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Well Log Digitizing
 * Well Log Digitizing
 * Well Log Normalization

Log & Map Scanning
 * Log & Map Scanning

Map Digitizing
 * Map Digitizing
 * Reservoir Studies
 * Fence Diagram
 * Cross Section

Well Log Analysis
 * Limited Log Data
 * Complex Sand & Shale
 * Low Resistivity Pay
 * Carbonate Formation
 * Fractured Mudstone
 * Coal Bed Methane
 * Shallow Gas
 * Flooded Formation
 * Igneous, Volcanic Rock
 * Common Sand & Shale
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Well Log Digitizing, Well Log Analysis, Well Log Interpretation, 3D Mapping,
drilling, workover, oil & gas joint venture

The Lowest Price, Highest Quality Well log Digitizing Services
Logdigi,LLC provides the lowest price well log digitizing, the highest quality,
and the fastest well log digitizing service. Logdigi's automated well log
digitizing system is a new strong Competitor of other companies - Well Log
Digitizing system. Logidigi's well log digitizing fee is much cheaper than other
digitization company. Well Log Digitization price: the lowest price start from
$19/well or more. Negotiable Price can decrease your cost. No start fee for each
well. No extra charge for rush orders. Convert(digitized)paper log to digital
log within 2 hours, faster than ohter well log Digitizer Accommodate order large
and small, rush or long term Guarantee high quality Service, 100% customer
satisfaction Use automated digitizing software to digitize, automated tracing
well log Quality Control: digitization software has an efficient "Automatic
Match Function" Deliver well-logging data in standard LAS format. More
The Reasonable Price, Highest Quality Well log Scanning Services
Logdigi,LLC provides the lowest price well log scanning, the highest quality,
and the fastest well log scanning service. Logidigi's well log scanninging fee
is much cheaper than other scanning company. Well Log, Map Scanning Price: the
lowest price in this industry for scanning paper well log and map. Negotiable
Price can decrease your cost. No extra charge for rush orders. Convert paper log
to tiff image digital log within 10 seconds Accommodate order large and small,
rush or long term More
Well Log Interpretation, Geology Analysis, Consulting Services
With our experienced professionals and using proprietary software, we provide
our services at a higher quality, in a shorter period of time, and with
affordable cost. LogDigi offers well-logging analysis and interpretation
services. Logdigi's well-logging analysts will give our customers a valuable
report and further high quality services. LogDigi cooperates with Petroleum
Recovery, LLC (PR) production service company to joint venture to develop
semi-depleted oil field in Texas.
Comments
Bureau of Economic Geology, the University of Texas at Austin Thank you very
much for the demonstration of your new log analysis software on June 12 and 13,
1995. The software based on the derivative techniques is really good for
evaluating a variety of sandstone reservoirs, especially for those with
extremely low resistivities. I think that your software has the potential to
become a very popular log analysis package. I would really like to see further
development in your software in the near future. ---- Bureau of Economic Geology
See more examples of Low Resistivity Pays
What does a Well-log Analyst do?
In the process of drilling a well or once a well is drilled, a well-log analyst
takes measurements to evaluate the wells potential to produce. Sometimes it is
possible to cut core samples from the formation. If this is done, the core
sample is tested in a lab to determine its lithology, porosity, and
permeability. Many more specialized tests may be run on the core sample once it
is retrieved from the well. However, many times costly core sample can not be
