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Our World in Data * Browse by topic * Latest * Resources * About Subscribe Donate Gdoc/Admin Popular pages * COVID-19 Data Explorer * CO₂ & Greenhouse Gas Emissions * Child and Infant Mortality * Artificial Intelligence * Energy * Poverty * Global Education RESEARCH AND DATA TO MAKE PROGRESS AGAINST THE WORLD’S LARGEST PROBLEMS. 4534 charts across 115 topicsAll free: open access and open source OUR MISSION What do we need to know to make the world a better place? To make progress against the pressing problems the world faces, we need to be informed by the best research and data. Our World in Data makes this knowledge accessible and understandable, to empower those working to build a better world. Read about our mission Subscribe to our newsletter We are a non-profit — all our work is free to use and open source. We believe the best research and data should be accessible to everyone. Consider supporting us if you find our work valuable. Donate to support us As seen on FEATURED WORK Article · 5 min read The global fight against polio — how far have we come? A generation ago, poliomyelitis paralyzed hundreds of thousands of children every year. Many countries have now eliminated the disease, and our generation has the chance to eradicate it entirely. Max Roser Article · 4 min read Tracking global data on electric vehicles Explore data on electric car sales and stocks worldwide. Hannah Ritchie Updated & revised Nuclear Weapons How many states have nuclear weapons, and how many warheads do they have? How is this changing over time? Explore research and data on nuclear weapons. Bastian Herre, Pablo Rosado, Max Roser and Joe Hasell Announcement We’ve redesigned our homepage Here’s what’s changed, what hasn’t, and some of the thinking behind the new design. Matt Munday, Joe Hasell, Marwa Boukarim, Ike Saunders, Sophia Mersmann and Max Roser Announcement We’re hiring a Junior Data Scientist! Our World in Data See all our latest work See all our latest work EXPLORE OUR DATA Featured data from our collection of more than 4534 interactive charts. See all our data UNDER-FIVE MORTALITY RATELONG-RUN ESTIMATES COMBINING DATA FROM UN & GAPMINDER Under-five mortality rate Long-run estimates combining data from un & gapminder WHAT SHARE OF CHILDREN DIE BEFORE THEIR FIFTH BIRTHDAY? What could be more tragic than the death of a young child? Child mortality, the death of children under the age of five, is still extremely common in our world today. The historical data makes clear that it doesn’t have to be this way: it is possible for societies to protect their children and reduce child mortality to very low rates. For child mortality to reach low levels, many things have to go right at the same time: good healthcare, good nutrition, clean water and sanitation, maternal health, and high living standards. We can, therefore, think of child mortality as a proxy indicator of a country’s living conditions. The chart shows our long-run data on child mortality, which allows you to see how child mortality has changed in countries around the world. Explore and learn more about this data Explore and learn more about this data SHARE OF POPULATION LIVING IN EXTREME POVERTYWORLD BANK Share of population living in extreme povertyWorld Bank Share of population living in extreme poverty World bank WHAT SHARE OF THE POPULATION IS LIVING IN EXTREME POVERTY? The UN sets the “International Poverty Line” as a worldwide comparable definition for extreme poverty. Living in extreme poverty is currently defined as living on less than $2.15 per day. This indicator, published by the World Bank, has successfully drawn attention to the terrible depths of poverty of the poorest people in the world. Two centuries ago, the majority of the world’s population was extremely poor. Back then, it was widely believed that widespread poverty was inevitable. This turned out to be wrong. Economic growth is possible and makes it possible for entire societies to leave the deep poverty of the past behind. Whether or not countries are leaving the worst poverty behind can be monitored by relying on this indicator. Explore and learn more about this data Explore and learn more about this data LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTHLONG-RUN ESTIMATES COLLATED FROM MULTIPLE SOURCES BY OUR WORLD IN DATA Life expectancy at birthLong-run estimates collated from multiple sources by Our World in Data Life expectancy at birth Long-run estimates collated from multiple sources by our world in data HOW HAS PEOPLE’S LIFE EXPECTANCY CHANGED OVER TIME? Across the world, people are living longer. In 1900, the global average life expectancy of a newborn was 32 years. By 2021, this had more than doubled to 71 years. Big improvements were achieved by countries around the world. The chart shows that life expectancy has more than doubled in every region of the world. This improvement is not only due to declining child mortality; life expectancy increased at all ages. This visualization shows long-run estimates of life expectancy brought together by our team from several different data sources. It also shows that the COVID-19 pandemic led to reduced life expectancy worldwide. Explore and learn more about this data Explore and learn more about this data PER CAPITA CO₂ EMISSIONSLONG-RUN ESTIMATES FROM THE GLOBAL CARBON BUDGET Per capita CO₂ emissionsLong-run estimates from the Global Carbon Budget Per capita