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 1. Home
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Guidance


CHECKING THE ORIGIN OF YOUR GOODS USING PRODUCT SPECIFIC RULES WHEN TRADING
BETWEEN THE UK AND EU

How product specific rules are used to identify the country of origin when
importing or exporting between the UK and EU.

From: HM Revenue & Customs Published 6 October 2021 Last updated 20 December
2022 — See all updates

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CONTENTS

 1. How to get a commodity code
 2. Product specific rules and examples
 3. Types of product specific rules in Trade and Cooperation Agreement and
    examples

Print this page

To identify the origin of your goods, you first need to get a commodity code for
the goods you’re importing or exporting.


HOW TO GET A COMMODITY CODE

To find the product specific rule for the goods you are importing or exporting,
you need to use the trade tariff tool to classify your goods to:

 * a 10-digit commodity code when importing them into the UK
 * an 8-digit commodity code when exporting from the UK

You may also need to know the commodity code of some of the inputs that went
into or make up the good, depending on the product specific rules. An input is
any element that makes up part of a good. For example, a certain ingredient in a
food.

You can find more information if you’re classifying your goods for the first
time. This includes getting advice from HMRC to find the right commodity code.


AFTER YOU HAVE CLASSIFIED YOUR GOODS

Once you have classified your goods, you will need to check they meet the rules
of origin. The main categorisations for products are:

 * chapters (2-digit level or first 2 digits of the commodity code)
 * tariff headings (4-digit level of the commodity code)
 * tariff subheadings (6-digit level of the commodity code — sometimes referred
   to as a Harmonised System (HS) code)


PRODUCT SPECIFIC RULES AND EXAMPLES

Every product traded under a free trade agreement has a product specific rule
that must be met to show the product:

 * originates in the free trade area
 * qualifies for preferential tariff treatment (reduced rate of Customs Duty)

Each rule describes the nature or value of processing that must be carried out
on any non-originating materials so that the final product meets the origin
requirements.

Check the rules agreed by the UK and the EU that are set out in Annex 3, page
1021 (Product specific rules of Origin) of the Trade and Cooperation Agreement.

There are 4 types of rule that a product may need to meet (on their own or in
combination) to be granted origin.

The types of rule are:

 * wholly obtained
 * change of commodity code to classify your goods
 * value added or percentage rule
 * specified processes

You’ll need to decide the correct commodity code for the exported product to
find the relevant rule in the Trade and Cooperation Agreement product specific
rules list.

Once a product has gained originating status, it is considered 100% originating.
This means that if that product is then used in the production of another
product, its full value is considered originating and no account is taken of
non-originating materials within it.

For example, if a UK-manufactured engine contains 30% non-originating content
but meets its rule of origin, if that engine is used in the production of a car
in the UK or EU, 100% of the value of that engine can be counted towards the
originating content of the car.

Many product specific rules, including for products used in the following
examples, give manufacturers the choice of several different rules. The
manufacturer will decide and to select which rule to apply to their exported
product.


TYPES OF PRODUCT SPECIFIC RULES IN TRADE AND COOPERATION AGREEMENT AND EXAMPLES


WHOLLY OBTAINED REQUIREMENT

If a product specific rule of origin requires that a product is wholly obtained,
the product must be made only from UK (or EU materials that are further
processed).

Agri-food examples Harmonised System (HS) code: 10
Product: cereals
Rule: production in which all the materials of chapter 10 used are wholly
obtained

If barley is grown and harvested in the UK, then the product is ‘originating’.

Harmonised System (HS) code: 0203
Product: meat
Rule: production in which all the materials of chapters 1 and 2 used are wholly
obtained.

If meat is produced from animals born, raised and slaughtered in the UK, then
the product is ‘originating’.


CHANGE IN COMMODITY CODE (HS CODE) USED TO CLASSIFY GOODS

A change in commodity code means non-originating materials must have a change on
the correct level to be able to have originating status. The change can be on a
chapter (2-digit level of the Harmonised System), heading (4-digit level of the
Harmonised System) or subheading (6-digit level of the Harmonised System) and
usually applies to all non-originating materials.