taken from the well, thus sophisticated electron, nuclear, and acoustic tools
are sent down the well on a wire-line. Information from these tools is sent up
the well-bore to a computer system on the surface. Trained engineers retrieve
and interpret the data. This can prove to be valuable information, helping the
petroleum engineer determine if it is financially feasible to drill deeper,
produce the well from explored zones of interest or take additional
measurements. Working in conjunction with geologist, reservoir, and production
engineers the well-log analyst will work with the team to decide where the next
well should be drilled.
What do we do?
90% old oil wells do not have Nuclear and Sonic logging. For many oil companies,
in order to re-exame their oil fields, they have to sent down sophisticated
nuclear, and acoustic tools on a wire-line for the well. It costs them a lot to
do that. We re-evaluate your oil fields with your existing logs. We do not need
"many times costly core sample taken from the well", and "sophisticated nuclear,
and acoustic tools are sent down the well on a wire-line". What we need just
gamma ray (or SP),and resistivity. We can match your budget to re-evaluate your
oil fields. We determine the fluid and pressure distributions throughout the
reservoir, the natural energy sources available, and the methods most useful in
recovering the maximum amount of oil or gas from the reservoir. We analyze,
interpret, and optimize the performance of individual wells. We decides if it is
economically feasible to make the investment needed to produce the well. If it
is, the production engineer is given the tasks to determined how to bring this
valuable fluid to the surface. We analyze data to locate drilling sites where
oil and gas may have accumulated in commercial quantities.
For the Investor
Why Invest in Oil and Gas Wells? Some of the world's wealthiest individuals and
companies made their fortunes in oil and gas! POTENTIAL HIGH FINANCIAL REWARDS
Return of Capital in as little as 12 to 24 months.
Better than 10 to 1 Potential Return on Investment.
Greater than 50% Annual Rate of Return.
Add balance and serve as a hedge for "stock and mutual fund heavy" portfolios.
RISK Focus on development of existing fields with proven reserves, thereby
reducing or eliminating the risk of "wildcatting" dryholes.
Reduce risk by utilizing state-of-the-art technologies not available even 10
years ago.
Available projects would be economically attractive if oil and gas prices fall
30%.
TAX BENEFITS Drilling and Recompletions are the very best tax advantaged
investments.
Congress gives tax breaks to individual investors that are not available to
large companies.
Up to 100% tax deductible ... 65 to 80% (Intangilbles) can be written off in
first year.
15% of revenue is tax-free with depletion allowance.
Learn More
DRILLING PROSPECT AVAILABILITY Small drilling and recompletion prospects are
better than ever (and there are more of them).
COMPETITION The large oil and gas companies have gone offshore and overseas in
search of finding the "big" oil fields.
Over 10,000 oil companies have left the U.S. fields since 1982.
DEMAND/CONSUMPTION Petroleum demand in the U.S. requires nearly 60% of oil to be
imported from foreign nations.
Natural gas is difficult and expensive to store. U.S. consumption of natural gas
has outstripped production in recent years, leading to soaring gas prices.
GOVERNMENT Encourages domestic drilling with special tax breaks.
Mandating natural gas usage over oil and coal.
Natural gas is now deregulated.
WINDOW OF OPPORTUNITY Traditional sources of drilling money are no longer
available, which is a bonanza for accredited investors. Oil and Gas prices are
projected to stay at high levels for at least the next 5 years.

