captchaverification.com

Summary

This website contacted 4 IPs in 1 countries across 2 domains to perform 7 HTTP transactions. The main IP is 2606:4700:3037::ac43:8e99, located in United States and belongs to CLOUDFLARENET, US. The main domain is captchaverification.com.

This is the only time captchaverification.com was scanned on urlscan.io!

urlscan.io Verdict: No classification

Domain & IP information

	IP Address	AS Autonomous System
1 4	2606:4700:303... 2606:4700:3037::ac43:8e99	13335 (CLOUDFLAR...) (CLOUDFLARENET)
2	2606:4700::68... 2606:4700::6811:2b8	13335 (CLOUDFLAR...) (CLOUDFLARENET)
1	2606:4700:303... 2606:4700:3032::6815:1b7f	13335 (CLOUDFLAR...) (CLOUDFLARENET)
7	4

4 2606:4700:3037::ac43:8e99 (United States) 1 redirects

ASN13335 (CLOUDFLARENET, US)

captchaverification.com	Domain lookup VirusTotal SecurityTrails crt.sh Censys Domaintools

2 2606:4700::6811:2b8 (United States)

ASN13335 (CLOUDFLARENET, US)

challenges.cloudflare.com	Domain lookup VirusTotal SecurityTrails crt.sh Censys Domaintools

1 2606:4700:3032::6815:1b7f (United States)

ASN13335 (CLOUDFLARENET, US)

captchaverification.com	Domain lookup VirusTotal SecurityTrails crt.sh Censys Domaintools

	Apex Domain Subdomains	Transfer
5	captchaverification.com 1 redirects captchaverification.com	84 KB
2	cloudflare.com challenges.cloudflare.com — Cisco Umbrella Rank: 5168	13 KB
7	2

	Domain	Requested by
5	captchaverification.com	1 redirects captchaverification.com
2	challenges.cloudflare.com	captchaverification.com challenges.cloudflare.com
7	2

This site contains links to these domains. Also see Links.

Domain
www.cloudflare.com

Subject Issuer	Validity	Valid
challenges.cloudflare.com Cloudflare Inc ECC CA-3	`2023-08-18` - `2024-08-17`	a year	crt.sh

This page contains 2 frames:

Primary Page: http://captchaverification.com/
Frame ID: 23DD211A39E5F6FA3A9E50923A11AB3D
Requests: 6 HTTP requests in this frame

Frame: https://challenges.cloudflare.com/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/turnstile/if/ov2/av0/rcv0/0/a0fau/0x4AAAAAAADnPIDROrmt1Wwj/light/normal
Frame ID: AF1CB5A6AFE1F1632FD1CA71B25C5BF6
Requests: 1 HTTP requests in this frame

Screenshot
Live screenshot

Full Image

Page Title

Just a moment...

Page Statistics

7
Requests

29 %
HTTPS

100 %
IPv6

2
Domains

2
Subdomains

4
IPs

1
Countries

96 kB
Transfer

257 kB
Size

0
Cookies

1 Outgoing links

These are links going to different origins than the main page.

URL: https://www.cloudflare.com/?utm_source=challenge&utm_campaign=m
Title: Cloudflare

Search URL Search Domain Scan URL

Redirected requests

There were HTTP redirect chains for the following requests:

Request Chain 2

http://captchaverification.com/favicon.ico HTTP 301
https://captchaverification.com/favicon.ico

7 HTTP transactions
0 data transactions

Method
Protocol Status Resource
Path Size
x-fer Time
Latency Type
MIME-Type IP
Location

GET
H/1.1 403
Forbidden Primary Request / Show response
captchaverification.com/ 11 KB
7 KB 283ms
112ms Document
text/html 2606:4700:3037::ac43:8e99
CLOUDFLARENET

