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Submission: On November 26 via api from US — Scanned from DE
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ENSURING RESPONSIBLE AND TRUSTWORTHY AI FOR ALL
Ankit Agrawal
January 02, 2024
* Home
* Team India Blogs
* Ensuring Responsible and Trustworthy AI for All
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IT and BPM
An AI system is a machine-based system that, for explicit or implicit
objectives, infers, from the input it receives, how to generate outputs such as
predictions, content, recommendations, or decisions that can influence physical
or virtual environments. Different AI systems vary in their levels of autonomy
and adaptiveness after deployment.
The theoretical foundation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) was laid in 1950 when
Alan Turing, a British polymath, explored the mathematical possibility of
machines solving problems and making decisions. While the field of AI witnessed
early success till the 1970s, the growth was impeded by a lack of computational
power to do anything substantial. However, the 1980s saw an expansion of the
algorithmic toolkit and a boost in funds allowed computers to learn using
experience. In 1997, IBM’s Deep Blue was able to defeat Grandmaster Gary
Kasparov in 1997. Since 2010, the discipline has experienced a new boom, mainly
due to the considerable improvement in the computing power of computers and
access to massive quantities of data.
Today, AI can generate new content, such as text, images, audio, and code. It
does this by learning the patterns and structures of existing data and then
using that knowledge to create new data that is similar to the data it was
trained on. Some of the most impressive examples of generative AI include
OpenAI's GPT-3 (Capable of generating human-quality text, translating languages,
etc.), DALL-E 2 and Google AI's Imagen (Capable of generating images from text
descriptions). These models are being widely used for creating new products and
services, personalising experiences, and augmenting human creativity. Generative
AI has the potential to revolutionise many industries and transform our lives in
many ways. As the technology continues to develop, we can expect to see even
more impressive and innovative applications of generative AI.
Due to its ability to generate new content, AI has been widely adopted by the
public as well as organisations. Chat-GPT, which set off a frenzied use of
generative AI in daily tasks from editing to coding, reached 100 Mn monthly
active users in January, just two months after its launch. In October 2023, it
registered over 1.7 Bn monthly visits. Similarly, the IBM Global AI Adoption
Index 2022 revealed that 35% of companies reported using AI in their business,
and an additional 42% reported they are exploring AI.
However, while AI has revolutionised industries, it also poses various societal
risks like introducing bias, preventable errors, poor decision-making,
misinformation and manipulation, potentially threatening democracies and
undermining social trust through deep fake and online bots. These technologies
can also be misused by criminals, rogue states, ideological extremists, or
simply special interest groups to manipulate people for economic gain or
political advantage. European Parliament has drawn attention to the potential
negative impact on society and democratic processes. A recent global report
found a 10x increase in the number of deepfakes detected globally across all
industries from 2022 to 2023. Recently, Prime Minister Narendra Modi also raised
concern over deep fakes to spread misinformation.
To tackle the risks posed by AI, various attempts covering ethics, morals and
legal values in the development and deployment of AI are being made at the
national and international levels.
At the intergovernmental level, OECD’s Recommendation on Artificial Intelligence
was the first such initiative in 2019, which listed the following 10 principles
to make AI trustworthy by developing and deploying AI systems in a way that
contributes to inclusive growth and sustainable development, benefits people and
the planet, human-centred, transparent, accountable, robust, secure, safe,
ethical, fair, and beneficial to society. Additionally, the Recommendation also
provides five recommendations to policy-makers pertaining to national policies
and international cooperation for trustworthy AI, namely: investing in AI
research and development; fostering a digital ecosystem for AI; shaping an
enabling policy environment for AI; building human capacity and preparing for
labour market transformation; and international cooperation for trustworthy AI.
Since May 2019, these principles have been adopted by 46 countries and endorsed
by the G20.
