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Submission: On June 06 via manual from NZ — Scanned from NZ
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Submission: On June 06 via manual from NZ — Scanned from NZ
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<option value="acoustics"> Acoustics </option>
<option value="amh"> Acta Microbiologica Hellenica (AMH) </option>
<option value="actuators"> Actuators </option>
<option value="admsci"> Administrative Sciences </option>
<option value="adolescents"> Adolescents </option>
<option value="arm"> Advances in Respiratory Medicine (ARM) </option>
<option value="aerobiology"> Aerobiology </option>
<option value="aerospace"> Aerospace </option>
<option value="agriculture"> Agriculture </option>
<option value="agriengineering"> AgriEngineering </option>
<option value="agrochemicals"> Agrochemicals </option>
<option value="agronomy"> Agronomy </option>
<option value="ai"> AI </option>
<option value="air"> Air </option>
<option value="algorithms"> Algorithms </option>
<option value="allergies"> Allergies </option>
<option value="alloys"> Alloys </option>
<option value="analytica"> Analytica </option>
<option value="analytics"> Analytics </option>
<option value="anatomia"> Anatomia </option>
<option value="anesthres"> Anesthesia Research </option>
<option value="animals"> Animals </option>
<option value="antibiotics"> Antibiotics </option>
<option value="antibodies"> Antibodies </option>
<option value="antioxidants"> Antioxidants </option>
<option value="applbiosci"> Applied Biosciences </option>
<option value="applmech"> Applied Mechanics </option>
<option value="applmicrobiol"> Applied Microbiology </option>
<option value="applnano"> Applied Nano </option>
<option value="applsci"> Applied Sciences </option>
<option value="asi"> Applied System Innovation (ASI) </option>
<option value="appliedchem"> AppliedChem </option>
<option value="appliedmath"> AppliedMath </option>
<option value="aquacj"> Aquaculture Journal </option>
<option value="architecture"> Architecture </option>
<option value="arthropoda"> Arthropoda </option>
<option value="arts"> Arts </option>
<option value="astronomy"> Astronomy </option>
<option value="atmosphere"> Atmosphere </option>
<option value="atoms"> Atoms </option>
<option value="audiolres"> Audiology Research </option>
<option value="automation"> Automation </option>
<option value="axioms"> Axioms </option>
<option value="bacteria"> Bacteria </option>
<option value="batteries"> Batteries </option>
<option value="behavsci"> Behavioral Sciences </option>
<option value="beverages"> Beverages </option>
<option value="BDCC"> Big Data and Cognitive Computing (BDCC) </option>
<option value="biochem"> BioChem </option>
<option value="bioengineering"> Bioengineering </option>
<option value="biologics"> Biologics </option>
<option value="biology"> Biology </option>
<option value="blsf"> Biology and Life Sciences Forum </option>
<option value="biomass"> Biomass </option>
<option value="biomechanics"> Biomechanics </option>
<option value="biomed"> BioMed </option>
<option value="biomedicines"> Biomedicines </option>
<option value="biomedinformatics"> BioMedInformatics </option>
<option value="biomimetics"> Biomimetics </option>
<option value="biomolecules"> Biomolecules </option>
<option value="biophysica"> Biophysica </option>
<option value="biosensors"> Biosensors </option>
<option value="biotech"> BioTech </option>
<option value="birds"> Birds </option>
<option value="blockchains"> Blockchains </option>
<option value="brainsci"> Brain Sciences </option>
<option value="buildings"> Buildings </option>
<option value="businesses"> Businesses </option>
<option value="carbon"> C </option>
<option value="cancers"> Cancers </option>
<option value="cardiogenetics"> Cardiogenetics </option>
<option value="catalysts"> Catalysts </option>
<option value="cells"> Cells </option>
<option value="ceramics"> Ceramics </option>
<option value="challenges"> Challenges </option>
<option value="ChemEngineering"> ChemEngineering </option>
<option value="chemistry"> Chemistry </option>
<option value="chemproc"> Chemistry Proceedings </option>
<option value="chemosensors"> Chemosensors </option>
<option value="children"> Children </option>
<option value="chips"> Chips </option>
<option value="civileng"> CivilEng </option>
<option value="cleantechnol"> Clean Technologies (Clean Technol.) </option>
<option value="climate"> Climate </option>
<option value="ctn"> Clinical and Translational Neuroscience (CTN) </option>
<option value="clinpract"> Clinics and Practice </option>
<option value="clockssleep"> Clocks & Sleep </option>
<option value="coasts"> Coasts </option>
<option value="coatings"> Coatings </option>
<option value="colloids"> Colloids and Interfaces </option>
<option value="colorants"> Colorants </option>
<option value="commodities"> Commodities </option>
<option value="complications"> Complications </option>
<option value="compounds"> Compounds </option>
<option value="computation"> Computation </option>
<option value="csmf"> Computer Sciences & Mathematics Forum </option>
<option value="computers"> Computers </option>
<option value="condensedmatter"> Condensed Matter </option>
<option value="conservation"> Conservation </option>
<option value="constrmater"> Construction Materials </option>
<option value="cmd"> Corrosion and Materials Degradation (CMD) </option>
<option value="cosmetics"> Cosmetics </option>
<option value="covid"> COVID </option>
<option value="crops"> Crops </option>
<option value="cryptography"> Cryptography </option>
<option value="crystals"> Crystals </option>
<option value="cimb"> Current Issues in Molecular Biology (CIMB) </option>
<option value="curroncol"> Current Oncology </option>
<option value="dairy"> Dairy </option>
<option value="data"> Data </option>
<option value="dentistry"> Dentistry Journal </option>
<option value="dermato"> Dermato </option>
<option value="dermatopathology"> Dermatopathology </option>
<option value="designs"> Designs </option>
<option value="diabetology"> Diabetology </option>
<option value="diagnostics"> Diagnostics </option>
<option value="dietetics"> Dietetics </option>
<option value="digital"> Digital </option>
<option value="disabilities"> Disabilities </option>
<option value="diseases"> Diseases </option>
<option value="diversity"> Diversity </option>
<option value="dna"> DNA </option>
<option value="drones"> Drones </option>
<option value="ddc"> Drugs and Drug Candidates (DDC) </option>
<option value="dynamics"> Dynamics </option>
<option value="earth"> Earth </option>
<option value="ecologies"> Ecologies </option>
<option value="econometrics"> Econometrics </option>
<option value="economies"> Economies </option>
<option value="education"> Education Sciences </option>
<option value="electricity"> Electricity </option>
<option value="electrochem"> Electrochem </option>
<option value="electronicmat"> Electronic Materials </option>
<option value="electronics"> Electronics </option>
<option value="ecm"> Emergency Care and Medicine </option>
<option value="encyclopedia"> Encyclopedia </option>
<option value="endocrines"> Endocrines </option>
<option value="energies"> Energies </option>
<option value="eng"> Eng </option>
<option value="engproc"> Engineering Proceedings </option>
<option value="entropy"> Entropy </option>
<option value="environsciproc"> Environmental Sciences Proceedings </option>
<option value="environments"> Environments </option>
<option value="epidemiologia"> Epidemiologia </option>
<option value="epigenomes"> Epigenomes </option>
<option value="ebj"> European Burn Journal (EBJ) </option>
<option value="ejihpe"> European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education (EJIHPE) </option>
<option value="fermentation"> Fermentation </option>
<option value="fibers"> Fibers </option>
<option value="fintech"> FinTech </option>
<option value="fire"> Fire </option>
<option value="fishes"> Fishes </option>
<option value="fluids"> Fluids </option>
<option value="foods"> Foods </option>
<option value="forecasting"> Forecasting </option>
<option value="forensicsci"> Forensic Sciences </option>
<option value="forests"> Forests </option>
<option value="fossstud"> Fossil Studies </option>
<option value="foundations"> Foundations </option>
<option value="fractalfract"> Fractal and Fractional (Fractal Fract) </option>
<option value="fuels"> Fuels </option>
<option value="future"> Future </option>
<option value="futureinternet"> Future Internet </option>
<option value="futurepharmacol"> Future Pharmacology </option>
<option value="futuretransp"> Future Transportation </option>
<option value="galaxies"> Galaxies </option>
<option value="games"> Games </option>
<option value="gases"> Gases </option>
<option value="gastroent"> Gastroenterology Insights </option>
<option value="gastrointestdisord"> Gastrointestinal Disorders </option>
<option value="gastronomy"> Gastronomy </option>
<option value="gels"> Gels </option>
<option value="genealogy"> Genealogy </option>
<option value="genes"> Genes </option>
<option value="geographies"> Geographies </option>
<option value="geohazards"> GeoHazards </option>
<option value="geomatics"> Geomatics </option>
<option value="geometry"> Geometry </option>
<option value="geosciences"> Geosciences </option>
<option value="geotechnics"> Geotechnics </option>
<option value="geriatrics"> Geriatrics </option>
<option value="glacies"> Glacies </option>
<option value="gucdd"> Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease (GUCDD) </option>
<option value="grasses"> Grasses </option>
<option value="hardware"> Hardware </option>
<option value="healthcare"> Healthcare </option>
<option value="hearts"> Hearts </option>
<option value="hemato"> Hemato </option>