Logging History
The advent of well logging in the 1920s and its subsequent development into a
sophisticated technology revolutionized the oil and gas exploration and
production industry. The ability to "look and measure" such things as formation
type, formation dip, porosity, fluid type and other important factors
transformed the drilling and completion of oil and gas wells from an ill-defined
art into a refined science. Logging development encompasses three major areas:
electric logging, sonic or acoustic logging, and nuclear logging. An
understanding of their development is an understanding of the industry's
technical progress.

ELECTRIC LOGGING

The genesis of electric well logging resides with Conrad Schlumberger, who while
a physics professor at the Ecole de Mines de Paris, France, conceived the idea
of prospecting for metal ore deposits by using their electrical conductivity to
distinguish them from their less conductive surroundings. One of the first
tests, according to Schlumberger historians, was performed in his bathtub, which
was filled with various rocks for the experiment. Working with his brother
Marcel Schlumberger, Conrad began a series of test surface surveys in Europe,
Africa and North America over a 3-year period. Their discoveries included an
oil-productive salt dome in Romania, a precursor of things to come.
In 1926, the brothers formed Societe de Prospection Electrique and began to
develop the theory that adding resistivity information from deeper formations
would increase the effectiveness of their surface prospecting. By lowering an
electric sonde down a 1,600-ft (488- m) well in France's Pechelbronn field Sept.
5, 1927, the brothers created the first well log. This log was painstakingly
recorded point by point, meter by meter, using makeshift equipment and then
plotted by stitching together the successive readings (Figure 1). The technology
worked simply. Three electrodes - A, M and N - are lowered to the bottom of the
wellbore on three insulated wires. Current from electrode A passes through the
drilling mud and spreads out into the formation. The potentials measured at M
and N are transmitted to the surface where they are measured. By measuring the
potential difference between M and N, and the strength of current from A, the
apparent formation resistivity is calculated (Figure 2). Following the initial
success with the first electric resistivity logs, logging technology began to
develop rapidly. In 1931, the accidental discovery of spontaneous potential
(SP), produced naturally by the borehole mud at the boundaries of the permeable
beds, led to an innovative new logging technique - simultaneously recording SP
and resistivity curves. This technique enabled producers to differentiate
permeable oil-bearing beds from impermeable, nonproducing ones. By 1936, the
industry could augment resistivity logs with formation sample takers, automatic
film recorders and multispacing resistivity curves for deep wells. The 1940s
were a period of rapid development in logging technology despite the
intervention of World War II. In 1941, logging took another major step forward
with the introduction of the spontaneous-potential dipmeter, which greatly
improved the vertical resolution of openhole logs. The tool allowed the
calculation of a layer's dip - the deviation of that layer from true horizontal
- and the direction of the dip. This measurement was improved further with the
resistivity dipmeter in 1947 and the continuous resistivity dipmeter in 1952.
During the 1940s, development in other areas forced innovations in logging. One
of the most important was the introduction of oil-based mud (OBM) in the
Rangely, Colo., oil fields in 1948. OBMs are nonconductive. Normally configured
electrical surveys require a conductive mud (water-based) system.1 The solution
to logging in OBMs was the induction log, developed in the late 1940s. In
induction logging, "high-frequency AC of constant intensity is sent through a
transmitter coil. The alternating magnetic field thus created induces secondary
currents in the formation (that) flow in circular ground-loop paths coaxial with
the transmitter coil. These ground-loop currents, in turn, create magnetic
fields that induce signals in the receiver coil. The induced receiver signals
are essentially proportional to the conductivity of the formation."2 Throughout
the 1950s and 1960s, electric logging continued to develop, but it was the
computerized processing of logs that catapulted the sector ahead in 1962.
Computerization allowed much faster log processing, thereby allowing the
dramatic expansion of log data-gathering capability. By 1970, the sector was
poised on the brink of significant advances in logging technology, particularly
in the field of nuclear logging. But advances still were being made in electric
logging, especially in the area of mass and speed of data collection. The year
1971 saw the introduction of combination logging systems. Combos allowed loggers
to acquire different sets of data simultaneously rather than in sequential runs.
Thus were born tools that provided gamma ray, SP, resistivity, sonic and caliper
measurements in a single run.

SONIC LOGGING

In 1946, working in large part off technology developed during World War II, the
logging sector produced the first sonic log, the casing collar locator. This
technology allowed more accurate depth measurement inside casing and more exact
placement of perforations and completion equipment. Sonic logs generally work by
generating signals in the 20-kHz to 30-kHz range, although some tools operate at
higher ranges. Most acoustic logging tools have centralizers at one end and
three caliper arms at the other end to keep the tools centered in the hole. An
acoustic wave transducer atop the tool generates the acoustic signal. Two
receivers at the lower end of the tool receive the signal. "After a signal from
a transducer travels through the fluid and strikes the borehole wall at the
critical angle, a compressional wave is transmitted down the borewall in the
direction of the receivers. As it propagates along the borewall toward the
receivers, fluid waves are continually refracted back into the fluid. However,
only two refracted ray paths are of interest: the ray paths taken back toward
the two receiving transducers ... If we measure the difference in time of
arrival of the compressional wave at the two receivers, we can determine the
compressional wave travel time through the rock formation opposite the two
receivers."
During the next three decades, sonic logging moved into several measurement
fields, including: porosity measurement; cement bond evaluation; fracture
detection; lithology determination; mechanical rock properties measurement;
borewall and casing inspection; seismic calibration; abnormal formation pressure
detection; and gas-bearing formations identification.
Although nuclear logging has supplanted some of its functions, acoustic logging
remains a vital part of the logging suite and regularly is run in some form in
combination logging tools.