CO₂ emissions Long-run estimates from the global carbon budget HOW HAVE CO₂ EMISSIONS PER CAPITA CHANGED? The main source of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is the burning of fossil fuels. It is the primary greenhouse gas causing climate change. Globally, CO2 emissions have remained at just below 5 tonnes per person for over a decade. Between countries, however, there are large differences, and while emissions are rapidly increasing in some countries, they are rapidly falling in others. The source for this CO2 data is the Global Carbon Budget, a dataset we update yearly as soon as it is published. In addition to these production-based emissions, they publish consumption-based emissions for the last three decades, which can be viewed in our Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data Explorer. Explore and learn more about this data Explore and learn more about this data GDP PER CAPITALONG-RUN ESTIMATES FROM THE MADDISON PROJECT DATABASE GDP per capitaLong-run estimates from the Maddison Project Database GDP per capita Long-run estimates from the maddison project database HOW DO AVERAGE INCOMES COMPARE BETWEEN COUNTRIES AROUND THE WORLD? GDP per capita is a very comprehensive measure of people’s average income. This indicator reveals how large the inequality between people in different countries is. In the poorest countries, people live on less than $1,000 per year, while in rich countries, the average income is more than 50 times higher. The data shown is sourced from the Maddison Project Database. Drawing together the careful work of hundreds of economic historians, the particular value of this data lies in the historical coverage it provides. This data makes clear that the vast majority of people in all countries were poor in the past. It allows us to understand when and how the economic growth that made it possible to leave the deep poverty of the past behind was achieved. Explore and learn more about this data Explore and learn more about this data SHARE OF THE POPULATION THAT IS UNDERNOURISHEDWORLD BANK Share of the population that is undernourishedWorld Bank Share of the population that is undernourished World bank WHAT SHARE OF THE POPULATION IS SUFFERING FROM HUNGER? Hunger has been a severe problem for most of humanity throughout history. Growing enough food to feed one’s family was a constant struggle in daily life. Food shortages, malnutrition, and famines were common around the world. The UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization publishes global data on undernourishment, defined as not consuming enough calories to maintain a normal, active, healthy life. These minimum requirements vary by a person’s sex, weight, height, and activity levels. This is considered in these national and global estimates. The world has made much progress in reducing global hunger in recent decades. But we are still far away from an end to hunger, as this indicator shows. Tragically, nearly one in ten people still do not get enough food to eat and in recent years — especially during the pandemic — hunger levels have increased. Explore and learn more about this data Explore and learn more about this data LITERACY RATELONG-RUN ESTIMATES COLLATED FROM MULTIPLE SOURCES BY OUR WORLD IN DATA Literacy rateLong-run estimates collated from multiple sources by Our World in Data Literacy rate Long-run estimates collated from multiple sources by our world in data WHEN HAS LITERACY BECOME A WIDESPREAD SKILL? Literacy is a foundational skill. Children need to learn to read so that they can read to learn. When we fail to teach this foundational skill, people have fewer opportunities to lead the rich and interesting lives that a good education offers. The historical data shows that only a very small share of the population, a tiny elite, was able to read and write. Over the course of the last few generations, literacy levels increased, but it remains an important challenge for our time to provide this foundational skill to all. At Our World in Data, we investigated the strengths and shortcomings of the available data on literacy. Based on this work, our team brought together the long-run data shown in the chart by combining several different sources, including the World Bank, the CIA Factbook, and a range of research publications. Explore and learn more about this data Explore and learn more about this data SHARE OF THE POPULATION WITH ACCESS TO ELECTRICITYWORLD BANK Share of the population with access to electricityWorld Bank Share of the population with access to electricity World bank WHERE DO PEOPLE LACK ACCESS TO EVEN THE MOST BASIC ELECTRICITY SUPPLY? Light at night makes it possible to get together after sunset; mobile phones allow us to stay in touch with those far away; the refrigeration of food reduces food waste; and household appliances free up time from household chores. Access to electricity improves people’s living conditions in many ways. The World Bank data on the world map captures whether people have access to the most basic electricity supply — just enough to provide basic lighting and charge a phone or power a radio for 4 hours per day. It shows that, especially in several African countries, a large share of the population lacks the benefits that basic electricity offers. No radio and no light at night. Explore and learn more about this data Explore and learn more about this data DATA EXPLORERS See all our Data Explorers Interactive visualization