OCED has also hosted the secretariat of the Global Partnership on Artificial
Intelligence (GPAI), a multi-stakeholder initiative which aims to bridge the gap
between theory and practice on AI by supporting cutting-edge research and
applied activities on AI-related priorities. GPAI brings together experts from
science, industry, civil society, governments, international organisations and
academia to foster international cooperation on responsible AI, data governance,
the future of work, and innovation and commercialisation. India, as the Lead
Council Chair of GPAI, hosted the GPAI Summit in New Delhi in December 2023,
where 29 countries of the GPAI agreed to create applications of AI in
healthcare, agriculture, and many other areas that concern the entire world.
The Office of the Science Technology Policy of the US government, in October
2022, published a non-binding Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights to guide the
design, use, and deployment of automated systems to protect the American public
in the age of artificial intelligence. In the framework document, the identified
following five principles:
* Safe and Effective Systems
* Algorithmic Discrimination Protections
* Data Privacy
* Notice and Explanation
* Human Alternatives, Consideration, and Fallback
So far, the US government has secured voluntary commitments from 15 companies,
including Amazon, Google, Meta, Microsoft, OpenAI, Adobe, Cohere, IBM, Nvidia,
Palantir, and Salesforce, to help move toward safe, secure, and transparent
development of AI technology.
In October 2023, President Joe Biden issued a landmark Executive Order on Safe,
Secure, and Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence to establish new standards for
AI safety and security, protect Americans’ privacy, advance equity and civil
rights, stand up for consumers and workers, and promote innovation and
competition. Among other issues, the Order directed the US Department of
Commerce to establish robust international frameworks for harnessing AI’s
benefits, managing its risks, and ensuring safety. The Order also advocated
content authentication and watermarking to label AI-generated content clearly.
The US government is strongly advancing responsible AI in health-related fields.
In December 2023, 28 leading healthcare providers and payers announced voluntary
commitments to the safe, secure, and trustworthy use and purchase and use of AI
in healthcare.
The Bletchley Declaration, signed in November 2023 by 28 countries — including
the United States, India, and China — and the European Union, aimed to boost
global cooperation to promote inclusive economic growth, sustainable development
and innovation, to protect human rights and fundamental freedoms, and to foster
public trust and confidence in AI systems to realise their potential fully.
India has also taken many initiatives at the national level. In her budget
speech for FY 2018-2019, Smt Nirmala Sitharaman, Hon’ble Finance Minister of
India, entrusted NITI Aayog to initiate a national program to direct our efforts
in the area of artificial intelligence, including research and development of
its applications.
Soon after, in June 2018, NITI Aayog published the National Strategy for
Artificial Intelligence as a roadmap to leverage AI for economic growth, social
development, and inclusive growth in areas such as agriculture, health and
education. The Strategy sought to address five key barriers to reap the benefit:
Lack of broad-based expertise in research and application of AI, Absence of
enabling data ecosystems – access to intelligent data, High resource cost and
low awareness for adoption of AI, Privacy and security, including a lack
of formal regulations around anonymisation of data, and Absence of collaborative
approach to adoption and application of AI.
Building on the National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence, NITI Aayog, in
2021, published Approach Document for Responsible AI. The document examined the
potential risks, legislative practices, and technological approaches to managing
them. It aimed to establish broad ethical principles for the design,
development, and deployment of AI in India. The strategy document outlined the
following principles for ensuring AI systems are designed in a manner that
enables fundamental rights:
1. Principle of Safety and Reliability
2. Principle of Equality
3. Principle of Inclusivity and Non-discrimination
4. Principle of Privacy and Security
5. Principle of Transparency
6. Principle of Accountability
7. Principle of protection and reinforcement of positive human values
Furthermore, the document noted that India does not have an overarching guidance
framework for the use of AI systems, and establishing such a framework would be
crucial for providing guidance to various stakeholders in responsible AI
management in India.
