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Electronics and Semiconductors


MEET THE LITHIUM-SULFUR BATTERY

Ryan Clancy
22 February 2023

A Li-S battery designed for 1980s era military communications gear. Source: Sgt.
Ken Hammond/U.S. Department of Defense

The lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery has been under development for several years
now and it is looking like it could be the next big thing in battery technology.
This type of battery has a lot of potential advantages over traditional
lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, including performance at extreme temperatures,
significant weight reduction and low cost.



There is still some work to be done before the Li-S battery is ready for mass
production and commercialization, but this type of battery is looking like it
could become a mainstream solution in the near-future.


HOW DO LI-S BATTERIES WORK?

These are a type of rechargeable battery that could challenge Li-ion technology
for dominance due to their high energy density. The batteries use sulfur as the
cathode and lithium metal as the anode with a solid electrolyte between them.
Due to the low cost and abundance of sulfur, Li-S batteries present an
economically viable alternative to traditional Li-ion batteries, which mostly
utilize cobalt in its cathode material.

So how do these Li-S batteries work? During the charging process, a Li ion is
oxidized and becomes an electron; this electron then travels to the cathode. The
sulfur atoms in the cathode react with the Li ion and form polysulfide
molecules, which act as a bridge between two Li ions.

This initiates eight sulfur atoms to form a ring and consecutively trigger a
reduction reaction to gradually shorten and become linear structures of lithium
sulfide. During discharging, oxidation occurs in the reverse order — converting
back into polysulfide molecules, which again transfer electrons from one side of
the battery to another. This process releases energy in the form of electricity.


WHY ARE LI-S BATTERIES SOLID-STATE?

Li-S cells are solid state, meaning they do not require the liquid electrolyte
found in traditional Li-ion cells. This gives them a number of advantages,
including higher energy density and better safety than their liquid
counterparts.

What makes Li-S cells solid state is their unique structure. Unlike traditional
Li-ion cells, Li-S batteries have a bipolar architecture, with both cathode and
anode materials located on either side of the separator. The cathode material is
typically sulfur, and the anode material can be lithium metal or a lithium
alloy. The active materials are then held in place by a solid separator,
typically made of polyethylene or other polymer material.

The lack of liquid electrolyte in Li-S cells gives them several physical
advantages over other types of batteries. Solid state batteries can hold more
energy due to their higher storage density. Additionally, since there is no
liquid electrolyte present, the risk of short circuiting and thermal runaway is
greatly reduced. This makes them far safer than traditional cells, which can
catch fire if punctured or damaged.

[Keep current with a free subscription to the Power Supplies & Devices
newsletter from GlobalSpec]


ADVANTAGES OF LI-S OVER LI-ION BATTERIES

Li-S batteries are the next generation of energy storage technology that offer
unprecedented advantages over traditional Li-ion batteries. The unique
combination of lighter weight, higher energy density, increased safety, lower
cost and energy to produce, and superior performance in weathered conditions
make Li-S an ideal choice for many applications.

One major advantage of Li-S is its unprecedented energy density. With a
theoretical capacity of up to 2,500 Wh/kg — significantly more than most Li-ion
cells — it can store twice as much power in a single battery. This significantly
reduces the size and weight of the battery while providing maximum power output.
Furthermore, this high energy density translates into a longer range for
electric vehicles (EVs), making Li-S batteries ideal for transportation.

Li-S is also much more cost effective and requires less energy to produce than
Li-ion batteries. Material costs are up to 70% lower due to the use of sulfur as
an active material, which reduces the need for expensive rare Earth materials
used in Li-ion cells. Additionally, fewer components and simpler production
processes result in reduced energy costs and improved sustainability compared
with traditional batteries.

The stability of Li-S batteries is also impressive. Under extreme conditions
such as temperatures of -70° C and under 1/25 atmospheric pressure, the
performance remains stable. This allows them to be used in applications where a
traditional Li-ion battery could not survive, making them highly versatile and
useful for various industries.

[Browse suppliers of lithium batteries and discover more about this battery
technology on GlobalSpec]


SUMMARY

The combination of these advantages makes Li-S batteries an ideal choice for
many applications ranging from consumer electronics to EVs and more. Their low
cost, energy density, sustainability, superior performance in weathered
conditions, and unparalleled safety make them a smart alternative to traditional
Li-ion cells.

The Li-S battery is a serious contender for becoming the next-gen battery, as
these boast many advantages over the current version, the Li-ion battery. Some
of these advantages include having a higher energy density and being more
environmentally friendly.

Even though there are some challenges that need to be faced before mass
production can begin, such as cycle life and cost, it is clear that the
potential benefits outweigh the negatives.






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