
Bitcoin: What is it? Bitcoin USD (BTC-USD) BTCUSD Carta Kripto Bitcoin -
Wikipedia


The idea behind Bitcoin was to create a currency system that didn't involve
banks and instead would operate using a decentralized ledger known as
blockchain. The IRS recognizes cryptocurrencies as property and taxes it based
on its value. For example, if you perform a service and are paid in Bitcoin, you
would be required to report income equivalent to the value of the amount of
Bitcoin you received at the time you received it. As well, money earned from
buying and selling Bitcoin should be reported as capital gains just as money
earned from buying and selling other commodities should be reported.

Bitcoin is not the only cryptocurrency available, but its market cap is more
than twice the value of the next 10 largest cryptocurrencies combined. Commodity
Futures Tradition Commission. Part of. Investing in Bitcoin. How to Mine
Bitcoin. Other Cryptocurrencies.

Be Ready! Bitcoin Price Prediction, Technical Analysis (BTC, ETH, LINK Targets)


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Bitcoins are valuable simply because people believe they are.

Why do people want Bitcoins? Is it secure?


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BITCOIN USD (BTC-USD)

Bitcoin is a cryptocurrency invented in by an unknown person or group of people
using the name Satoshi Nakamoto. The currency began use in when its
implementation was released as open-source software. Bitcoin - Wikipedia.

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Find out how the rules change in England from today 3 hours ago 3 hours ago. The
signature also prevents the transaction from being altered by anybody once it
has been issued. All transactions are broadcast to the network and usually begin
to be confirmed within minutes, through a process called mining.

Mining is a distributed consensus system that is used to confirm pending
transactions by including them in the block chain. It enforces a chronological
order in the block chain, protects the neutrality of the network, and allows
different computers to agree on the state of the system.

To be confirmed, transactions must be packed in a block that fits very strict
cryptographic rules that will be verified by the network. These rules prevent
previous blocks from being modified because doing so would invalidate all the
subsequent blocks. Mining also creates the equivalent of a competitive lottery
that prevents any individual from easily adding new blocks consecutively to the
block chain.

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product control law has published the Tobacco Products Control Act “Committee”
means the National Tobacco Products Control.