NUCLEAR LOGGING

Logging using radiation of nuclear origin got its start in 1940. The initial
nuclear logging tools recorded "the natural gamma radiation emitted by the
formations crossed through by boreholes. Of the three identified nuclear
radiations - alpha, beta and gamma - only gamma radiation, which is of the
electromechanical type, can be used in well logging because it alone has
sufficient penetrating power to go through the formation and the steel casing."
From passive radioactive monitoring in the gamma ray tool, the logging industry
moved rapidly to active nuclear bombardment and measurement. In a formation
density log, first introduced in 1962, the borehole wall is irradiated with a
gamma ray source. A gamma ray counter then records the reflected rays. The
number of gamma rays returned vs. those diffused relates to the density of the
formation. The industry took nuclear logging one step further with the
introduction of neutron logs in the late 1960s. Neutron logs also measure
returned gamma rays, but in this instance, those generated by fast- or
slow-moving neutrons. Neutrons are emitted by mixed radioactive sources. "Most
of the (neutron's) energy lost is done so during collisions with hydrogen nuclei
… After having traveled a certain distance, a neutron becomes 'thermal' or
'slow' and is captured by an atom, which emits a capture gamma ray."6 Since the
distance a neutron can travel without hitting a hydrogen nuclei varies with the
amount of hydrogen present, both porosity and formation contents can be
determined. The original neutron logs were augmented later by pulsed neutron
logs and neutron spectroscopy logs.
One of the biggest breakthroughs in recent logging history has been the advent
of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) logging. The technology has proven more
potentially beneficial and more confounding than its early developers could have
imagined.
NMR tools function by creating a magnetic field in the borehole and then sending
out pulses that polarize the hydrogen in water, oil and gas in the formation. As
these hydrogen nuclei realign themselves to the original magnetic field, they
induce signals in the tool's receiver, which are recorded by electronics. The
amplitude of the signal relates directly to porosity, and the signal relaxation
time relates to the size of the pore spaces containing fluids, providing an
indication of permeability. NMR is a fluids-only measurement; however, due to
the interactions of the pore fluids with rock surfaces, the rock matrix can
significantly influence the fluid response.
The technology has existed since the early 1960s, but it has taken several
decades to refine the process, with Numar - now a Halliburton subsidiary - the
first to bring a continuous NMR logging tool to the market. The result has been
an offering of tools and associated products that provide better depth of
investigation and more information than ever before while traveling at the same
pace as a traditional triple combo.

PIPE-CONVEYED LOGGING

For at least two decades, highly deviated holes have required loggers to run
their suites of tools on pipe. Initially those efforts took the form of
traditional logging tools run on coiled tubing with electric line run inside the
tubing. Almost instantaneous information received continually at the surface -
now known as logging-while-drilling (LWD) and measurement-while-drilling (MWD) -
while the well was being drilled had always been a goal. That goal was within
range of the sophisticated logging tools by the advent of the combination tools
in the early 1960s. The barrier to earlier implementation of MWD and LWD was not
the logging tools but the method by which to send the information to the surface
while drilling with jointed pipe. As it turns out, a key advance in logging
tools was not another logging technology but rather mud-pulse technology, which
allows nearcontinual transmittal of logging information from tools on the bottom
of the drillstring to processors at the surface through measurement of short,
varying variances in mud pressure created by a component of the logging suite
downhole. It is possible to employ almost any logging suite combination on the
bottom of drillpipe and log the hole as it is drilled. While some operators
remain reluctant to allow decisions on a well to be made solely on MWD/LWD logs,
reliability and correlation have improved dramatically .
References 1. Etnyre, Lee M., Finding Oil and Gas from Well Logs, Van Nostrand
Reinhold, New York, p. 161, 1989. 2. Bradley, Howard B., Petroleum Engineering
Handbook, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Richardson, Texas, 3rd edition, pp.
49-14, 49-15, 1992. 3. Etnyre, pp. 94-95. 4. Ibid. 5. Debrandes, Robert,
Encyclopedia of Well Logging, Editions Technip, Paris, France, pp. 150-151,
1985. 6. Debrandes, p. 9
Reservoir
Reservoir: a subsurface, porous, permeable rock body in which oil and/ or gas is
stored. Most reservoir rocks are limestones, dolomites, sandstones, or a
combination of these. The three basic types of hydrocarbon reservoirs are oil,
gas, and condensate. An oil reservoir generally contains three fluids – gas,
oil, and water – with oil the dominant product. In the typical oil reservoir,
these fluids occur in different phases because of the variance in their
gravities. Gas, the lightest, occupies the upper part of the reservoir rocks;
water, the lower part; and oil, the intermediate section. In addition to its
occurrence as a cap or in solution, gas may accumulate independently of the oil;
if so, the reservoir is called a gas reservoir. Associated with the gas, in most
instances, are salt water and some oil. In a condensate reservoir, the
hydrocarbons may exist as a gas, but, when brought to the surface, some of the
heavier ones condense to a liquid.
Published Paper
A Three-Step Approach to Detect and Remove Grid Lines In Well-Logging
Digitization Publishing in 2005 International Conference Computer Graphics and
Imaging (CGIM 2005) Paper number: 478-020
Drilling Equipments