<option value="hematolrep"> Hematology Reports </option>
<option value="heritage"> Heritage </option>
<option value="histories"> Histories </option>
<option value="horticulturae"> Horticulturae </option>
<option value="hospitals"> Hospitals </option>
<option value="humanities"> Humanities </option>
<option value="humans"> Humans </option>
<option value="hydrobiology"> Hydrobiology </option>
<option value="hydrogen"> Hydrogen </option>
<option value="hydrology"> Hydrology </option>
<option value="hygiene"> Hygiene </option>
<option value="immuno"> Immuno </option>
<option value="idr"> Infectious Disease Reports </option>
<option value="informatics"> Informatics </option>
<option value="information"> Information </option>
<option value="infrastructures"> Infrastructures </option>
<option value="inorganics"> Inorganics </option>
<option value="insects"> Insects </option>
<option value="instruments"> Instruments </option>
<option value="ijerph"> International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH) </option>
<option value="ijfs"> International Journal of Financial Studies (IJFS) </option>
<option value="ijms"> International Journal of Molecular Sciences (IJMS) </option>
<option value="IJNS"> International Journal of Neonatal Screening (IJNS) </option>
<option value="ijpb"> International Journal of Plant Biology (IJPB) </option>
<option value="ijt"> International Journal of Topology </option>
<option value="ijtm"> International Journal of Translational Medicine (IJTM) </option>
<option value="ijtpp"> International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power (IJTPP) </option>
<option value="ime"> International Medical Education (IME) </option>
<option value="inventions"> Inventions </option>
<option value="IoT"> IoT </option>
<option value="ijgi"> ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information (IJGI) </option>
<option value="J"> J </option>
<option value="jal"> Journal of Ageing and Longevity (JAL) </option>
<option value="jcdd"> Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease (JCDD) </option>
<option value="jcto"> Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology (JCTO) </option>
<option value="jcm"> Journal of Clinical Medicine (JCM) </option>
<option value="jcs"> Journal of Composites Science (J. Compos. Sci.) </option>
<option value="jcp"> Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy (JCP) </option>
<option value="jdb"> Journal of Developmental Biology (JDB) </option>
<option value="jeta"> Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses (JETA) </option>
<option value="jfb"> Journal of Functional Biomaterials (JFB) </option>
<option value="jfmk"> Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (JFMK) </option>
<option value="jof"> Journal of Fungi (JoF) </option>
<option value="jimaging"> Journal of Imaging (J. Imaging) </option>
<option value="jintelligence"> Journal of Intelligence (J. Intell.) </option>
<option value="jlpea"> Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications (JLPEA) </option>
<option value="jmmp"> Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing (JMMP) </option>
<option value="jmse"> Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (JMSE) </option>
<option value="jmahp"> Journal of Market Access & Health Policy (JMAHP) </option>
<option value="jmp"> Journal of Molecular Pathology (JMP) </option>
<option value="jnt"> Journal of Nanotheranostics (JNT) </option>
<option value="jne"> Journal of Nuclear Engineering (JNE) </option>
<option value="ohbm"> Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine (JOHBM) </option>
<option value="jpm"> Journal of Personalized Medicine (JPM) </option>
<option value="jpbi"> Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry (JPBI) </option>
<option value="jor"> Journal of Respiration (JoR) </option>
<option value="jrfm"> Journal of Risk and Financial Management (JRFM) </option>
<option value="jsan"> Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks (JSAN) </option>
<option value="jtaer"> Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER) </option>
<option value="jvd"> Journal of Vascular Diseases (JVD) </option>
<option value="jox"> Journal of Xenobiotics (JoX) </option>
<option value="jzbg"> Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens (JZBG) </option>
<option value="journalmedia"> Journalism and Media </option>
<option value="kidneydial"> Kidney and Dialysis </option>
<option value="kinasesphosphatases"> Kinases and Phosphatases </option>
<option value="knowledge"> Knowledge </option>
<option value="laboratories"> Laboratories </option>
<option value="land"> Land </option>
<option value="languages"> Languages </option>
<option value="laws"> Laws </option>
<option value="life"> Life </option>
<option value="limnolrev"> Limnological Review </option>
<option value="lipidology"> Lipidology </option>
<option value="liquids"> Liquids </option>
<option value="literature"> Literature </option>
<option value="livers"> Livers </option>
<option value="logics"> Logics </option>
<option value="logistics"> Logistics </option>
<option value="lubricants"> Lubricants </option>
<option value="lymphatics"> Lymphatics </option>
<option value="make"> Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction (MAKE) </option>
<option value="machines"> Machines </option>
<option value="macromol"> Macromol </option>
<option value="magnetism"> Magnetism </option>
<option value="magnetochemistry"> Magnetochemistry </option>
<option value="marinedrugs"> Marine Drugs </option>
<option value="materials"> Materials </option>
<option value="materproc"> Materials Proceedings </option>
<option value="mca"> Mathematical and Computational Applications (MCA) </option>
<option value="mathematics"> Mathematics </option>
<option value="medsci"> Medical Sciences </option>
<option value="msf"> Medical Sciences Forum </option>
<option value="medicina"> Medicina </option>
<option value="medicines"> Medicines </option>
<option value="membranes"> Membranes </option>
<option value="merits"> Merits </option>
<option value="metabolites"> Metabolites </option>
<option value="metals"> Metals </option>
<option value="meteorology"> Meteorology </option>
<option value="methane"> Methane </option>
<option value="mps"> Methods and Protocols (MPs) </option>
<option value="metrology"> Metrology </option>
<option value="micro"> Micro </option>
<option value="microbiolres"> Microbiology Research </option>
<option value="micromachines"> Micromachines </option>
<option value="microorganisms"> Microorganisms </option>
<option value="microplastics"> Microplastics </option>
<option value="minerals"> Minerals </option>
<option value="mining"> Mining </option>
<option value="modelling"> Modelling </option>
<option value="molbank"> Molbank </option>
<option value="molecules"> Molecules </option>
<option value="mti"> Multimodal Technologies and Interaction (MTI) </option>
<option value="muscles"> Muscles </option>
<option value="nanoenergyadv"> Nanoenergy Advances </option>
<option value="nanomanufacturing"> Nanomanufacturing </option>
<option value="nanomaterials"> Nanomaterials </option>
<option value="ndt"> NDT </option>
<option value="network"> Network </option>
<option value="neuroglia"> Neuroglia </option>
<option value="neurolint"> Neurology International </option>
<option value="neurosci"> NeuroSci </option>
<option value="nitrogen"> Nitrogen </option>
<option value="ncrna"> Non-Coding RNA (ncRNA) </option>
<option value="nursrep"> Nursing Reports </option>
<option value="nutraceuticals"> Nutraceuticals </option>
<option value="nutrients"> Nutrients </option>
<option value="obesities"> Obesities </option>
<option value="oceans"> Oceans </option>
<option value="onco"> Onco </option>
<option value="optics"> Optics </option>
<option value="oral"> Oral </option>
<option value="organics"> Organics </option>
<option value="organoids"> Organoids </option>
<option value="osteology"> Osteology </option>
<option value="oxygen"> Oxygen </option>
<option value="parasitologia"> Parasitologia </option>
<option value="particles"> Particles </option>
<option value="pathogens"> Pathogens </option>
<option value="pathophysiology"> Pathophysiology </option>
<option value="pediatrrep"> Pediatric Reports </option>
<option value="pets"> Pets </option>
<option value="pharmaceuticals"> Pharmaceuticals </option>
<option value="pharmaceutics"> Pharmaceutics </option>
<option value="pharmacoepidemiology"> Pharmacoepidemiology </option>
<option value="pharmacy"> Pharmacy </option>
<option value="philosophies"> Philosophies </option>
<option value="photochem"> Photochem </option>
<option value="photonics"> Photonics </option>
<option value="phycology"> Phycology </option>
<option value="physchem"> Physchem </option>
<option value="psf"> Physical Sciences Forum </option>
<option value="physics"> Physics </option>
<option value="physiologia"> Physiologia </option>
<option value="plants"> Plants </option>
<option value="plasma"> Plasma </option>
<option value="platforms"> Platforms </option>
<option value="pollutants"> Pollutants </option>
<option value="polymers"> Polymers </option>
<option value="polysaccharides"> Polysaccharides </option>
<option value="poultry"> Poultry </option>
<option value="powders"> Powders </option>
<option value="proceedings"> Proceedings </option>
<option value="processes"> Processes </option>
<option value="prosthesis"> Prosthesis </option>
<option value="proteomes"> Proteomes </option>
<option value="psychiatryint"> Psychiatry International </option>
<option value="psychoactives"> Psychoactives </option>
<option value="psycholint"> Psychology International </option>
<option value="publications"> Publications </option>
<option value="qubs"> Quantum Beam Science (QuBS) </option>