General

Check archive.org

Show headers Download Go to

Full URL

http://captchaverification.com/

Protocol

HTTP/1.1

Server

2606:4700:3037::ac43:8e99 , United States, ASN13335 (CLOUDFLARENET, US),

Reverse DNS

Software

cloudflare /

Resource Hash

ad0827a29b5f6644d08a2b941631c45979f2c7eba92dd162dd04134e3e658638

Security Headers

Name	Value
X-Frame-Options	SAMEORIGIN

Request headers

Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/120.0.6099.224 Safari/537.36
accept-language: de-DE,de;q=0.9

Response headers

Accept-CH: Sec-CH-UA-Bitness, Sec-CH-UA-Arch, Sec-CH-UA-Full-Version, Sec-CH-UA-Mobile, Sec-CH-UA-Model, Sec-CH-UA-Platform-Version, Sec-CH-UA-Full-Version-List, Sec-CH-UA-Platform, Sec-CH-UA, UA-Bitness, UA-Arch, UA-Full-Version, UA-Mobile, UA-Model, UA-Platform-Version, UA-Platform, UA
CF-RAY: 84c8711e790e1996-EWR
Cache-Control: private, max-age=0, no-store, no-cache, must-revalidate, post-check=0, pre-check=0
Connection: close
Content-Encoding: gzip
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
Cross-Origin-Embedder-Policy: require-corp
Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy: same-origin
Cross-Origin-Resource-Policy: same-origin
Date: Sun, 28 Jan 2024 10:09:47 GMT
Expires: Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:01 GMT
NEL: {"success_fraction":0,"report_to":"cf-nel","max_age":604800}
Origin-Agent-Cluster: ?1
Permissions-Policy: accelerometer=(),autoplay=(),browsing-topics=(),camera=(),clipboard-read=(),clipboard-write=(),geolocation=(),gyroscope=(),hid=(),interest-cohort=(),magnetometer=(),microphone=(),payment=(),publickey-credentials-get=(),screen-wake-lock=(),serial=(),sync-xhr=(),usb=()
Referrer-Policy: same-origin
Report-To: {"endpoints":[{"url":"https:\/\/a.nel.cloudflare.com\/report\/v3?s=UP8pW6w535aiIyUBEjgzis6d1yC2pPHsEd5sdXa5YQjscCnOmNfx3AtN4u%2BFykMKsOqJ64bXdHkXge0PRbTHYKI4P%2B3el8td8xtSIdlooQWAjlQpzn1rjCYbpEcITJ7lklnmMVz8LbC2UQUS51O8931NdvyJBw%3D%3D"}],"group":"cf-nel","max_age":604800}
Server: cloudflare
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Vary: Accept-Encoding
X-Frame-Options: SAMEORIGIN
alt-svc: h3=":443"; ma=86400
cf-mitigated: challenge

GET
H/1.1 200
OK v1 Show response
captchaverification.com/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/ 171 KB
56 KB 62ms
40ms Script
application/javascript 2606:4700:3037::ac43:8e99
CLOUDFLARENET

General

Check archive.org

Show headers Download Go to

Full URL: http://captchaverification.com/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=84c8711e790e1996
Requested by: Host: captchaverification.com
URL: http://captchaverification.com/
Protocol: HTTP/1.1
Server: 2606:4700:3037::ac43:8e99 , United States, ASN13335 (CLOUDFLARENET, US),
Reverse DNS
Software: cloudflare /
Resource Hash: f985223b9276364a54952cfa11b30855c8eafb1c96f15f903b2897b1b9c1f203

Request headers

accept-language: de-DE,de;q=0.9
Referer: http://captchaverification.com/?__cf_chl_rt_tk=0ahflY04bA2mOCapS6gC3qaRYSfgb9Tgfz5_1PTDAAo-1706436587-0-gaNycGzNBzs
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/120.0.6099.224 Safari/537.36

