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Design Design Ideas
EDN ACCESS–07.03.97 SPICE MODEL SIMULATES SPARK-GAP ARRESTOR
July 3, 1997
by EDN Staff
Comment 1
July 3, 1997
Spice model simulates spark-gap arrestor
Christophe Basso, Sinard, France
Spark-gap arrestors, or surge arrestors, are highly nonlinear devices whose
function is to block transient surges on dc or ac power-supply lines. Such
transients can arise from lightning strikes, motor starts, and other causes. A
spark gap uses two electrodes that oppose each other across a short distance in
an atmosphere of inert gas, such as neon or argon. If the voltage on the
arrestor is below its striking voltage (avalanche potential), the current in the
arrestor is close to zero. Once the potential reaches the striking voltage, the
voltage across the arrestor suddenly collapses to a level called the glow
voltage. If the current increases further, the arrestor voltage decreases to a
level called the arc voltage, where it stays until the surge passes. At this
point, the arrestor stays conductive until its current falls below a sustaining
value, much in the manner of a thyristor. Because the gas needs a certain amount
of time for ionization, the ignition voltage depends on the dv/dt applied to the
arrestor. The Spice model presented here takes into account the dv/dt effect.
You can model such a component with Spice in several ways (References 1 and 2).
For simplicity and easy implementation, the method shown uses the macromodeling
technique. The model assembles Spice primitives to describe a complex electrical
function. Figure 1 shows the general spark-gap model. In the off state, the
voltage-controlled switch is open, and only a leakage current flows in the spark
gap. The switch stays off until VSG increases to the striking voltage, VSTRIKE .
At this point, the switch immediately turns on and the network comprising the
back-to-back zener diodes and the series resistance connects across the
arrestor's terminals. The voltage then collapses to the arc value, and the
current starts to rise.
When the surge passes, the arrestor current decays until the voltage reaches the
sustaining value, and the switch opens. This simple model does not take into
account the glow transition. The netlist in Listing 1 uses IntuSoft's (San
Pedro, CA) IsSpice 4. (Click here to download the file from DI-SIG, #2053.)
IsSpice 4 uses standard Spice 3 elements combined with one of IntuSoft's Spice
extensions: an if-then-else behavioral element (BARC). The A1 element in the
Spice routine depicts, point by point, the way the ignition voltage increases in
the presence of higher voltage slopes. You can easily obtain this
ignition-voltage information by observing the VIGNITION /
dv/dt curves in the arrestor's data sheet. A classic differentiator calculates
the slope of the input signal.
To adapt the model to a particular spark-gap device, you need only enter the
parameters in the data sheet. The default values shown correspond to a Siemens
(Iselin, NJ) A81-C90X surge arrestor. The first Spice test uses the
self-relaxing configuration in Figure 2. Because the surge phenomena are fast,
you need to view the raw, noninterpolated Spice data and not the interpolated
(.PRINT) data. Using IntuSoft's IntuScope graphical-investigation tool, you can
easily explore both types of data. Figure 3 shows the Spice results.
Oscilloscope measurements on an actual circuit show close correlation with the
Spice simulation.
A second test uses the spark-gap device as a real surge arrestor. The power
mains supply a device protected by an arrestor. A 1-µsec transient, added to the
supply voltage, sets off the arrestor. Figure 4 shows the Spice-simulated
results. You simulate the dv/dt effects by driving the arrestor with different
slopes. As the slope increases, so does the ignition voltage. Figure 5 shows the
resulting curves. This model runs fast and converges with no difficulties. You
could easily derive a warm- or cold-cathode fluorescent-lamp model from this
method. IntuSoft also supplies a Spice-model library for various surge-arrestor
devices. (DI #2053)
References
1. “An electrical surge arrestor (ESA) model for electro-magnetic pulse
analysis,” Rockwell International Electronics Operations, IEEE Transactions
on Nuclear Science , Vol NS-24, December 1977.
2. Narui, M, “A Spice model for simulating arc-discharge load,” 1991 IEEE
Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, Volume II.
Figure 1 Figure 2 Back-to-back zener diodes and a voltage-controlled switch
form the heart of a circuit that simulates a spark-gap surge arrestor. A
self-relaxing configuration replaces the Siemens A81-C90X arrestor with the
model in Figure 1 for the Spice simulation.
Figure 3 Figure 4 The Spice simulation of the self-relaxing configuration in
Figure 2 shows the beginning and end of the spark-gap arcing region. Spice
results show that a surge in the line voltage provokes clamping at the arcing
voltage; the normal line voltage returns after the current falls below the
arc-sustaining value.
Figure 5 The ignition voltage of a spark-gap surge arrestor is a direct function
of the dv/dt slope of the surge signal.
Listing 1 –Spice simulation of a spark-gap surge arrestor
| EDN Access | Feedback | Table of Contents |
Copyright c 1997 EDN Magazine, EDN Access. EDN is a registered trademark of Reed
Properties Inc, used under license. EDN is published by Cahners Publishing
Company, a unit of Reed Elsevier Inc.
1 COMMENT ON “EDN ACCESS–07.03.97 SPICE MODEL SIMULATES SPARK-GAP ARRESTOR”
1. User_Hostile
January 13, 2013
Why the gifs fail to show up on this web page?
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