PUMPER

n. [Well Workover and Intervention]
A mobile high-pressure pumping unit commonly used for cementing or stimulation
operations. Most pump units are configured with a high-pressure triplex pump and
one or more centrifugal pumps to precharge the triplex pump and handle
displacement fluids.


TRIPLEX PUMP

n. [Well Workover and Intervention]
A positive-displacement reciprocating pump that is configured with three
plungers. Triplex pumps are the most common configuration of pump used in both
drilling and well service operations. Pumps used in well service activities
generally are capable of handling a wide range of fluid types, including
corrosive fluids, abrasive fluids and slurries containing relatively large
particulates.

FRAC PUMP

n. [Well Workover and Intervention]
A high-pressure, high-volume pump used in hydraulic fracturing treatments.

MUD PUMP

F series (Emsco) mud pumps of various sizes up to 1600HP and 5000psi. Delivery
3-6 months. Our price is start from $60,000 and the price is negotiable.

SCOPE OF APPLICATION

Mud pump is used to circulate the mud during the drilling.

EXAMPLES:

We just listed two type of F-1300 and F-1600 mud pump ,which are mainly used in
the drilling liquid circulating system, the nominal well depth is between 3500m
and 7000m (10,000 ft ~ 20,000 ft)

FEATURES

The type of F-1300 and F-1600 mud pump, used the mature advanced technology and
the advanced structure in home and abroad,transmission gear system on the power
end are the high hardness involute herringbone gears, with high gear ratio,
anticorrosion, high strength, high efficiency,the hydraulic end used the hard
airproof structure, which makes the reliability of airproof is high,the
lubricating system used dual return circuit structures, which raise the
lubricating effect, and lengthen the life span,through optimizing the design of
the shell and main structure makes the structure more reasonable, maintaining
more convenient, performance more stable, and furthermore ,have the merits of
low frequency, long stroke, large displacement.

EXECUTION STANDARD AND CERTIFICATE

The main components of this product accord with the correlated standards of API
Spec 7K??Specification for Drilling Equipments? and ?Triplex Single Acting Mud
Pump?, and in Sept.2002, this product acquired the authorization to use Official
API Monogram.

PUMPING UNITS

Pumping Units of All Sizes. Delivery 2-3 months. Our price is start from $10,000
and the price is negotiable. Examples: C25-56-36; C40-89-36; C40-89-42;
C-80-133-54; C-80-109-48; C-114-173-64; C-114-143-74; C-160-143-74;
C-160-173-74; C-160-173-86; C-228-143-100; C-228-173-100; C-228-213-120;
C-228-246-86; C-320-256-100; C-320-256-120; C-320-305-100; C-320-173-120;
C-320-213-120; C-456-213-144; C-456-256-144; C-456-213-168; C-456-305-144;
C-640-256-168; C-640-256-192; C-640-305-168; C-640-365-144; C-640-305-192;
C-912-365-168; C-912-365-192; C-912-365-240

PLUNGER PUMP

Plunger pumps for stimulation etc. of various sizes up to 1600HP and 15000psi.
Delivery 4-6 months. Our price is start from $80,000 and the price is
negotiable.

Contact us:LOGDIGI, LLC
TX, U.S.A.
services@logdigi.com    http://www.logdigi.com