Response headers

Date: Sun, 28 Jan 2024 10:09:47 GMT
Content-Encoding: gzip
NEL: {"success_fraction":0,"report_to":"cf-nel","max_age":604800}
Server: cloudflare
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Report-To: {"endpoints":[{"url":"https:\/\/a.nel.cloudflare.com\/report\/v3?s=s79sZMJEY13KnsXm9nyl68gro70wMZdgRv%2BK%2Fn1hfAyroRIHsY7a26JVbeDFuFJvykdySOb6kItWpOoqssIxWgAcpq9Jxjqkiq1jvNywIMUITZVS%2Bhp3GYYlWgQVcVFZ398J4isEVN9BgfdaSZzkj%2BS%2F%2BV7E5A%3D%3D"}],"group":"cf-nel","max_age":604800}
Content-Type: application/javascript; charset=UTF-8
cache-control: private, max-age=0, no-store, no-cache, must-revalidate, post-check=0, pre-check=0
Connection: keep-alive
CF-RAY: 84c8711f48df4d6a-FRA
alt-svc: h3=":443"; ma=86400

GET
H2 200 api.js Show response
challenges.cloudflare.com/turnstile/v0/g/ea25f566/ 37 KB
13 KB 105ms
46ms Script
application/javascript 2606:4700::6811:2b8
CLOUDFLARENET

General

Check archive.org

Show headers Download Go to

Full URL: https://challenges.cloudflare.com/turnstile/v0/g/ea25f566/api.js?onload=xZNcr9&render=explicit
Requested by: Host: captchaverification.com
URL: http://captchaverification.com/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=84c8711e790e1996
Protocol: H2
Security: TLS 1.3, , AES_128_GCM
Server: 2606:4700::6811:2b8 , United States, ASN13335 (CLOUDFLARENET, US),
Reverse DNS
Software: cloudflare /
Resource Hash: 18cbe0edc0b01c71a6c3ffe704550a8bb1cfe7e02839b7dbdc9c44288bf8b59c

Request headers

Referer
Origin: http://captchaverification.com
accept-language: de-DE,de;q=0.9
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/120.0.6099.224 Safari/537.36

Response headers

date: Sun, 28 Jan 2024 10:09:47 GMT
content-encoding: br
server: cloudflare
vary: Accept-Encoding
content-type: application/javascript; charset=UTF-8
access-control-allow-origin: *
cache-control: max-age=31536000
cf-ray: 84c871205c3c9061-FRA
alt-svc: h3=":443"; ma=86400

GET
H2

200

favicon.ico
captchaverification.com/
Redirect Chain

http://captchaverification.com/favicon.ico
https://captchaverification.com/favicon.ico

25 KB
10 KB

162ms
69ms

Image
image/x-icon

2606:4700:3032::6815:1b7f
CLOUDFLARENET

General

Check archive.org

Show headers Download Go to Show image

Full URL: https://captchaverification.com/favicon.ico
Requested by: Host: captchaverification.com
URL: http://captchaverification.com/
Protocol: H2
Server: 2606:4700:3032::6815:1b7f , United States, ASN13335 (CLOUDFLARENET, US),
Reverse DNS
Software: cloudflare /
Resource Hash: 2b8ad2d33455a8f736fc3a8ebf8f0bdea8848ad4c0db48a2833bd0f9cd775932

Request headers

accept-language: de-DE,de;q=0.9
Referer
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/120.0.6099.224 Safari/537.36

Response headers

date: Sun, 28 Jan 2024 10:09:47 GMT
content-encoding: br
cf-cache-status: EXPIRED
last-modified: Thu, 04 Jan 2024 16:03:33 GMT
nel: {"success_fraction":0,"report_to":"cf-nel","max_age":604800}
server: cloudflare
etag: W/"654b-18cd537316c"
vary: Accept-Encoding
report-to: {"endpoints":[{"url":"https:\/\/a.nel.cloudflare.com\/report\/v3?s=9VdJzPWsPALz%2FtnRQabMyOztovq6COIb1zT%2FOH%2F0F%2BZEbjJ8e0F3mlLbbe%2FZy7BH9pGBdIGY1v3g4ydb7FdY0Z3GjTUhhxs3sz3S3KCh5Mqvm8rCe26e0y0r%2FUjfr3LxBIW9uOJISzL38DlFT7nBfTOf9IrOjw%3D%3D"}],"group":"cf-nel","max_age":604800}
content-type: image/x-icon
cache-control: public, max-age=14400
cf-ray: 84c87120eafeb944-AMS
alt-svc: h3=":443"; ma=86400