<option value="quantumrep"> Quantum Reports </option>
<option value="quaternary"> Quaternary </option>
<option value="radiation"> Radiation </option>
<option value="reactions"> Reactions </option>
<option value="realestate"> Real Estate </option>
<option value="receptors"> Receptors </option>
<option value="recycling"> Recycling </option>
<option value="religions"> Religions </option>
<option value="remotesensing"> Remote Sensing </option>
<option value="reports"> Reports </option>
<option value="reprodmed"> Reproductive Medicine (Reprod. Med.) </option>
<option value="resources"> Resources </option>
<option value="rheumato"> Rheumato </option>
<option value="risks"> Risks </option>
<option value="robotics"> Robotics </option>
<option value="ruminants"> Ruminants </option>
<option value="safety"> Safety </option>
<option value="sci"> Sci </option>
<option value="scipharm"> Scientia Pharmaceutica (Sci. Pharm.) </option>
<option value="sclerosis"> Sclerosis </option>
<option value="seeds"> Seeds </option>
<option value="sensors"> Sensors </option>
<option value="separations"> Separations </option>
<option value="sexes"> Sexes </option>
<option value="signals"> Signals </option>
<option value="sinusitis"> Sinusitis </option>
<option value="smartcities"> Smart Cities </option>
<option value="socsci"> Social Sciences </option>
<option value="siuj"> Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal (SIUJ) </option>
<option value="societies"> Societies </option>
<option value="software"> Software </option>
<option value="soilsystems"> Soil Systems </option>
<option value="solar"> Solar </option>
<option value="solids"> Solids </option>
<option value="spectroscj"> Spectroscopy Journal </option>
<option value="sports"> Sports </option>
<option value="standards"> Standards </option>
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<div class="chosen-container chosen-container-single" title="" id="journal_chosen" style="width: 100%;"><a class="chosen-single">
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<option value="40655">The Application of 3D Tissue Culture Systems in Virology</option>
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<option value="16233">Viruses and Cellular Metabolism</option>
<option value="8200">Viruses and Telomeres</option>
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<option value="34247">Viruses of Aquatic Ecosystems</option>
<option value="18065">Viruses Ten-Year Anniversary</option>
<option value="9272">Viruses–Bacteria Interactions in the Gut</option>
<option value="5537">Viruses, ERAD, and the Proteasome</option>
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<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-208" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="ijerph" title="International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health" id="ms-opt-208">International Journal of Environmental Research
and Public Health</label></li>
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and Power</label></li>
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</li>
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Medicine</label></li>
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<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-243" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="jpbi" title="Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry" id="ms-opt-243">Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry</label></li>
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<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-247" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="jtaer" title="Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research" id="ms-opt-247">Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic
Commerce Research</label></li>
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<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-249" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="jox" title="Journal of Xenobiotics" id="ms-opt-249">Journal of Xenobiotics</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-250" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="jzbg" title="Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens" id="ms-opt-250">Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens</label></li>
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<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-363" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="reactions" title="Reactions" id="ms-opt-363">Reactions</label></li>
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<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-391" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="soilsystems" title="Soil Systems" id="ms-opt-391">Soil Systems</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-392" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="solar" title="Solar" id="ms-opt-392">Solar</label></li>
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Journals
Viruses
* Schlafen14 Represses Rare Codon-Rich Transcripts
* Exogenous dsRNAs against Tomato Leaf Curl New Delhi Virus
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JOURNAL DESCRIPTION
VIRUSES
Viruses is a peer-reviewed, open access journal of virology, published monthly
online by MDPI. The American Society for Virology (ASV), Spanish Society for
Virology (SEV), Canadian Society for Virology (CSV), Italian Society for
Virology (SIV-ISV), Australasian Virology Society (AVS) and others are
affiliated with Viruses and their members receive a discount on the article
processing charges.
* Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by
authors or their institutions.
* High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science),
PubMed, MEDLINE, PMC, Embase, PubAg, AGRIS, and other databases.
* Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Virology) / CiteScore - Q1 (Infectious Diseases)
* Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is
provided to authors approximately 13.8 days after submission; acceptance to
publication is undertaken in 2.5 days (median values for papers published in
this journal in the second half of 2023).
* Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review
reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their
next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
* Companion journals for Viruses include: COVID and Zoonotic Diseases.
Impact Factor: 4.7 (2022); 5-Year Impact Factor: 4.8 (2022)
subject Imprint Information get_app Journal Flyer Open Access ISSN:
1999-4915
LATEST ARTICLES
9 pages, 254 KiB
Open AccessBrief Report
An Observational Study Suggests That Natural HAdV-36 Infection Decreases Blood
Glucose Levels without Affecting Insulin Levels in Obese Young Subjects
by Inés Matia-Garcia, Jorge Adalberto Ocampo-Galeana, José Francisco
Muñoz-Valle, José Guadalupe Soñanez-Organis, Ramón A. González, Iris Paola
Guzmán-Guzmán, Linda Anahi Marino-Ortega and Isela Parra-Rojas
Viruses 2024, 16(6), 922; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16060922 - 5 Jun 2024
Abstract
Human adenovirus-36 (HAdV-36) infection has been linked to obesity, low lipid
levels, and improvements in blood glucose levels and insulin sensitivity in
animal models and humans, although epidemiological studies remain controversial.
Therefore, this study investigated the relationship between HAdV-36
seropositivity and glycemic control [...] Read more.
Human adenovirus-36 (HAdV-36) infection has been linked to obesity, low lipid
levels, and improvements in blood glucose levels and insulin sensitivity in
animal models and humans, although epidemiological studies remain controversial.
Therefore, this study investigated the relationship between HAdV-36
seropositivity and glycemic control in youths. This observational study examined
460 youths (246 with normal weight and 214 obese subjects). All participants
underwent assessments for anthropometry, blood pressure, circulating fasting
levels of glucose, lipids, insulin, and anti-HAdV-36 antibodies; additionally,
the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated.
In all, 57.17% of the subjects were HAdV-36 seropositive. Moreover, HAdV-36
seroprevalence was higher in obese subjects compared to their normal weight
counterparts (59% vs. 55%). BMI (33.1 vs. 32.3 kg/m2, p = 0.03), and waist
circumference (107 vs. 104 cm, p = 0.02), insulin levels (21 vs. 16.3 µU/mL, p =
0.003), and HOMA-IR (4.6 vs. 3.9, p = 0.02) were higher in HAdV-36-positive
subjects with obesity compared to seronegative subjects. In the obese group,
HAdV-36 seropositivity was associated with a reducing effect in blood glucose
levels in a model adjusted for total cholesterol, triglyceride levels, age and
sex (β = −10.44, p = 0.014). Furthermore, a statistically significant positive
relationship was observed between HAdV-36 seropositivity and insulin levels in
the obesity group. These findings suggest that natural HAdV-36 infection
improves glycemic control but does not ameliorate hyperinsulinemia in obese
subjects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research and Clinical Application of
Adenovirus (AdV), Volume II)
13 pages, 1107 KiB
Open AccessArticle
Effect of Heat Shock Treatment on the Virulence of Grass Carp Reovirus in Rare
Minnow Gobiocypris rarus
by Qinwei Ni, Yanchang Fan, Simin Xiao and Liqun Lu
Viruses 2024, 16(6), 921; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16060921 - 5 Jun 2024
Abstract
The mode and outcome of fish–virus interactions are influenced by many abiotic
factors, among which water temperature is especially important in poikilothermic
fish. Rare minnow Gobiocypris rarus is a eurythermal small cyprinid fish that is
sensitive to infection with genotype Ⅱ grass carp [...] Read more.