You will need to decide the classification of all non-originating materials and
parts to make a change in commodity code so that you can demonstrate a change in
classification has taken place.

There are no limits on the amount of originating material you can use,
regardless of their HS code.

To show the rule has been met, you will need to know the HS code of your
exported product and:

 * all of its inputs
 * the origin of the inputs

CHANGE OF CHAPTER (CC)

Any non-UK or non-EU originating materials or components used in the product
must be classified in a different HS chapter (2-digit HS code).

Agri-food example

Harmonised System (HS) code: 160419
Product: prepared or preserved trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Rule: CC (change of chapter)

The rule can be fulfilled if prepared or preserved trout is manufactured from
non-originating trout from Harmonised System (HS) chapter 3. This is because the
non-originating materials used are not classified under Harmonised System (HS)
chapter 16.

Manufactured goods example Harmonised System (HS) code: 8903
Product: yachts
Rule: CC (change of chapter)

The rule is fulfilled if a yacht is manufactured from non-originating parts from
chapters other than Harmonised System (HS) chapter 89 (ships, boats and floating
structures). For example, unlimited non-originating parts of steel (Harmonised
System (HS) chapters 72 and 73) or glass (Harmonised System (HS) chapter 70)
could be used, regardless of their value, as they are classified in a different
chapter to the final product.

But the rule would not be met by a yacht imported from a country outside of the
UK and EU with only fitting-out work carried out in the UK before being exported
to the EU, because the finally exported yacht would stay in the same Harmonised
System (HS) chapter as one of the inputs.

CHANGE TO TARIFF HEADING

Any non-UK or non-EU originating materials or components used in the product
must be classified in a different HS heading (4-digit HS code).

Agri-food example Harmonised System (HS) code: 150110
Product: lard
Rule: Change to tariff heading (CTH)

The rule can be fulfilled if lard is manufactured from non-originating pig fat
of Harmonised System (HS) heading 0209. This is because the non-originating
materials used are not classified under Harmonised System (HS) heading 1501.

Manufactured goods example Harmonised System (HS) code: 8528
Product: televisions
Rule: Change to tariff heading (CTH)

The rule can be fulfilled if a television is manufactured from non-originating
parts provided they are all from any heading (4-digit Harmonised System (HS)
codes) other than Harmonised System (HS) 8528.

For example, unlimited non-originating ‘parts suitable for use….with the
apparatus of headings 8525 to 8528’ — that is, television parts (Harmonised
System (HS) 8529) — may be used, regardless of their value, as they are
classified in a different Harmonised System (HS) heading to the final product.

CHANGE TO TARIFF SUBHEADING

Any non-UK or non-EU originating materials or components used in the product
must be classified in a different HS subheading (6-digit HS code).

Agri-food example Harmonised System (HS) code: 151219
Product: sunflower-seed oil
Rule: Change in tariff subheading (CTSH)

The rule can be fulfilled if sunflower-seed oil is manufactured from
non-originating crude sunflower oil of Harmonised System (HS) subheading 152111.
This is because the non-originating materials used are not classified under
Harmonised System (HS) subheading 151219.

Manufactured goods example Harmonised System (HS) code: 392330
Product: plastic carboys, bottles, flasks and similar articles
Rule: Change in tariff subheading (CTSH)

The rule can be fulfilled if a plastic flask is manufactured from
non-originating parts from any Harmonised System (HS) subheadings (6-digit
Harmonised System (HS) codes) other than Harmonised System (HS) 392330.

For example, unlimited non-originating ‘stoppers, lids, caps and other closures’
(Harmonised System (HS) 392390) may be used, because they are classified in a
different Harmonised System (HS) subheading to the final product.


MANUFACTURE FROM MATERIALS OF ANY HEADING, INCLUDING OTHER MATERIALS OF THE SAME
HEADING

If a product specific rule of origin allows production from non-originating
materials of any heading, the product can include non-originating materials of
the same heading.