Redirect headers

Date: Sun, 28 Jan 2024 10:09:47 GMT
CF-Cache-Status: EXPIRED
NEL: {"success_fraction":0,"report_to":"cf-nel","max_age":604800}
Server: cloudflare
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Report-To: {"endpoints":[{"url":"https:\/\/a.nel.cloudflare.com\/report\/v3?s=S%2B18YsQb1x%2BxKrHreg8svySHoWQ0YU4GatsXbCz49HPg613Y8uLanqNjSulmR5trmc87YpvPgEhy%2BVXdfbDAfVNyV5d7pg2%2BGi48vZsBw04pkjEOS8liRzIhJZL7O%2FHTucVsg%2Fbpx%2FQgsalGFT5O7dCOUlDGQA%3D%3D"}],"group":"cf-nel","max_age":604800}
Content-Type: text/html
Location: https://captchaverification.com/favicon.ico
Cache-Control: max-age=14400
Vary: Accept-Encoding
Connection: keep-alive
CF-RAY: 84c8711ff97a4d6a-FRA
alt-svc: h3=":443"; ma=86400

GET
BLOB 200
OK e270f263-795c-47e4-9136-10e132f005e5
http://captchaverification.com/ 13 B
0 Other
text/javascript

General

Check archive.org

Show headers Download Go to

Full URL: blob:http://captchaverification.com/e270f263-795c-47e4-9136-10e132f005e5
Requested by: Host: captchaverification.com
URL: http://captchaverification.com/
Protocol: BLOB
Server: -, , ASN (),
Reverse DNS
Software: /
Resource Hash: 8860e7fef89219a219cb11d18bd8e4a322f32072613f86e935e7fe162ab69c04

Request headers

accept-language: de-DE,de;q=0.9
Referer: http://captchaverification.com/
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/120.0.6099.224 Safari/537.36

Response headers

Content-Length: 13
Content-Type: text/javascript

POST
H/1.1 200
OK 3947a6e77bec21a Show response
captchaverification.com/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/flow/ov1/323456319:1706432949:VTIWcPlYpdciOu_H0nMKuPar6h4LnqCaV86BD0B7Lyk/84c8711e790e1996/ 13 KB
10 KB 45ms
44ms XHR
text/plain 2606:4700:3037::ac43:8e99
CLOUDFLARENET

General

Check archive.org

Show headers Download Go to

Full URL: http://captchaverification.com/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/flow/ov1/323456319:1706432949:VTIWcPlYpdciOu_H0nMKuPar6h4LnqCaV86BD0B7Lyk/84c8711e790e1996/3947a6e77bec21a
Requested by: Host: captchaverification.com
URL: http://captchaverification.com/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=84c8711e790e1996
Protocol: HTTP/1.1
Server: 2606:4700:3037::ac43:8e99 , United States, ASN13335 (CLOUDFLARENET, US),
Reverse DNS
Software: cloudflare /
Resource Hash: fa2f4f5c77391a15ef7893aa33fdcffe6f8700b2ff23ee6f0de0612cd42689fa

Request headers

Referer: http://captchaverification.com/
accept-language: de-DE,de;q=0.9
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/120.0.6099.224 Safari/537.36
CF-Challenge: 3947a6e77bec21a
Content-type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