The mode and outcome of fish–virus interactions are influenced by many abiotic
factors, among which water temperature is especially important in poikilothermic
fish. Rare minnow Gobiocypris rarus is a eurythermal small cyprinid fish that is
sensitive to infection with genotype Ⅱ grass carp reovirus (GCRV). HSP70, a
conservative and key player in heat shock response, is previously identified as
an induced pro-viral factor during GCRV infection in vitro. Here, rare minnow
was subjected to heat shock treatment (HST), 1 h treatment at 32 °C followed by
reverting to a normal temperature of 24 °C, and subsequently challenged with
GCRV-II at a dosage of 1 × LD50. The effect of HST on GCRV virulence in vivo was
evaluated by calculating virus-associated mortality and viral load in both dead
and survival fish. The results revealed that HST enhanced the mortality of rare
minnow infected with GCRV; the fact that viral loads in the tissue samples of
HST-treated fish were significantly higher than those in samples of the control
group at 6, 8 d p.i. reflected a faster infection process due to HST.
Quantitative gene expression analysis was further employed to show that the
expression levels of Hsp70 in intestine and liver tissues from the HST group
declined faster than muscle tissue after HST. HST W/O GCRV challenge upregulated
proinflammatory cytokines such as MyD88 and Nf-κB, which was in consistence with
the inflammation observed in histopathological analysis. This study shed light
on the complexity of the interaction between fish abiotic and biotic stress
response, which suggested that HST, an abiotic stress, could enhance the
virulence of GCRV in Gobiocypris rarus that involved modulating the gene
expression of host heat shock, as well as a pro-inflammatory response. Full
article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Host Cell-Virus Interaction, 3rd
Edition)
17 pages, 2849 KiB
Open AccessArticle
Tepilamide Fumarate as a Novel Potentiator of Virus-Based Therapy
by Akram Alwithenani, Rozanne Arulanandam, Boaz Wong, Marcus M. Spinelli, Andrew
Chen, Glib Maznyi, Victoria H. Gilchrist, Tommy Alain and Jean-Simon Diallo
Viruses 2024, 16(6), 920; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16060920 - 5 Jun 2024
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy, using viruses such as vesicular stomatitis virus (VSVΔ51)
and Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (HSV-1) to selectively attack cancer cells, faces
challenges such as cellular resistance mediated by the interferon (IFN)
response. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis
[...] Read more.
Oncolytic virotherapy, using viruses such as vesicular stomatitis virus (VSVΔ51)
and Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (HSV-1) to selectively attack cancer cells, faces
challenges such as cellular resistance mediated by the interferon (IFN)
response. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis
and psoriasis and is recognized for its anti-cancer properties and has been
shown to enhance both VSVΔ51 and HSV-1 oncolytic activity. Tepilamide fumarate
(TPF) is a DMF analog currently undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of
moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the
potential of TPF in enhancing the effectiveness of oncolytic viruses. In vitro,
TPF treatment rendered 786-0 carcinoma cells more susceptible to VSVΔ51
infection, leading to increased viral replication. It outperformed DMF in both
increasing viral infection and increasing the killing of these resistant cancer
cells and other cancer cell lines tested. Ex vivo studies demonstrated TPF’s
selective boosting of oncolytic virus infection in cancer cells without
affecting healthy tissues. Effectiveness was notably high in pancreatic and
ovarian tumor samples. Our study further indicates that TPF can downregulate the
IFN pathway through a similar mechanism to DMF, making resistant cancer cells
more vulnerable to viral infection. Furthermore, TPF’s impact on gene therapy
was assessed, revealing its ability to enhance the transduction efficiency of
vectors such as lentivirus, adenovirus type 5, and adeno-associated virus type 2
across various cell lines. This data underscore TPF’s potential role in not only
oncolytic virotherapy but also in the broader application of gene therapy.
Collectively, these findings position TPF as a promising agent in oncolytic
virotherapy, warranting further exploration of its therapeutic potential. Full
article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress and Prospects in Oncolytic
Virotherapy)
attachment
Supplementary material:
Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 224 KiB)
11 pages, 773 KiB
Open AccessArticle
Discovery of Two Novel Viruses of the Willow-Carrot Aphid, Cavariella aegopodii
by Gaoyang Jiao, Zhuangxin Ye, Kehui Feng, Chuanxi Zhang, Jianping Chen, Junmin
Li and Yujuan He
Viruses 2024, 16(6), 919; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16060919 - 5 Jun 2024
Abstract
The advancement of bioinformatics and sequencing technology has resulted in the
identification of an increasing number of new RNA viruses. This study
systematically identified the RNA virome of the willow-carrot aphid, Cavariella
aegopodii (Hemiptera: Aphididae), using metagenomic sequencing and rapid
amplification of cDNA [...] Read more.
The advancement of bioinformatics and sequencing technology has resulted in the
identification of an increasing number of new RNA viruses. This study
systematically identified the RNA virome of the willow-carrot aphid, Cavariella
aegopodii (Hemiptera: Aphididae), using metagenomic sequencing and rapid
amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) approaches. C. aegopodii is a sap-sucking
insect widely distributed in Europe, Asia, North America, and Australia. The
deleterious effects of C. aegopodii on crop growth primarily stem from its
feeding activities and its role as a vector for transmitting plant viruses. The
virome includes Cavariella aegopodii virga-like virus 1 (CAVLV1) and Cavariella
aegopodii iflavirus 1 (CAIV1). Furthermore, the complete genome sequence of
CAVLV1 was obtained. Phylogenetically, CAVLV1 is associated with an unclassified
branch of the Virgaviridae family and is susceptible to host antiviral RNA
interference (RNAi), resulting in the accumulation of a significant number of
22nt virus-derived small interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs). CAIV1, on the other hand,
belongs to the Iflaviridae family, with vsiRNAs ranging from 18 to 22 nt. Our
findings present a comprehensive analysis of the RNA virome of C. aegopodii for
the first time, offering insights that could potentially aid in the future
control of the willow-carrot aphid. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Viruses of Plants, Fungi and Protozoa)
attachment
Supplementary material:
Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 385 KiB)
13 pages, 4296 KiB
Open AccessArticle
Human Cytomegalovirus Dysregulates Cellular Dual-Specificity Tyrosine
Phosphorylation-Regulated Kinases and Sonic Hedgehog Pathway Proteins in Neural
Astrocyte and Placental Models
by Ece Egilmezer, Stuart T. Hamilton, Glen Lauw, Jasmine Follett, Eric Sonntag,
Martin Schütz, Manfred Marschall and William D. Rawlinson
Viruses 2024, 16(6), 918; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16060918 - 5 Jun 2024
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is the leading non-genetic cause of
congenital malformation in developed countries, causing significant fetal
injury, and in some cases fetal death. The pathogenetic mechanisms through which
this host-specific virus infects then damages both the placenta and the fetal
brain [...] Read more.
Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is the leading non-genetic cause of
congenital malformation in developed countries, causing significant fetal
injury, and in some cases fetal death. The pathogenetic mechanisms through which
this host-specific virus infects then damages both the placenta and the fetal
brain are currently ill-defined. We investigated the CMV modulation of key
signaling pathway proteins for these organs including dual-specificity tyrosine
phosphorylation-regulated kinases (DYRK) and Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) pathway
proteins using human first trimester placental trophoblast (TEV-1) cells,
primary human astrocyte (NHA) brain cells, and CMV-infected human placental
tissue. Immunofluorescence demonstrated the accumulation and re-localization of
SHH proteins in CMV-infected TEV-1 cells with Gli2, Ulk3, and Shh re-localizing
to the CMV cytoplasmic virion assembly complex (VAC). In CMV-infected NHA cells,
DYRK1A re-localized to the VAC and DYRK1B re-localized to the CMV nuclear
replication compartments, and the SHH proteins re-localized with a similar
pattern as was observed in TEV-1 cells. Western blot analysis in CMV-infected
TEV-1 cells showed the upregulated expression of Rb, Ulk3, and Shh, but not
Gli2. In CMV-infected NHA cells, there was an upregulation of DYRK1A, DYRK1B,
Gli2, Rb, Ulk3, and Shh. These in vitro monoculture findings are consistent with
patterns of protein upregulation and re-localization observed in naturally
infected placental tissue and CMV-infected ex vivo placental explant
histocultures. This study reveals CMV-induced changes in proteins critical for
fetal development, and identifies new potential targets for CMV therapeutic
development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Biology of Human
Cytomegalovirus)
►▼ Show Figures
Figure 1
Figure 1
attachment
Supplementary material:
Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 134 KiB)
16 pages, 1225 KiB
Open AccessArticle
Recombinant Viruses from the Picornaviridae Family Occurring in Racing Pigeons
by Ewa Łukaszuk, Daria Dziewulska and Tomasz Stenzel
Viruses 2024, 16(6), 917; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16060917 - 4 Jun 2024
Abstract
Viruses from Picornaviridae family are known pathogens of poultry, although the
information on their occurrence and pathogenicity in pigeons is scarce. In this
research, efforts are made to broaden the knowledge on Megrivirus B and Pigeon
picornavirus B prevalence, phylogenetic relationship with other [...] Read more.
Viruses from Picornaviridae family are known pathogens of poultry, although the
information on their occurrence and pathogenicity in pigeons is scarce. In this
research, efforts are made to broaden the knowledge on Megrivirus B and Pigeon
picornavirus B prevalence, phylogenetic relationship with other avian
picornaviruses and their possible connection with enteric disease in racing
pigeons. As a result of Oxford Nanopore Sequencing, five Megrivirus and two
pigeon picornavirus B-like genome sequences were recovered, among which three
recombinant strains were detected. The recombinant fragments represented an
average of 10.9% and 25.5% of the genome length of the Pigeon picornavirus B and
Megrivirus B reference strains, respectively. The phylogenetic analysis revealed
that pigeons are carriers of species-specific picornaviruses. TaqMan qPCR assays
revealed 7.8% and 19.0% prevalence of Megrivirus B and 32.2% and 39.7%
prevalence of Pigeon picornavirus B in the group of pigeons exhibiting signs of
enteropathy and in the group of asymptomatic pigeons, respectively. In turn,
digital droplet PCR showed a considerably higher number of genome copies of both
viruses in sick than in asymptomatic pigeons. The results of quantitative
analysis leave the role of picornaviruses in enteropathies of pigeons unclear.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enteric and Respiratory Viruses in
Animals and Birds: Volume 5)
attachment
Supplementary material:
Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 2193 KiB)
50 pages, 9208 KiB
Open AccessArticle
Intrinsic Disorder in the Host Proteins Entrapped in Rabies Virus Particles
by Hafiza Nimra Ashraf and Vladimir N. Uversky
Viruses 2024, 16(6), 916; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16060916 - 4 Jun 2024
Abstract
A proteomics analysis of purified rabies virus (RABV) revealed 47 entrapped host
proteins within the viral particles. Out of these, 11 proteins were highly
disordered. Our study was particularly focused on five of the RABV-entrapped
mouse proteins with the highest levels of disorder: [...] Read more.
A proteomics analysis of purified rabies virus (RABV) revealed 47 entrapped host
proteins within the viral particles. Out of these, 11 proteins were highly
disordered. Our study was particularly focused on five of the RABV-entrapped
mouse proteins with the highest levels of disorder: Neuromodulin, Chmp4b,
DnaJB6, Vps37B, and Wasl. We extensively utilized bioinformatics tools, such as
FuzDrop, D2P2, UniProt, RIDAO, STRING, AlphaFold, and ELM, for a comprehensive
analysis of the intrinsic disorder propensity of these proteins. Our analysis
suggested that these disordered host proteins might play a significant role in
facilitating the rabies virus pathogenicity, immune system evasion, and the
development of antiviral drug resistance. Our study highlighted the complex
interaction of the virus with its host, with a focus on how the intrinsic
disorder can play a crucial role in virus pathogenic processes, and suggested
that these intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and disorder-related host
interactions can also be a potential target for therapeutic strategies. Full
article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Host Cell-Virus Interaction, 3rd
Edition)
►▼ Show Figures
Figure 1
Figure 1
13 pages, 2124 KiB
Open AccessArticle
Reference Material Production and Milk Protein Concentration as Elements to
Improve Bluetongue Serological Diagnosis in Bulk Tank Milk
by David Romero-Trancón, Marta Valero-Lorenzo, Montserrat Agüero and Rubén
Villalba
Viruses 2024, 16(6), 915; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16060915 - 4 Jun 2024
Abstract
The serological surveillance of bluetongue in bulk tank milk is an efficient and
cost-effective method for the early detection of bluetongue virus incursions in
unvaccinated free areas of the disease. In addition, the availability of
standardized and reliable reagents and refined diagnostic procedures [...] Read
more.
The serological surveillance of bluetongue in bulk tank milk is an efficient and
cost-effective method for the early detection of bluetongue virus incursions in
unvaccinated free areas of the disease. In addition, the availability of
standardized and reliable reagents and refined diagnostic procedures with high
sensitivity and specificity are essential for surveillance purposes. However, no
available reference materials for bluetongue virus serological surveillance in
bulk tank milk exist. This study shows the production and characterization of
reference material for the implementation of a commercially available bluetongue
milk ELISA test in official laboratories, as well as the evaluation of a
procedure to increase the sensitivity in samples with low levels of antibodies.
This procedure, based on milk protein concentration, allowed us to notably
increase the ELISA test’s analytical sensitivity, which is useful for milk
samples from farms with low within-herd prevalence or pools of bulk tank milk
samples. The standardized milk reference material produced here, together with
the evaluated procedure to improve analytical sensitivity, could be applied as
tools to ensure an accurate diagnosis by official laboratories in bluetongue
unvaccinated free areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bluetongue, Epizootic Haemorrhagic
Disease, and Other Emerging Orbiviruses)
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15 pages, 5804 KiB
Open AccessArticle
ISKNV Triggers AMPK/mTOR-Mediated Autophagy Signaling through Oxidative Stress,
Inducing Antioxidant Enzyme Expression and Enhancing Viral Replication in GF-1
Cells
by Tsai-Ching Hsueh, Pin-Han Chen and Jiann-Ruey Hong
Viruses 2024, 16(6), 914; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16060914 - 4 Jun 2024
Abstract
Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) infections can induce the
process of host cellular autophagy but have rarely been identified within the
molecular autophagy signaling pathway. In the present study, we demonstrated
that ISKNV induces ROS-mediated oxidative stress signals for the induction [...]
Read more.
Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) infections can induce the
process of host cellular autophagy but have rarely been identified within the
molecular autophagy signaling pathway. In the present study, we demonstrated
that ISKNV induces ROS-mediated oxidative stress signals for the induction of
5′AMP-activated protein kinase/mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase
(AMPK/mTOR)-mediated autophagy and upregulation of host antioxidant enzymes in
fish GF-1 cells. We also examined ISKNV-induced oxidative stress, finding that
reactive oxidative species (ROS) increased by 1.5-fold and 2.5-fold from day 2
to day 3, respectively, as assessed by the H2DCFDA assay for tracing hydrogen
peroxide (H2O2), which was blocked by NAC treatment in fish GF-1 cells.
Furthermore, ISKNV infection was shown to trigger oxidative stress/Nrf2
signaling from day 1 to day 3; this event was then correlated with the
upregulation of antioxidant enzymes such as Cu/ZnSOD and MnSOD and was blocked
by the antioxidant NAC. Using an MDC assay, TEM analysis and autophagy marker
LC3-II/I ratio, we found that ROS stress can regulate autophagosome formation
within the induction of autophagy, which was inhibited by NAC treatment in GF-1
cells. Through signal analysis, we found that AMPK/mTOR flux was modulated
through inhibition of mTOR and activation of AMPK, indicating phosphorylation
levels of mTOR Ser 2448 and AMPK Thr 172 from day 1 to day 3; however, this
process was reversed by NAC treatment, which also caused a reduction in virus
titer (TCID50%) of up to 1000 times by day 3 in GF-1 cells. Thus, ISKNV-induced
oxidative stress signaling is blocked by antioxidant NAC, which can also either
suppress mTOR/AMPK autophagic signals or reduce viral replication. These
findings may provide the basis for the creation of DNA control and treatment
strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Iridoviruses, 2nd Edition)
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18 pages, 2254 KiB
Open AccessReview
Genetic Variations of African Swine Fever Virus: Major Challenges and Prospects
by Shengmei Chen, Tao Wang, Rui Luo, Zhanhao Lu, Jing Lan, Yuan Sun, Qiang Fu
and Hua-Ji Qiu
Viruses 2024, 16(6), 913; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16060913 - 4 Jun 2024
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a contagious viral disease affecting pigs and wild
boars. It typically presents as a hemorrhagic fever but can also manifest in
various forms, ranging from acute to asymptomatic. ASF has spread extensively
globally, significantly impacting the swine industry. [...] Read more.
