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LIQUID WATER CONFIRMED BENEATH MARTIAN SOUTH POLAR CAP

TOPICS:GeophysicsMarsSouthwest Research InstituteWater

By Southwest Research Institute February 4, 2022

An SwRI scientist studied the antifreeze properties of exotic salts that exist
on Mars, which could allow brines to remain liquid down to -103 degrees
Fahrenheit. The studies show how a mile below the Martian south polar cap,
brines between the grains of ice or sediments could produce the strong
reflections detected by the radar instrument aboard ESA’s Mars Express orbiter.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/USGS/SwRI

A Southwest Research Institute scientist measured the properties of ice-brine
mixtures as cold as -145 degrees Fahrenheit to help confirm that salty water
likely exists between grains of ice or sediment under the ice cap at Mars’ south
pole. Laboratory measurements conducted by SwRI geophysicist Dr. David Stillman
support oddly bright reflections detected by the MARSIS subsurface sounding
radar aboard ESA’s Mars Express orbiter.

With a 130-foot antenna, MARSIS flies over the planet, bouncing radio waves over
a selected area and then receiving and analyzing the echoes or reflections. Any
near-surface liquid water should send a strong bright signal, whereas the radar
signal for ice and rock would be much smaller.

Because conventional models assume the Mars south polar cap experiences
temperatures much lower than the melting point of water, many scientists have
questioned the presence of liquid water. Clay, hydrated salts, and saline ices
have been proposed as potential explanations for the source of the bright basal
reflections. The Italian-led team investigating the proposed phenomena used
previously published data, simulations, and new laboratory measurements.



“Lakes of liquid water actually exist beneath glaciers in Arctic and Antarctic
regions, so we have Earth analogs for finding liquid water below ice,” said
Stillman, a specialist in detecting water in any format — liquid, ice or
absorbed — on planetary bodies and co-author of a paper describing these
findings. “The exotic salts that we know exist on Mars have amazing ‘antifreeze’
properties allowing brines to remain liquid down to -103 degrees Fahrenheit. We
studied these salts in our lab to understand how they would respond to radar.”

Stillman has over a decade of experience measuring the properties of materials
at cold temperatures to detect and characterize subsurface ice, unfrozen water
and the potential for life throughout the solar system. For this project,
Stillman measured the properties of perchlorate brines in an SwRI environmental
chamber that produces near-liquid-nitrogen temperatures at Mars-like pressures.

“My Italian colleagues reached out to see if my laboratory experiment data would
support the presence of liquid water beneath the Martian ice cap,” Stillman
said. “The research showed that we don’t have to have lakes of perchlorate and
chloride brines, but that these brines could exist between the grains of ice or
sediments and are enough to exhibit a strong dielectric response. This is
similar to how seawater saturates grains of sand at the shoreline or how
flavoring permeates a slushie, but at -103 degrees Fahrenheit below a mile of
ice near the South Pole of Mars.”

The search for water in the cosmos is rooted in searching for potential
habitability, because all known life requires water.

“In this case ‘following the water’ has led us to place so cold that life as we
know it couldn’t flourish,” Stillman said. “But it’s still interesting, and who
knows what evolutionary paths extraterrestrial life may have taken?”

Reference: “Assessing the role of clay and salts on the origin of MARSIS basal
bright reflections” by Elisabetta Mattei, Elena Pettinelli, Sebastian Emanuel
Lauro, David E. Stillman, Barbara Cosciotti, Lucia Marinangeli, Anna Chiara
Tangari, Francesco Soldovieri, Roberto Orosei and Graziella Caprarelli, 19
January 2022, Earth and Planetary Science Letters.
DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2022.117370

The lead authors for an Earth and Planetary Sciences Letters paper describing
this research are from Roma Tre University in Rome, Italy.


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 1. Confirming liquid water beneath Martian south polar cap
    by Southwest Research Institute, Phys.org, 2022
 2. Liquid water on Mars
    Anja Diez, Science, 2018
 3. Study sheds new light on composition at base of Martian southern polar cap
    by Planetary Science Institute, Phys.org, 2021
 4. Lake spied deep below polar ice cap on Mars
    Daniel Clery, Science, 2018
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    Kota V et al. Leuk Res. 2021, Brought to you by Pfizer Medical affairs

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