Response headers

Date: Sun, 28 Jan 2024 10:09:47 GMT
Content-Encoding: gzip
NEL: {"success_fraction":0,"report_to":"cf-nel","max_age":604800}
Server: cloudflare
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Report-To: {"endpoints":[{"url":"https:\/\/a.nel.cloudflare.com\/report\/v3?s=j2jTYrzp52t0%2BxCdqEIMzFrgTmSFFV119hX9YG0nXNRTc34DBhvjSAjIAaqCjPgcYdGWjSkRD%2Bz%2BMvdZmSQuyT7zWd0aiwa9xYihb2cWmfk8ubjOhEDLhh%2F0iZ8PnXsSxcOQ%2BicL99ayjvIjJ4VB8Wt3FwDDuw%3D%3D"}],"group":"cf-nel","max_age":604800}
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Connection: keep-alive
CF-RAY: 84c87120da914d6a-FRA
alt-svc: h3=":443"; ma=86400
cf-chl-gen: LCXqZ/UaMZmyzGhwQGFctu3Uaorj0zfBDNszqRJPT0G26pJnrZ73JBbeydrk+4D8$AxK/UL44AJqqY04iUr2PpQ==

GET
H2 200 normal
challenges.cloudflare.com/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/turnstile/if/ov2/av0/rcv0/0/a0fau/0x4AAAAAAADnPIDROrmt1Wwj/light/ Frame AF1C 0
0 95ms
40ms Document
text/html 2606:4700::6811:2b8
CLOUDFLARENET

General

Check archive.org

Show headers Download Go to

Full URL

https://challenges.cloudflare.com/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/turnstile/if/ov2/av0/rcv0/0/a0fau/0x4AAAAAAADnPIDROrmt1Wwj/light/normal

Requested by

Host: challenges.cloudflare.com
URL: https://challenges.cloudflare.com/turnstile/v0/g/ea25f566/api.js?onload=xZNcr9&render=explicit

Protocol

H2

Security

TLS 1.3, , AES_128_GCM

Server

2606:4700::6811:2b8 , United States, ASN13335 (CLOUDFLARENET, US),

Reverse DNS

Software

cloudflare /

Resource Hash

Security Headers

Name	Value
Content-Security-Policy	frame-src https://challenges.cloudflare.com/ blob:; base-uri 'self'

Request headers

Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/120.0.6099.224 Safari/537.36
accept-language: de-DE,de;q=0.9

Response headers

accept-ch: Sec-CH-UA-Bitness, Sec-CH-UA-Arch, Sec-CH-UA-Full-Version, Sec-CH-UA-Mobile, Sec-CH-UA-Model, Sec-CH-UA-Platform-Version, Sec-CH-UA-Full-Version-List, Sec-CH-UA-Platform, Sec-CH-UA, UA-Bitness, UA-Arch, UA-Full-Version, UA-Mobile, UA-Model, UA-Platform-Version, UA-Platform, UA
alt-svc: h3=":443"; ma=86400
cache-control: private, max-age=0, no-store, no-cache, must-revalidate, post-check=0, pre-check=0
cf-ray: 84c87121de46997b-FRA
content-encoding: br
content-security-policy: frame-src https://challenges.cloudflare.com/ blob:; base-uri 'self'
content-type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
cross-origin-embedder-policy: require-corp
cross-origin-opener-policy: same-origin
cross-origin-resource-policy: cross-origin
date: Sun, 28 Jan 2024 10:09:47 GMT
document-policy: js-profiling
origin-agent-cluster: ?1
permissions-policy: accelerometer=(),autoplay=(),browsing-topics=(),camera=(),clipboard-read=(),clipboard-write=(),geolocation=(),gyroscope=(),hid=(),interest-cohort=(),magnetometer=(),microphone=(),payment=(),publickey-credentials-get=(),screen-wake-lock=(),serial=(),sync-xhr=(),usb=()
referrer-policy: same-origin
server: cloudflare

Verdicts & Comments Add Verdict or Comment

15 JavaScript Global Variables

These are the non-standard "global" variables defined on the window object. These can be helpful in identifying possible client-side frameworks and code.

0 Cookies

Cookies are little pieces of information stored in the browser of a user. Whenever a user visits the site again, he will also send his cookie values, thus allowing the website to re-identify him even if he changed locations. This is how permanent logins work.