African swine fever (ASF) is a contagious viral disease affecting pigs and wild
boars. It typically presents as a hemorrhagic fever but can also manifest in
various forms, ranging from acute to asymptomatic. ASF has spread extensively
globally, significantly impacting the swine industry. The complex and highly
variable character of the ASFV genome makes vaccine development and disease
surveillance extremely difficult. The overall trend in ASFV evolution is towards
decreased virulence and increased transmissibility. Factors such as gene
mutation, viral recombination, and the strain-specificity of
virulence-associated genes facilitate viral variations. This review deeply
discusses the influence of these factors on viral immune evasion, pathogenicity,
and the ensuing complexities encountered in vaccine development, disease
detection, and surveillance. The ultimate goal of this review is to thoroughly
explore the genetic evolution patterns and variation mechanisms of ASFV,
providing a theoretical foundation for advancement in vaccine and diagnostic
technologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Viruses)
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12 pages, 5072 KiB
Open AccessArticle
Mutations in the Receptor Binding Domain of Severe Acute Respiratory
Coronavirus-2 Omicron Variant Spike Protein Significantly Stabilizes Its
Conformation
by Michael H. Peters
Viruses 2024, 16(6), 912; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16060912 - 4 Jun 2024
Abstract
The Omicron variant and its sub-lineages are the only current circulating
SARS-CoV-2 viruses worldwide. In this study, the conformational stability of the
isolated Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) of Omicron’s spike protein is examined in
detail. The parent Omicron lineage has over ten mutations [...] Read more.
The Omicron variant and its sub-lineages are the only current circulating
SARS-CoV-2 viruses worldwide. In this study, the conformational stability of the
isolated Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) of Omicron’s spike protein is examined in
detail. The parent Omicron lineage has over ten mutations in the ACE2 binding
region of the RBD that are specifically associated with its β hairpin loop
domain. It is demonstrated through biophysical molecular computations that the
mutations in the β hairpin loop domain significantly increase the intra-protein
interaction energies of intra-loop and loop–RBD interactions. The interaction
energy increases include the formation of new hydrogen bonds in the β hairpin
loop domain that help stabilize this critical ACE2 binding region. Our results
also agree with recent experiments on the stability of Omicron’s core β barrel
domain, outside of its loop domain, and help demonstrate the overall
conformational stability of the Omicron RBD. It is further shown here through
dynamic simulations that the unbound state of the Omicron RBD remains closely
aligned with the bound state configuration, which was not observed for the
wild-type RBD. Overall, these studies demonstrate the significantly increased
conformational stability of Omicron over its wild-type configuration and raise a
number of questions on whether conformational stability could be a positive
selection feature of SARS-CoV-2 viral mutational changes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2,
3rd Edition)
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22 pages, 1189 KiB
Open AccessReview
The Use of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies (bNAbs) in HIV-1 Treatment and
Prevention
by Jannifer Jasmin Thavarajah, Bo Langhoff Hønge and Christian Morberg Wejse
Viruses 2024, 16(6), 911; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16060911 - 4 Jun 2024
Abstract
Background: Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) effectively halts disease
progression in HIV infection, the complete eradication of the virus remains
elusive. Additionally, challenges such as long-term ART toxicity, drug
resistance, and the demanding regimen of daily and lifelong adherence required
by ART highlight the [...] Read more.
Background: Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) effectively halts disease
progression in HIV infection, the complete eradication of the virus remains
elusive. Additionally, challenges such as long-term ART toxicity, drug
resistance, and the demanding regimen of daily and lifelong adherence required
by ART highlight the imperative need for alternative therapeutic and
preventative approaches. In recent years, broadly neutralizing antibodies
(bNAbs) have emerged as promising candidates, offering potential for
therapeutic, preventative, and possibly curative interventions against HIV
infection. Objective: This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of
the current state of knowledge regarding the passive immunization of bNAbs in
HIV-1-infected individuals. Main findings: Recent findings from clinical trials
have highlighted the potential of bNAbs in the treatment, prevention, and quest
for an HIV-1 cure. While monotherapy with a single bNAb is insufficient in
maintaining viral suppression and preventing viral escape, ultimately leading to
viral rebound, combination therapy with potent, non-overlapping
epitope-targeting bNAbs have demonstrated prolonged viral suppression and
delayed time to rebound by effectively restricting the emergence of escape
mutations, albeit largely in individuals with bNAb-sensitive strains.
Additionally, passive immunization with bNAb has provided a “proof of concept”
for antibody-mediated prevention against HIV-1 acquisition, although complete
prevention has not been obtained. Therefore, further research on the use of
bNAbs in HIV-1 treatment and prevention remains imperative. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Retroviral Recombination and Genetic
Diversity)
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18 pages, 3841 KiB
Open AccessArticle
Respiratory Virus-Induced PARP1 Alters DC Metabolism and Antiviral Immunity
Inducing Pulmonary Immunopathology
by Mohamed M. Mire, Srikanth Elesela, Susan Morris, Gabriel Corfas, Andrew Rasky
and Nicholas W. Lukacs
Viruses 2024, 16(6), 910; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16060910 - 4 Jun 2024
Abstract
Previous studies from our laboratory and others have established the dendritic
cell (DC) as a key target of RSV that drives infection-induced pathology.
Analysis of RSV-induced transcriptomic changes in RSV-infected DC revealed
metabolic gene signatures suggestive of altered cellular metabolism. Reverse
phase protein [...] Read more.
Previous studies from our laboratory and others have established the dendritic
cell (DC) as a key target of RSV that drives infection-induced pathology.
Analysis of RSV-induced transcriptomic changes in RSV-infected DC revealed
metabolic gene signatures suggestive of altered cellular metabolism. Reverse
phase protein array (RPPA) data showed significantly increased PARP1
phosphorylation in RSV-infected DC. Real-time cell metabolic analysis
demonstrated increased glycolysis in PARP1-/- DC after RSV infection, confirming
a role for PARP1 in regulating DC metabolism. Our data show that enzymatic
inhibition or genomic ablation of PARP1 resulted in increased ifnb1, il12, and
il27 in RSV-infected DC which, together, promote a more appropriate anti-viral
environment. PARP1-/- mice and PARP1-inhibitor-treated mice were protected
against RSV-induced immunopathology including airway inflammation, Th2 cytokine
production, and mucus hypersecretion. However, delayed treatment with PARP1
inhibitor in RSV-infected mice provided only partial protection, suggesting that
PARP1 is most important during the earlier innate immune stage of RSV infection.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Viral Immunology, Vaccines, and Antivirals)
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14 pages, 4126 KiB
Open AccessArticle
Coxsackievirus A7 and Enterovirus A71 Significantly Reduce SARS-CoV-2 Infection
in Cell and Animal Models
by Victor A. Svyatchenko, Stanislav S. Legostaev, Roman Y. Lutkovskiy, Elena V.
Protopopova, Eugenia P. Ponomareva, Vladimir V. Omigov, Oleg S. Taranov,
Vladimir A. Ternovoi, Alexander P. Agafonov and Valery B. Loktev
Viruses 2024, 16(6), 909; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16060909 - 4 Jun 2024
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the features of co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and
the enterovirus vaccine strain LEV8 of coxsackievirus A7 or enterovirus A71 for
Vero E6 cells and Syrian hamsters. The investigation of co-infection with
SARS-CoV-2 and LEV-8 or EV-A71 in the cell [...] Read more.
