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 * Climate change: Indonesia's Adaptation and Mitigation Efforts




CLIMATE CHANGE: INDONESIA'S ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION EFFORTS

 * http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/04/26/climate-change-indonesia-s-adaptation-and-mitigation-efforts.html

the Jakarta POST: Global climate change is happening and it is definitely real,
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) asserted in its latest
report released in Yokohama, Japan, on March 31. The most comprehensive
assessment document to date by this UN Panel dedicated to providing the world
with a state of knowledge in climate change shows impacts of global warming,
which include a higher risk of flooding and changes to crop yields and water
availability.

Humans may be able to adapt to some of these changes, but only within limits.
Human health, homes, food security and food safety are all likely to be
threatened by rising global temperatures. A 2-degree Celsius rise in global
temperatures above pre-industrial levels by 2100 will threaten the world’s
unique natural system and the risk is to increase to “very high”, such as
melting of polar ice, bleaching of coral reefs, the ocean will become more
acidic, many fish species will also move because of warmer waters causing
potential fish catch in the tropics and in Antarctica to decline by more than 50
percent.

On land, mercury rises, crop yields for maize, rice and wheat will all be hit in
the period up to 2050 with a projection of a 25 percent loss in production. Two
actions, climate adaptation and climate mitigation, should be taken by global
communities. In climate mitigation, the world must rapidly move away from
carbon-intensive fuels.

Fossil fuel from oil and coal should be replaced by natural gas, cleaner nuclear
energy and geothermal energy. Also, there must be a “massive shift” to renewable
energy including, solar energy, wind energy, wave energy and bio fuel. Indonesia
plays a dual role in climate change issues, taking its impact but also being
able to provide solutions on global carbon absorption and in oxygen emission.
Global warming takes its course in Indonesia with surface temperatures
increasing from 0.2 to 0.3 of a degree Celsius per decade.

This impacts precipitation patterns, causing a wetter climate in Sumatra and
Kalimantan but drier seasons in Java, Bali and Nusa Tenggara. Decreased rainfall
during critical times of the year may increase high drought risk, while
increased rainfall during already wet times of the year may lead to high flood
risk. Climate change in Indonesia will also produce stronger and more frequent
El Niño/La Nina events and will exacerbate drying and/or flooding trends and
could lead to decreased food production and increased hunger.

Meanwhile, due to global warming, the sea-level rise in the coastal areas of
Indonesia will be increasing at the rate of 3-5 millimeter per year making more
people at risk of flooding and seawater intrusion. Indonesia’s abundant
biodiversity and ecosystem services are also threatened, 50 percent of its total
biodiversity is at risk, 80 percent of its coral reefs are in severe condition
because of warming sea-surface temperatures, sea level rise and other added
stresses.

Climate change causes significant declines in fish larvae abundance and
large-scale changes in fish habitat, such as skipjack tuna, while the massive
coral bleaching leads to widespread loss of coral reefs and biodiversity,
including the fish that many Indonesians rely on for food and livelihoods. On
land, more frequent forest fires are having significant impacts on Indonesia’s
wildlife habitats and biodiversity and translating into serious economic and
domestic as well as transboundary pollution consequences.

Impacts on human health are also inevitable. There are more frequent and severe
heat waves, floods, extreme weather events and prolonged droughts leading to
increased injury, illness and death. Infectious diseases, like malaria, dengue
fever, diarrhea and severe respiratory problems following an increase of
frequency and spread of wild fires are some of the examples.

Indonesia’s adaptation measures have put a high priority on issues related to
sea-level rise, increased extreme weather and threats to ecosystems and
biodiversity. More sustainable management options, such as more integrated
agro-ecosystems, are being promoted both onshore and offshore. In the coastal
areas, Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) programs are also being
introduced by involving local governments.

In 2009, together with five other countries, Indonesia launched the Coral
Triangle Initiative (CTI) to preserve and conserve their 75,000 square
kilometers of coral reef resources from the impact of climate change and
simultaneously strengthen their food security through ecosystem approach
fisheries resources management.

Within the Global Environmental Facility (GEF) Cycle-5 Program, Indonesia and
the UN Food & Agriculture Organization (FAO) have also embarked on an inland
water fisheries biodiversity program and the large marine ecosystem of the
Indonesian Seas Program. Climate mitigation programs are also on the agenda.
Energy diversification efforts are on the move by constructing solar cell power
plants, increasing the percentage of bio fuel component into the gasoline
consumption and encouraging the utilization of geothermal energy for power
plants.

At the G20 Summit in Pittsburgh in September 2007, President Susilo Bambang
Yudhoyono announced Indonesia’s voluntary CO2 emission reduction of 26 percent
by 2020 and of 41 percent with international assistance. About 52 percent of
carbon emission reductions will be made in Indonesian forests and peat lands. In
the meantime, two other potential Indonesian CO2 emission reduction components —
mangroves and sea grasses — dubbed Blue Carbon, are also available to meet the
targeted objectives.

Climate change is really important and many policy tools are available for
dealing with this issue effectively. However, resources must be mobilized. On
April 16, 30 countries offered US$4.43 billion for the GEF 2014-2018 Programs to
assist 140 developing countries, including Indonesia, to tackle issues related
to climate change, biodiversity, oceans, lands, waters and food security.

Decisions will be made at the forthcoming GEF General Assembly in Cancun,
Mexico, next month. Indonesia, in collaboration with multilateral organizations
like the FAO, should embark on this endeavor for the preservation of our planet
and for the benefits of its inhabitants.The writer is director of fisheries and
aquaculture resources division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations. This views expressed are his own.

membagi informasi ini:

Direktorat Jenderal Pengendalian Perubahan Iklim - Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup
dan Kehutanan

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   * PERATURAN ADAPTASI
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