5 Console Messages

A page may trigger messages to the console to be logged. These are often error messages about being unable to load a resource or execute a piece of JavaScript. Sometimes they also provide insight into the technology behind a website.

Source	Level	URL Text
security	warning	Message: Error with Permissions-Policy header: Origin trial controlled feature not enabled: 'browsing-topics'.
security	warning	Message: Error with Permissions-Policy header: Origin trial controlled feature not enabled: 'interest-cohort'.
network	error	URL: http://captchaverification.com/ Message: Failed to load resource: the server responded with a status of 403 (Forbidden)
other	error	URL: http://captchaverification.com/ Message: The Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy header has been ignored, because the URL's origin was untrustworthy. It was defined either in the final response or a redirect. Please deliver the response using the HTTPS protocol. You can also use the 'localhost' origin instead. See https://www.w3.org/TR/powerful-features/#potentially-trustworthy-origin and https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#the-cross-origin-opener-policy-header.
other	warning	URL: http://captchaverification.com/?__cf_chl_rt_tk=0ahflY04bA2mOCapS6gC3qaRYSfgb9Tgfz5_1PTDAAo-1706436587-0-gaNycGzNBzs Message: The page requested an origin-keyed agent cluster using the Origin-Agent-Cluster header, but could not be origin-keyed since the origin 'http://captchaverification.com' had previously been placed in a site-keyed agent cluster. Update your headers to uniformly request origin-keying for all pages on the origin.

Security Headers

This page lists any security headers set by the main page. If you want to understand what these mean and how to use them, head on over to this page

Header	Value
X-Frame-Options	SAMEORIGIN

Indicators

This is a term in the security industry to describe indicators such as IPs, Domains, Hashes, etc. This does not imply that any of these indicate malicious activity.

captchaverification.com
challenges.cloudflare.com
2606:4700:3032::6815:1b7f
2606:4700:3037::ac43:8e99
2606:4700::6811:2b8
18cbe0edc0b01c71a6c3ffe704550a8bb1cfe7e02839b7dbdc9c44288bf8b59c
2b8ad2d33455a8f736fc3a8ebf8f0bdea8848ad4c0db48a2833bd0f9cd775932
8860e7fef89219a219cb11d18bd8e4a322f32072613f86e935e7fe162ab69c04
ad0827a29b5f6644d08a2b941631c45979f2c7eba92dd162dd04134e3e658638
f985223b9276364a54952cfa11b30855c8eafb1c96f15f903b2897b1b9c1f203
fa2f4f5c77391a15ef7893aa33fdcffe6f8700b2ff23ee6f0de0612cd42689fa

captchaverification.com Open in urlscan Pro 2606:4700:3037::ac43:8e99 Public Scan

Summary

urlscan.io Verdict: No classification

Domain & IP information

Screenshot Live screenshot Full Image

Page Title

Page Statistics

7 Requests

29 %HTTPS

100 %IPv6

2 Domains

2 Subdomains

4 IPs

1 Countries

96 kBTransfer

257 kBSize

0 Cookies

1 Outgoing links

Redirected requests

7 HTTP transactions Everything HTML Script AJAX CSS Image Expand all 0 data transactions

Request headers

Response headers

Request headers

Response headers

Request headers

Response headers

Request headers

Response headers

Redirect headers

Request headers

Response headers

Request headers

Response headers

Request headers

Response headers

Verdicts & Comments Add Verdict or Comment

15 JavaScript Global Variables

0 Cookies

5 Console Messages

Security Headers

Indicators

captchaverification.com Open in urlscan Pro
2606:4700:3037::ac43:8e99 Public Scan

Screenshot
Live screenshot

Full Image

7
Requests

29 %
HTTPS

100 %
IPv6

2
Domains

2
Subdomains

4
IPs

1
Countries

96 kB
Transfer

257 kB
Size

0
Cookies

7 HTTP transactions
0 data transactions