In this study, we investigated the features of co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and
the enterovirus vaccine strain LEV8 of coxsackievirus A7 or enterovirus A71 for
Vero E6 cells and Syrian hamsters. The investigation of co-infection with
SARS-CoV-2 and LEV-8 or EV-A71 in the cell model showed that a competitive
inhibitory effect for these viruses was especially significant against
SARS-CoV-2. Pre-infection with enteroviruses in the animals caused more than a
100-fold decrease in the levels of SARS-CoV-2 virus replication in the
respiratory tract and more rapid clearance of infectious SARS-CoV-2 from the
lower respiratory tract. Co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and LEV-8 or EV-A71 also
reduced the severity of clinical manifestations of the SARS-CoV-2 infection in
the animals. Additionally, the histological data illustrated that co-infection
with strain LEV8 of coxsackievirus A7 decreased the level of pathological
changes induced by SARS-CoV-2 in the lungs. Research into the chemokine/cytokine
profile demonstrated that the studied enteroviruses efficiently triggered this
part of the antiviral immune response, which is associated with the significant
inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection. These results demonstrate that there is
significant viral interference between the studied strain LEV-8 of
coxsackievirus A7 or enterovirus A71 and SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and in vivo. Full
article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Co-infections in COVID-19:
Predisposing Mechanisms and Interplay between Invasive Viral, Bacterial and
Fungal Pathogens)
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7 pages, 271 KiB
Open AccessReview
Significance of Cellular Lipid Metabolism for the Replication of Rotaviruses and
Other RNA Viruses
by Ulrich Desselberger
Viruses 2024, 16(6), 908; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16060908 - 4 Jun 2024
Abstract
The replication of species A rotaviruses (RVAs) involves the recruitment of and
interaction with cellular organelles’ lipid droplets (LDs), both physically and
functionally. The inhibition of enzymes involved in the cellular fatty acid
biosynthesis pathway or the inhibition of cellular lipases that degrade [...]
Read more.
The replication of species A rotaviruses (RVAs) involves the recruitment of and
interaction with cellular organelles’ lipid droplets (LDs), both physically and
functionally. The inhibition of enzymes involved in the cellular fatty acid
biosynthesis pathway or the inhibition of cellular lipases that degrade LDs was
found to reduce the functions of ‘viral factories’ (viroplasms for rotaviruses
or replication compartments of other RNA viruses) and decrease the production of
infectious progeny viruses. While many other RNA viruses utilize cellular lipids
for their replication, their detailed analysis is far beyond this review; only a
few annotations are made relating to hepatitis C virus (HCV), enteroviruses,
SARS-CoV-2, and HIV-1. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viruses 2024 - A World of Viruses)
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Supplementary material:
Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 59048 KiB)
19 pages, 2156 KiB
Open AccessArticle
Evolutionary and Phylogenetic Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 Variants: A Genetic
Comparative Study of Taiyuan and Wuhan Cities of China
by Behzad Hussain and Wu Changxin
Viruses 2024, 16(6), 907; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16060907 - 3 Jun 2024
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a
positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome-containing virus which has infected
millions of people all over the world. The virus has been mutating rapidly
enough, resulting in the emergence of new variants and sub-variants which have
reportedly [...] Read more.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a
positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome-containing virus which has infected
millions of people all over the world. The virus has been mutating rapidly
enough, resulting in the emergence of new variants and sub-variants which have
reportedly been spread from Wuhan city in China, the epicenter of the virus, to
the rest of China and all over the world. The occurrence of mutations in the
viral genome, especially in the viral spike protein region, has resulted in the
evolution of multiple variants and sub-variants which gives the virus the
benefit of host immune evasion and thus renders modern-day vaccines and
therapeutics ineffective. Therefore, there is a continuous need to study the
genetic characteristics and evolutionary dynamics of the SARS-CoV-2 variants.
Hence, in this study, a total of 832 complete genomes of SARS-CoV-2 variants
from the cities of Taiyuan and Wuhan in China was genetically characterized and
their phylogenetic and evolutionary dynamics studied using phylogenetics,
genetic similarity, and phylogenetic network analyses. This study shows that the
four most prevalent lineages in Taiyuan and Wuhan are as follows: the Omicron
lineages EG.5.1.1, followed by HK.3, FY.3, and XBB.1.16 (Pangolin
classification), and clades 23F (EG.5.1), followed by 23H (HK.3), 22F (XBB), and
23D (XBB.1.9) (Nextclade classification), and lineage B followed by the Omicron
FY.3, lineage A, and Omicron FL.2.3 (Pangolin classification), and the clades
19A, followed by 22F (XBB), 23F (EG.5.1), and 23H (HK.3) (Nextclade
classification), respectively. Furthermore, our genetic similarity analysis show
that the SARS-CoV-2 clade 19A-B.4 from Wuhan (name starting with 412981) has the
least genetic similarity of about 95.5% in the spike region of the genome as
compared to the query sequence of Omicron XBB.2.3.2 from Taiyuan (name starting
with 18495234), followed by the Omicron FR.1.4 from Taiyuan (name starting with
18495199) with ~97.2% similarity and Omicron DY.3 (name starting with 17485740)
with ~97.9% similarity. The rest of the variants showed ≥98% similarity with the
query sequence of Omicron XBB.2.3.2 from Taiyuan (name starting with 18495234).
In addition, our recombination analysis results show that the SARS-CoV-2
variants have three statistically significant recombinant events which could
have possibly resulted in the emergence of Omicron XBB.1.16 (recombination event
3), FY.3 (recombination event 5), and FL.2.4 (recombination event 7), suggesting
some very important information regarding viral evolution. Also, our
phylogenetic tree and network analyses show that there are a total of 14
clusters and more than 10,000 mutations which may have probably resulted in the
emergence of cluster-I, followed by 47 mutations resulting in the emergence of
cluster-II and so on. The clustering of the viral variants of both cities
reveals significant information regarding the phylodynamics of the virus among
them. The results of our temporal phylogenetic analysis suggest that the
variants of Taiyuan have likely emerged as independent variants separate from
the variants of Wuhan. This study, to the best of our knowledge, is the first
ever genetic comparative study between Taiyuan and Wuhan cities in China. This
study will help us better understand the virus and cope with the emergence and
spread of new variants at a local as well as an international level, and keep
the public health authorities informed for them to make better decisions in
designing new viral vaccines and therapeutics. It will also help the outbreak
investigators to better examine any future outbreak. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Coronaviruses)
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Supplementary material:
Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 404 KiB)
15 pages, 3490 KiB
Open AccessArticle
Exploring Dengue Dynamics: A Multi-Scale Analysis of Spatio-Temporal Trends in
Ibagué, Colombia
by Julian Otero, Alejandra Tabares and Mauricio Santos-Vega
Viruses 2024, 16(6), 906; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16060906 - 3 Jun 2024
Abstract
Our study examines how dengue fever incidence is associated with spatial
(demographic and socioeconomic) alongside temporal (environmental) factors at
multiple scales in the city of Ibagué, located in the Andean region of Colombia.
We used the dengue incidence in Ibagué from 2013 to [...] Read more.
Our study examines how dengue fever incidence is associated with spatial
(demographic and socioeconomic) alongside temporal (environmental) factors at
multiple scales in the city of Ibagué, located in the Andean region of Colombia.
We used the dengue incidence in Ibagué from 2013 to 2018 to examine the
associations with climate, socioeconomic, and demographic factors from the
national census and satellite imagery at four levels of local spatial
aggregation. We used geographically weighted regression (GWR) to identify the
relevant socioeconomic and demographic predictors, and we then integrated them
with environmental variables into hierarchical models using integrated nested
Laplace approximation (INLA) to analyze the spatio-temporal interactions. Our
findings show a significant effect of spatial variables across the different
levels of aggregation, including human population density, gas and sewage
connection, percentage of woman and children, and percentage of population with
a higher education degree. Lagged temporal variables displayed consistent
patterns across all levels of spatial aggregation, with higher temperatures and
lower precipitation at short lags showing an increase in the relative risk (RR).
A comparative evaluation of the models at different levels of aggregation
revealed that, while higher aggregation levels often yield a better overall
model fit, finer levels offer more detailed insights into the localized impacts
of socioeconomic and demographic variables on dengue incidence. Our results
underscore the importance of considering macro and micro-level factors in
epidemiological modeling, and they highlight the potential for targeted public
health interventions based on localized risk factor analyses. Notably, the
intermediate levels emerged as the most informative, thereby balancing spatial
heterogeneity and case distribution density, as well as providing a robust
framework for understanding the spatial determinants of dengue. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Arboviruses and Climate)
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Open AccessArticle
Lung Ultrasonography in the Evaluation of Late Sequelae of COVID-19 Pneumonia—A
Comparison with Chest Computed Tomography: A Prospective Study
by Katarzyna Zimna, Małgorzata Sobiecka, Jacek Wakuliński, Dorota Wyrostkiewicz,
Ewa Jankowska, Monika Szturmowicz and Witold Z. Tomkowski
Viruses 2024, 16(6), 905; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16060905 - 3 Jun 2024
Abstract
The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic allowed physicians to gain experience in lung
ultrasound (LUS) during the acute phase of the disease. However, limited data
are available on LUS findings during the recovery phase. The aim of this study
was to evaluate the [...] Read more.