tools to explore a wide range of related indicators. Poverty Data Explorer Population & Demography Data Explorer Global Health Data Explorer Energy Data Explorer SUBSCRIBE TO OUR NEWSLETTER Receive our latest work by email. Immediate updates Receive an email from us whenever we publish new work (maximum 1 per day). Biweekly digest Receive an overview of our recent work and highlights of our other work every two weeks. Subscribe By subscribing you are agreeing to the terms of our privacy policy. FOLLOW US * X * Facebook * Instagram * Threads * RSS Feed ALL OUR TOPICS All our data, research, and writing — topic by topic. POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE * Population Change: * Population Growth * Age Structure * Gender Ratio * Births and Deaths: * Life Expectancy * Child and Infant Mortality * Fertility Rate * Geography of the World Population: * Urbanization * Migration HEALTH * Health Risks: * Lead Pollution * Alcohol Consumption * Opioids, Cocaine, Cannabis, and Other Illicit Drugs * Air Pollution * Outdoor Air Pollution * Indoor Air Pollution * Obesity * Smoking * Infectious Diseases: * Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19) * Pandemics * Mpox (monkeypox) * HIV / AIDS * Malaria * Diarrheal Diseases * Influenza * Tuberculosis * Polio * Pneumonia * Tetanus * Smallpox * Health Institutions and Interventions: * Vaccination * Healthcare Spending * Eradication of Diseases * Life and Death: * Life Expectancy * Causes of Death * Child and Infant Mortality * Mental Health * Suicides * Cardiovascular Diseases * Burden of Disease * Cancer * Maternal Mortality * Global Health ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT * Energy Systems: * Access to Energy * Fossil Fuels * Renewable Energy * Energy * Nuclear Energy * Waste and Pollution: * Plastic Pollution * Oil Spills * Lead Pollution * Climate and Air: * CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions * Climate Change * Ozone Layer * Air Pollution * Outdoor Air Pollution * Indoor Air Pollution * Water: * Clean Water and Sanitation * Clean Water * Sanitation * Water Use and Stress * Environment and Ecosystems: * Natural Disasters * Biodiversity * Environmental Impacts of Food Production * Animal Welfare * Forests and Deforestation * Land Use FOOD AND AGRICULTURE * Nutrition: * Hunger and Undernourishment * Food Supply * Food Prices * Diet Compositions * Obesity * Human Height * Micronutrient Deficiency * Famines * Food Production: * Agricultural Production * Environmental Impacts of Food Production * Animal Welfare * Crop Yields * Meat and Dairy Production * Farm Size and Productivity * Agricultural Inputs: * Fertilizers * Pesticides * Employment in Agriculture * Land Use POVERTY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT * Public Sector: * State Capacity * Taxation * Government Spending * Healthcare Spending * Education Spending * Military Personnel and Spending * Corruption * Poverty and Prosperity: * Poverty * Economic Inequality * Economic Growth * Economic Inequality by Gender * Labor: * Child Labor * Working Hours * Women’s Employment * Global Connections: * Tourism * Migration * Trade and Globalization EDUCATION AND KNOWLEDGE * Education: * Global Education * Literacy * Education Spending * Knowledge: * Research and Development * Internet * Books INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE * Artificial Intelligence * Space Exploration and Satellites * Internet * Research and Development * Technological Change * Transport LIVING CONDITIONS, COMMUNITY, AND WELLBEING * Housing and Infrastructure: * Access to Energy * Light at Night * Clean Water and Sanitation * Clean Water * Sanitation * Indoor Air Pollution * Homelessness * Time Use: * Time Use * Working Hours * Relationships: * Marriages and Divorces * Loneliness and Social Connections * Trust * Happiness and Wellbeing: * Human Development Index (HDI) * Happiness and Life Satisfaction HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEMOCRACY * Human Rights * Democracy * State Capacity * Women’s Rights * LGBT+ Rights * Economic Inequality by Gender * Violence Against Children and Children’s Rights * Child Labor VIOLENCE AND WAR * War and Peace * Nuclear Weapons * Homicides * Terrorism * State Capacity * Military Personnel and Spending * Biological and Chemical Weapons * Violence Against Children and Children’s Rights Our World in Data is free and accessible for everyone. Help us do this work by making a donation. Donate now * About * Contact * Feedback * Jobs * Funding * How to use * Donate * Privacy policy * Latest work * All charts * Twitter * Facebook * Instagram * Threads * GitHub * RSS Feed Licenses: All visualizations, data, and articles produced by Our World in Data are open access under the Creative Commons BY license. You have permission to use, distribute, and reproduce these in any medium, provided the source and authors are credited. All the software and code that we write is open source and made available via GitHub under the permissive MIT license. All other material, including data produced by third parties and made available by Our World in Data, is subject to the license terms from the original third-party authors. Please consult our full legal disclaimer. Our World In Data is a project of the Global Change Data Lab, a registered charity in England and Wales (Charity Number 1186433). Subscribe Leave us feedback Have a question? 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