This means that a change of heading does not need to take place. Originating
materials of any heading can also be used. To satisfy this rule, there must be
some level of processing by the exporting party. This must go beyond the
processes listed in the ‘Insufficient Production’ clause.

Find out more information about insufficient production.

Agri-food example Harmonised System (HS) code: 090412
Product: crushed or ground pepper
Rule: production from non-originating materials of any heading

Pepper and ground or crushed pepper are classified in the same heading. If
crushing or grinding takes place the rule is fulfilled regardless of the
originating status of the pepper, as the processing goes beyond ‘insufficient
operations’.

Manufactured goods example Harmonised System (HS) code: 2701
Product: coal briquettes
Rule: production from non-originating materials of any heading

Coal and briquettes of coal dust are classified in the same heading. The process
to transform coal into briquettes (including applying intense pressure) goes
beyond the processes listed in ‘insufficient processing’ and so the briquettes
can be considered ‘UK originating’ regardless of the originating status of the
coal used to produce the briquettes.


VALUE AND WEIGHT LIMIT FOR NON-ORIGINATING MATERIALS

Under a value limitation rule, the value of non-UK or non-EU originating
materials may not go over a given percentage of the ex-works price of the
product.

Sometimes, the limit might apply only to the value of specific types of inputs
to a product. If the use of an ingredient, material or component is limited by
value, the rule concerning tolerance cannot be relied upon in addition to the
threshold.

Annex 2, page 1004 (Introductory Notes to Product Specific Rules of Origin) sets
out the definition of ‘ex-works price’.

Manufactured goods example Harmonised System (HS) code: 920120
Product: grand pianos
Rule: MaxNOM 50% (Maximum 50% non-originating material)

The rule states that the product must contain a maximum of 50% (of the ex-works
value) material that does not originate in the UK or EU. This means that if a
grand piano has an ex-works value of £1,000, no more than £500 worth of
non-originating parts may be used in its manufacture.

AVERAGE PRICING RULES

The value of the non-originating materials used in production may be calculated
on the basis of the weighted-average value formula, or other inventory valuation
method under generally accepted accounting principles in the UK.

This only applies to the price paid for the materials. The accounting method
utilised for determining the average value of input non-originating materials
may be different to the accounting principles adopted by the business for its
general accounting purposes.

WEIGHT AND VALUE LIMITATIONS

For some agricultural products, limitations on non-originating materials can
apply by weight, by value or there can be choice of meeting either criteria in
certain instances.

Agri-food example Harmonised System (HS) code: 17049030
Product: white chocolate
Rule: Change to tariff heading (CTH), as long as a) all the materials of chapter
4 used are wholly obtained and b) either:

i) the total weight of non-originating materials of headings 17.01 and 17.02
used does not go over 40% of the weight of the product
ii) the total value of non-originating materials of 17.01 and 17.02 does not go
over 30% of the ex-works price of the product

Part (a) of the rule is explained in the products made using materials
originating from one country section of the check your goods meet the rules of
origin page. In relation to part (b), if the manufacturer uses non-originating
sugar (Harmonised System (HS) heading 1701) with a weight of 22.2g in a white
chocolate bar that has a net weight of 60g then part (b)(i) of the rule can be
met as the non-originating sugar only makes up 37% of the net weight of the
product.

Alternatively, the manufacturer could use non-originating sugar that has a value
of £0.20 in a white chocolate bar that has an ex-works price of £0.80. This
would allow part (b)(ii) of the rule to be met as the value of non-originating
sugar only makes up 25% of the ex-works price of the product.

Read more about combinations of several rules.

Applying the rules

If a product specific rule specifically excludes certain non-originating
material or provides that the value or weight of a specified non-originating
material shall not go over a specific threshold (read the following example),
these conditions do not apply to non-originating materials classified elsewhere
in the Harmonised System.

Example

When the rule for heading 35.05 (dextrins and other modified starches, glues
based on starches, and so on) requires ‘Change in Tariff Heading except from
non-originating heading 11.08’ then the use of non-originating materials
classified elsewhere than 11.08, such as materials of chapter 10 (Cereals is not
limited).