The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic allowed physicians to gain experience in lung
ultrasound (LUS) during the acute phase of the disease. However, limited data
are available on LUS findings during the recovery phase. The aim of this study
was to evaluate the utility of LUS to assess lung involvement in patients with
post-COVID-19 syndrome. This study prospectively enrolled 72 patients who
underwent paired LUS and chest CT scans (112 pairs including follow-up). The
most frequent CT findings were ground glass opacities (83.3%), subpleural lines
(72.2%), traction bronchiectasis (37.5%), and consolidations (31.9%). LUS
revealed irregular pleural lines as a common abnormality initially (56.9%),
along with subpleural consolidation >2.5 mm ≤10 mm (26.5%) and B-lines (26.5%).
A strong correlation was found between LUS score, calculated by artificial
intelligence percentage involvement in ground glass opacities described in CT (r
= 0.702, p < 0.05). LUS score was significantly higher in the group with
fibrotic changes compared to the non-fibrotic group with a mean value of 19.4 ±
5.7 to 11 ± 6.6, respectively (p < 0.0001). LUS might be considered valuable for
examining patients with persistent symptoms after recovering from COVID-19
pneumonia. Abnormalities identified through LUS align with CT scan findings;
thus, LUS might potentially reduce the need for frequent chest CT examinations.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue COVID-19 and Pneumonia 3rd Edition)
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Open AccessReview
HPV16 Phylogenetic Variants in Anogenital and Head and Neck Cancers: State of
the Art and Perspectives
by Luisa Galati, Paola Di Bonito, Mariarosaria Marinaro, Maria Vincenza
Chiantore and Tarik Gheit
Viruses 2024, 16(6), 904; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16060904 - 3 Jun 2024
Abstract
HPV16 is responsible for approximately 60% and 90% of global HPV–induced
cervical and oropharyngeal cancers, respectively. HPV16 intratype variants have
been identified by HPV genome sequencing and classified into four phylogenetic
lineages (A–D). Our understanding of HPV16 variants mostly derives from
epidemiological studies [...] Read more.
HPV16 is responsible for approximately 60% and 90% of global HPV–induced
cervical and oropharyngeal cancers, respectively. HPV16 intratype variants have
been identified by HPV genome sequencing and classified into four phylogenetic
lineages (A–D). Our understanding of HPV16 variants mostly derives from
epidemiological studies on cervical cancer (CC) in which HPV16 B, C, and D
lineages (previously named “non-European” variants) were mainly associated with
high-grade cervical lesions and cancer. Although a predominance of HPV16 lineage
A (previously named “European variants”) has been observed in head and neck
squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), epidemiological and in vitro biological studies
are still limited for this tumor site. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) of the
entire HPV genome has deepened our knowledge of the prevalence and distribution
of HPV variants in CC and HNSCC. Research on cervical cancer has shown that
certain HPV16 sublineages, such as D2, D3, A3, and A4, are associated with an
increased risk of cervical cancer, and sublineages A4, D2, and D3 are linked to
a higher risk of developing adenocarcinomas. Additionally, lineage C and
sublineages D2 or D3 of HPV16 show an elevated risk of developing premalignant
cervical lesions. However, it is still crucial to conduct large-scale studies on
HPV16 variants in different HPV–related tumor sites to deeply evaluate their
association with disease development and outcomes. This review discusses the
current knowledge and updates on HPV16 phylogenetic variants distribution in
HPV–driven anogenital and head and neck cancers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Human Virology and Viral Diseases)
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Open AccessArticle
HIV-1 Tat-Mediated Human Müller Glial Cell Senescence Involves Endoplasmic
Reticulum Stress and Dysregulated Autophagy
by Uma Maheswari Deshetty, Nivedita Chatterjee, Shilpa Buch and Palsamy
Periyasamy
Viruses 2024, 16(6), 903; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16060903 - 3 Jun 2024
Abstract
Antiretroviral treatments have notably extended the lives of individuals with
HIV and reduced the occurrence of comorbidities, including ocular
manifestations. The involvement of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in HIV-1
pathogenesis raises questions about its correlation with cellular senescence or
its role in initiating [...] Read more.
Antiretroviral treatments have notably extended the lives of individuals with
HIV and reduced the occurrence of comorbidities, including ocular
manifestations. The involvement of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in HIV-1
pathogenesis raises questions about its correlation with cellular senescence or
its role in initiating senescent traits. This study investigated how ER stress
and dysregulated autophagy impact cellular senescence triggered by HIV-1 Tat in
the MIO-M1 cell line (human Müller glial cells). Cells exposed to HIV-1 Tat
exhibited increased vimentin expression combined with markers of ER stress (BiP,
p-eIF2α), autophagy (LC3, Beclin-1, p62), and the senescence marker p21 compared
to control cells. Western blotting and staining techniques like SA-β-gal were
employed to examine these markers. Additionally, treatments with ER stress
inhibitor 4-PBA before HIV-1 Tat exposure led to a decreased expression of ER
stress, senescence, and autophagy markers. Conversely, pre-treatment with the
autophagy inhibitor 3-MA resulted in reduced autophagy and senescence markers
but did not alter ER stress markers compared to control cells. The findings
suggest a link between ER stress, dysregulated autophagy, and the initiation of
a senescence phenotype in MIO-M1 cells induced by HIV-1 Tat exposure. Full
article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue HIV and Drugs of Abuse, 3rd Edition)
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HIGHLY ACCESSED ARTICLES
Article
Wide Real-Life Data Support Reduced Sensitivity of Antigen Tests for Omicron
SARS-CoV-2 Infections
by Chiara Piubelli et al.
Viruses 2024, 16(5), 657; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16050657
Published: 23 April 2024
Review
Back to the Basics of SARS-CoV-2 Biochemistry: Microvascular Occlusive Glycan
Bindings Govern Its Morbidities and Inform Therapeutic Responses
by David E. Scheim et al.
Viruses 2024, 16(4), 647; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16040647
Published: 22 April 2024
Review
Winged Threat on the Offensive: A Literature Review Due to the First
Identification of Aedes japonicus in Poland
by Marcin Gierek et al.
Viruses 2024, 16(5), 703; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16050703
Published: 29 April 2024
Article
Droplet Digital RT-PCR (dd RT-PCR) Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Honey Bees and
Honey Collected in Apiaries across the Campania Region
by Andrea Mancusi et al.
Viruses 2024, 16(5), 729; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16050729
Published: 4 May 2024
Review
Intracellular Host Restriction of Hepatitis B Virus Replication
by Prakriti Sinha et al.
Viruses 2024, 16(5), 764; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16050764
Published: 11 May 2024
Article
The Effect of Age and Comorbidities: Children vs. Adults in Their Response to
SARS-CoV-2 Infection
by Girlande Mentor et al.
Viruses 2024, 16(5), 801; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16050801
Published: 17 May 2024
Review
Hepatitis E Virus in Domestic Ruminants and Virus Excretion in Milk—A Potential
Source of Zoonotic HEV Infection
by Gergana Zahmanova et al.
Viruses 2024, 16(5), 684; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16050684
Published: 26 April 2024
Article
Why Certain Repurposed Drugs Are Unlikely to Be Effective Antivirals to Treat
SARS-CoV-2 Infections
by Selwyn J. Hurwitz et al.
Viruses 2024, 16(4), 651; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16040651
Published: 22 April 2024
Review
SPIKENET: An Evidence-Based Therapy for Long COVID
by Nila Elumalai et al.
Viruses 2024, 16(6), 838; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16060838
Published: 24 May 2024
Article
Genetic Characterization of Lumpy Skin Disease Viruses Circulating in Lesotho
Cattle
by Mabusetsa Joseph Raporoto Makalo et al.
Viruses 2024, 16(5), 762; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16050762
Published: 11 May 2024
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Deadline: 15 June 2024
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