The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India, in its July 2023 report titled
Recommendations on Leveraging Artificial Intelligence and Big Data in the
Telecommunication Sector, underlined an urgent need to adopt a regulatory
framework by the Government that should be applicable across sectors. The
regulator recommended:
* Establishment of the Artificial Intelligence and Data Authority of India
(AIDAI), an independent statutory authority.
* Establishment of a Multi Stakeholder Body (MSB) to advise AIDAI.
* Categorisations of the AI use cases based on their risk and regulating them
according to broad principles of Responsible AI.
The Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology (MEiTY) constituted four
committees to promote AI initiatives and develop a policy framework.
Committee-D, which focussed on Cyber Security, Safety, Legal and Ethical Issues,
also recommended the formulation of safety guidelines and review of existing
laws for any modification that may be necessary for the adoption of AI
applications in the domain.
As artificial intelligence (AI) continues to evolve at an unprecedented scale,
the need for having responsible and trustworthy cannot be underestimated. By
embracing responsible AI development and deployment practices, we can harness
the power of AI to address global challenges and improve the lives of people
worldwide. We must also remain vigilant in mitigating the potential risks posed
by AI, such as bias, discrimination, and misuse, and sensitise people to
identify misinformation. Only through a collaborative effort among governments,
businesses, academia, and civil society can we ensure that AI is developed and
used responsibly for the benefit of all. By working together, we can ensure that
AI becomes a force for good.
Source
* https://oecd.ai/en/wonk/ai-system-definition-update
* https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2017/history-artificial-intelligence/
* https://www.coe.int/en/web/artificial-intelligence/history-of-ai
* https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/mckinsey-explainers/what-is-generative-ai
* https://ourworldindata.org/artificial-intelligence
* https://www.reuters.com/technology/chatgpt-traffic-slips-again-third-month-row-2023-09-07/
* https://www.similarweb.com/website/chat.openai.com/#overview
* https://www.ibm.com/downloads/cas/GVAGA3JP
* https://ai100.stanford.edu/gathering-strength-gathering-storms-one-hundred-year-study-artificial-intelligence-ai100-2021-1-0#_2021SQ10ref15
* https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2023/751478/EPRS_BRI(2023)751478_EN.pdf
* https://finance.yahoo.com/news/sumsub-research-global-deepfake-incidents-140000053.html
* https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/modi-deepfakes-audio-video-identify-9030758/
* https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/10/understanding-the-ai-bill-of-rights-protection/
* https://legalinstruments.oecd.org/en/instruments/OECD-LEGAL-0449
* https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/advancing-accountability-in-ai_2448f04b-en
* https://gpai.ai/about/
* https://gpai.ai/community/
* https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1986475
* https://www.whitehouse.gov/ostp/ai-bill-of-rights/
* https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/07/21/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-secures-voluntary-commitments-from-leading-artificial-intelligence-companies-to-manage-the-risks-posed-by-ai/
* https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/09/12/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-secures-voluntary-commitments-from-eight-additional-artificial-intelligence-companies-to-manage-the-risks-posed-by-ai/
* https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/10/30/fact-sheet-president-biden-issues-executive-order-on-safe-secure-and-trustworthy-artificial-intelligence/
* https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/blog/2023/12/14/delivering-on-the-promise-of-ai-to-improve-health-outcomes/#:~:text=The%20President%20has%20made%20clear,for%20Americans%20while%20safeguarding%20their
* https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-safety-summit-2023-the-bletchley-declaration/the-bletchley-declaration-by-countries-attending-the-ai-safety-summit-1-2-november-2023
* https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/bspeech/bs201819.pdf
* https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-03/National-Strategy-for-Artificial-Intelligence.pdf
* https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021-02/Responsible-AI-22022021.pdf
* https://trai.gov.in/sites/default/files/Recommendation_20072023_0.pdf
* https://www.meity.gov.in/writereaddata/files/Committes_D-Cyber-n-Legal-and-Ethical.pdf
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