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IS FOOD ADDICTION REAL?

 * admin
 * August 24, 2024
 * Health

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Food addiction is a concept that researchers use to describe compulsive eating
habits in humans, which may resemble addiction-like behaviors.
Food addiction
Research indicates that some individuals may be more likely than others to
experience addiction to palatable foods — meaning foods that are high in fat and
sugar.
indicates
Other studies suggest that those who may experience food addiction exhibit
“seeking” behaviors, as well as other symptoms and cravings similar to those
that people typically experience as part of a substance use disorder.
studies
There is no universally accepted clinical definition of “food addiction,” and
the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) does not list
it as a condition. However, researchers have identified some behaviors
associated with this concept. These include:
definition
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)
compulsive overeating, even in the absence of hunger
compulsive overeating
absence
cravings for high fat and sugary foods
cravings
difficulty in controlling food intake
binge eating and disordered eating patterns
binge eating
What do we know about food addiction?
Publications from 2009, 2011, 2016, 2018, and 2019, among others, have
highlighted that palatable foods — or even foods in general — stimulate the same
parts of the brain and share the same neuronal activities as illicit substances.
2009
2011
2016
2018
2019
The hippocampus, caudate, and insula are three brain regions that researchers
have pinpointed as being implicated in this relationship.
For instance, foods and illicit substances both result in the release of the
hormones, such as dopamine, and endogenous opioids that the body naturally
produces.
endogenous opioids
These hormones are a part of the “reward system” — or the mesolimbic circuit —
in the brain, which is responsible for motivation, want, desire, and cravings.
reward system
Some studies even suggest that it is the anticipation of food rather than the
consumption itself that may trigger food addiction — a “seeking” behavior that
people with substance use disorder often display.
anticipation
In theory, it is possible to explain this behavior by the phenomenon of
incentive sensitization, which posits that it is possible for a person to want
something even if they do not like it, as long as it stimulates the pleasure
centers in their brain.
incentive sensitization
For example, people may crave a sugary beverage because it makes them feel good
due to the release of dopamine rather than because they genuinely enjoy drinking
that beverage.
Even though the DSM-5 does not list food addiction as a condition, researchers
have referred to both the DSM-4 and DSM-5, as well as the Yale Food Addiction
Scale (YFAS), when studying this phenomenon.
Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS)
In fact, researchers developed the YFAS based on information in the DSM-4 about
the symptoms and associated behaviors of substance use disorders. The YFAS
contains 25 self-reported questions that may help identify food addiction.
help identify
The concept of food addiction has drawn a lot of interest in the scientific
community, with some proposing it as a potential underlying contributor to
obesity and others seeing it as a symptom of having excess body weight.
contributor
symptom
Whichever way this association may lie, a 2017 review cites evidence that
behaviors linked with food addiction occur at notably higher levels in people
seeking bariatric or weight loss surgeries.
2017 review
Why is this concept controversial?
Despite the existing research, food addiction remains a controversial topic in
the scientific community due to inconclusive evidence from numerous studies.
inconclusive
Here are some of the related controversies:
Many studies that argue that food addiction is a real phenomenon focus on the
similarities between food cravings and cravings for illicit drugs.
similarities
However, the concept of food addiction raises the important question: If foods
can become addictive, are they bad for us?
Although both foods and drugs stimulate the reward system and pleasure center in
the brain, foods do not exert the same pharmacological effect as drugs.
exert
Also, people consume foods very regularly and in complex combinations. This
makes quantification difficult and blurs the line between use and misuse.
Not only is it difficult to classify the misuse of foods, but researchers have
not yet determined which nutrient or combination of nutrients causes food
addiction.
Studies in rats have identified that a diet high in fat and sugar — as many
processed foods are — can induce addiction-like behaviors.
Studies
Some believe that the presence of sugar in the gut may be the causative
nutrient, but this remains unproven.
may be
More rigorous, long-term studies in humans are necessary to pinpoint any
problematic nutrients.
Some studies suggest that food addiction is a plausible cause of obesity, and
the food addiction model even emphasizes being overweight or having obesity as
one of the clinical criteria.
Some researchers have also associated food addiction with certain eating
disorders, particularly binge eating disorder (BED).
binge eating disorder (BED)
However, one review highlighted that a substantial number of individuals with
BED do not have obesity and that most people with obesity do not experience
disordered eating or food addiction symptoms.
one review
This brings the ability of YFAS to diagnose food addiction into question, and
some researchers suggest that this scale simply identifies eating disorders and
not an addiction.
suggest
Furthermore, palatability is not necessarily a factor in overconsumption and
obesity, as one review reported that even a nonpalatable food — meaning one that
is not high in fat or sugar — can become the subject of food cravings.
one review
Many weight loss strategies have low success rates, and popular weight loss
diets can be quite restrictive.
low success rates
Although nutrition deprivation is not necessary to cause food cravings and
overconsumption, switching between various diets and regularly restricting food
potentially causes food addiction behaviors.
not necessary
How to give up unwanted eating behaviors
Regardless of whether a person has a food addiction or eating disorder or simply
wants to improve their intake of nutritious foods, they may wish to give up
unwanted eating behaviors.
Anyone who suspects that they have an eating disorder or food addiction can
contact the National Eating Disorders Association (NEDA) helpline at
800-931-2237. NEDA is available between 11 a.m. and 9 p.m. ET from Monday to
Thursday and between 11 a.m. and 5 p.m. ET on Friday.
National Eating Disorders Association (NEDA)
People looking for help with their nutritional intake can seek the guidance of a
registered dietitian. Alongside the appropriate therapy, nutritional advice can
help people manage their health.
registered dietitian
Environmental cues, which include the sight, smell, and even appearance of
foods, may trigger food cravings.
Individuals can adjust their environment without creating restrictions by:
portioning adequate amounts of food for meals, and then storing the remainder
away and out of sight
sitting away from buffet tables and reframing the dining experience to focus on
the social aspects of human engagement and conversation rather than the foods
available
placing nutritious foods in visible places to serve as reminders and
encouragement for healthy eating — for example, putting fruits in a bowl or
plate on the kitchen counter
increasing the intake of whole foods and nonstarchy vegetables in preference to
highly processed foods, when possible
It is important to resist the urge to try fad diets that promise rapid results
in a short time, as most people who have dieted to lose weight regain the
majority of this weight within 5 years.
regain
within 5 years
Instead, a person should plan to make gradual but sustainable dietary and
lifestyle changes, including regular exercise, to support good health and
disease management.
Obesity is a complex medical condition with many potential causes, and quick fix
diets do not solve those underlying issues.
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The bottom line
Some researchers propose food addiction as a potential underlying cause of
obesity in the U.S. and liken it to the addictive behaviors that people with
substance abuse often display.
However, it continues to be a controversial topic, with studies providing
inconclusive results about whether this phenomenon is real.
More rigorous and long-term human studies are needed to examine the nutrients or
eating patterns that may be responsible for the development of food addiction.
There is also a need for well-defined clinical criteria to facilitate the
appropriate classification of symptoms and diagnosis of food addiction.


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