SPECIFIED OPERATIONS

Specified operations are particular to certain specialised industries or
products. Rules may include the re-treading of tyres to take place in the UK for
a tyre to be originating, or a chemical reaction to take place for chemical
products.

As well as the chemicals sector, these rules are common in textiles and clothing
and may specify that the weaving and cutting of fabric to make garments must
take place in the free trade area for the product to be originating.


COMBINATIONS OF SEVERAL RULES

Different product specific rules can be combined to make a rule whereby all the
listed conditions must be fulfilled.

Agri-food example Harmonised System (HS) code: 18069011
Product: milk chocolate bar
Rule: Change to tariff heading (CTH), provided that a) all the materials of
chapter 4 used are wholly obtained and b) either:

i) The total weight of non-originating materials of headings 17.01 and 17.02
used does not go over 40% of the weight of the product
ii) or the total value of non-originating materials of 17.01 and 17.02 does not
go over 30% of the ex-works price of the product

The manufacturer could use non-originating cocoa paste from Harmonised System
(HS) heading 1803, non- originating cocoa butter of Harmonised System (HS)
heading 1804 and palm oil of Harmonised System (HS) heading 1511 and would meet
the change to tariff heading (CTH) part of the rule. These headings are all
different to that of the final product (1806).

To meet part (a) any materials from chapter 4, which includes milk and milk
powders, would need to be obtained in the UK or alternatively from the EU (using
bilateral cumulation). For milk, this would mean from a live animal raised in
either the UK or EU.

In terms of part (b) of the rule, either part (i) or part (ii) could be met by
the manufacturer to complete the product specific rule for the product.


EXCLUSIONS

A product specific rule may include a restriction on certain materials and
components being used in the production of a product.

Agri-food example Harmonised System (HS) code: 2204
Product: wine of fresh grapes
Rule: Change to tariff heading (CTH), except from non-originating materials of
headings 22.07 and 22.08, as long as:

 * all the materials of subheadings 0806.10, 2009.61, 2009.69 used are wholly
   obtained
 * all the materials of chapter 4 used are wholly obtained
 * the total weight of non-originating materials of headings 17.01 and 17.02
   used does not go over 20% of the weight of the product

If wine of fresh grapes is produced from non-originating fresh grapes of
Harmonised System (HS) subheading 080610 then it is not considered ‘originating’
as in the production of this final product material from the 5 excluded headings
and subheadings was used.

Manufactured goods example Harmonised System (HS) code: 2710
Product: petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, other than
crude
Rule: Change to tariff heading (CTH) except from non-originating biodiesel of
subheading 382499 or 382600

If biodiesel of Harmonised System (HS) subheadings 382499 or 382600 is used in
the production of an oil of Harmonised System (HS) heading 2710, the oil will
not be considered originating even if all the non-originating inputs change to
tariff heading (CTH) as the rule requires any biodiesel of these subheadings
used in the product to be originating.


TREATMENT OF PACKAGING MATERIALS

Packaging materials are generally not considered when determining the origin of
your product. Read Article 45 of the TCA (Packaging materials and containers for
retail sale).

There are limited exceptions, for example if a product specific rule limits a
non-originating material by value of the final product or value tolerance is
applied, the value of originating packaging materials can be taken into account
when determining the value of the goods.

Published 6 October 2021
Last updated 20 December 2022 + show all updates
 1. 20 December 2022
    
    Information about the Harmonised System (HS) has been replaced with the 'How
    to get a commodity code' section.

 2. 6 October 2021
    
    First published.

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Contents


RELATED CONTENT

 * General rules to determine the origin of your products for trade between the
   UK and EU
 * Insufficient production for manufacturing and agri-food processes when
   trading between the UK and EU
 * Introduction to rules of origin and claiming duties when trading between the
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 * Rules of origin for goods moving between the UK and EU
 * Classifying iron and steel for import and export


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 * Rules of origin for goods moving between the UK and EU


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