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Burj Khalifa
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Burj Khalifa
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Which Is Taller? Quiz
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 * What is the Burj Khalifa?

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BURJ KHALIFA

skyscraper, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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Also known as: Burj Dubai, Burj Khalīfah
Written and fact-checked by
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have
extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that
content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify
and edit content received from contributors.

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Last Updated: Oct 25, 2023 • Article History
Table of Contents
Category: Arts & Culture
Khalifa also spelled: Khalīfah (Show more)
See all related content →
Top Questions
WHAT IS THE BURJ KHALIFA?

The Burj Khalifa is a mixed-use skyscraper located in Dubai, U.A.E. It is the
world’s tallest building, according to all three of the main criteria by which
such buildings are judged. The Burj Khalifa was officially named to honour the
president of the neighbouring emirate of Abu Dhabi, Sheikh Khalīfah ibn Zāyid Āl
Nahyān.

HOW LONG DID IT TAKE FOR THE BURJ KHALIFA TO BE BUILT?

The Burj Khalifa took six years to build. Foundational excavation work commenced
in January 2004, and the tower was formally opened on January 4, 2010. However,
the opening took place before the interior was completed.

WHAT WAS THE BURJ KHALIFA BUILT FOR?

The Burj Khalifa was built to house a variety of commercial, residential, and
hospitality ventures. These include a hotel and luxury residences designed by
Italian fashion designer Giorgio Armani, in addition to office space,
observation decks, restaurants, and health facilities.

WHAT OTHER FAMOUS BUILDINGS HAVE THE ARCHITECTS OF THE BURJ KHALIFA DESIGNED?

Skidmore, Owings & Merrill designed the Burj Khalifa. Among its many other
architectural achievements, the firm can be credited with designing the John
Hancock Center and the Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower) in Chicago, as
well as One World Trade Center in New York City.

HOW MANY WORLD RECORDS DOES THE BURJ KHALIFA HOLD?

At the time of its completion, the Burj Khalifa held a total of eight world
records, including those for the tallest building, the longest elevator travel
distance, and the highest habitable floor.


Burj Khalifa
Burj Khalifa, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.(more)

Burj Khalifa
Burj Dubai (later Burj Khalifa) under construction, Dubai, United Arab Emirates,
2006.(more)

Burj Khalifa, mixed-use skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, that is the
world’s tallest building, according to all three of the main criteria by which
such buildings are judged (see Researcher’s Note: Heights of Buildings). Burj
Khalifa (“Khalifa Tower”), known during construction as Burj Dubai, was
officially named to honour the leader of the neighbouring emirate of Abu Dhabi,
Sheikh Khalifa ibn Zayed Al Nahyan. Although the tower was formally opened on
January 4, 2010, the entirety of the interior was not complete at that time.
Built to house a variety of commercial, residential, and hospitality ventures,
the tower—whose intended height remained a closely guarded secret throughout its
construction—reached completion at 163 floors and a height of 2,717 feet (828
metres). It was designed by the Chicago-based architectural firm of Skidmore,
Owings & Merrill. Adrian Smith served as architect, and William F. Baker served
as structural engineer.

Know about engineering and how it solves practical problems like building
airplanes, skyscrapers, and bridges
Learn how engineers solve practical problems in the world, such as how to build
airplanes, skyscrapers, and suspension bridges.(more)
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The building, modular in plan, is laid out on a three-lobed footprint that is an
abstract rendering of the local Hymenocallis flower. The Y-shaped plan plays a
central role in the reduction of wind forces on the tower. A hexagonal central
core is buttressed by a series of wings, each with its own concrete core and
perimeter columns. As the tower increases in height, the wings step back in a
spiral configuration, changing the building’s shape at each tier and so reducing
the effect of the wind on the building. The central core emerges at the tower’s
top and is finished with a spire, which reaches more than 700 feet (200 metres).
The spire was constructed inside the tower and hoisted to its final position
using a hydraulic pump. At the foundational level, the tower is supported by a
reinforced concrete mat nearly 13 feet (4 metres) thick, itself supported by
concrete piles 5 feet (1.5 metres) in diameter. A three-story podium anchors the
tower in place; the podium and two-story basement alone measure some 2,000,000
square feet (186,000 square metres) in their own right. The tower’s exterior
cladding is made up of aluminum and stainless-steel panels, vertical
stainless-steel tubular fins, and more than 28,000 hand-cut glass panels. A
public observation deck, called “At the Top,” is located on the 124th floor.

Britannica Quiz
Which Is Taller? Quiz


Upon its inauguration in January 2010, Burj Khalifa easily surpassed the Taipei
101 (Taipei Financial Center) building in Taipei, Taiwan, which measured 1,667
feet (508 metres), as the world’s tallest building. At the same time, Burj
Khalifa broke numerous other records, including the world’s tallest freestanding
structure, the world’s highest occupied floor, and the world’s highest outdoor
observation deck.

The Editors of Encyclopaedia BritannicaThis article was most recently revised
and updated by Amy Tikkanen.


skyscraper
Table of Contents
skyscraper
Table of Contents
Introduction References & Edit History Related Topics
Images & Videos

For Students
skyscraper summary
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Largest, Tallest, and Smallest Around the Globe Quiz
Related Questions
 * Why is Ludwig Mies van der Rohe so famous?
 * What is Ludwig Mies van der Rohe famous for?
 * What was Ludwig Mies van der Rohe’s family like?
 * How did Ludwig Mies van der Rohe become famous?

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SKYSCRAPER

building
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Written and fact-checked by
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have
extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that
content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify
and edit content received from contributors.

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Last Updated: Nov 7, 2023 • Article History
Table of Contents
Empire State Building in Midtown Manhattan
See all media
Category: Arts & Culture
key people: Louis Sullivan Daniel Burnham Ludwig Mies van der Rohe Pier Luigi
Nervi I.M. Pei (Show more)
related topics: high-rise building setback sky lobby (Show more)
See all related content →
Learn about the different structural systems used in constructing the Monadnock
Building: one half was layered in bricks, the other used a rigid metal frame
A discussion of the different structural systems used in the construction of the
Monadnock Building, Chicago.(more)
See all videos for this article

skyscrapers
Skyscrapers in Singapore.(more)

skyscraper, a very tall multistoried building. The name first came into use
during the 1880s, shortly after the first skyscrapers were built, in the United
States. The development of skyscrapers came as a result of the coincidence of
several technological and social developments. The term skyscraper originally
applied to buildings of 10 to 20 stories, but by the late 20th century the term
was used to describe high-rise buildings of unusual height, generally greater
than 40 or 50 stories.

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Designer of Aqua Tower, the St. Regis Chicago, and the Lincoln Park Nature
Boardwalk, Jeanne Gang is one of the best-known contemporary architects in the
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The increase in urban commerce in the United States in the second half of the
19th century augmented the need for city business space, and the installation of
the first safe passenger elevator (in the Haughwout Department Store, New York
City) in 1857 made practical the erection of buildings more than four or five
stories tall. Although the earliest skyscrapers rested on extremely thick
masonry walls at the ground level, architects soon turned to the use of a
cast-iron and wrought-iron framework to support the weight of the upper floors,
allowing for more floor space on the lower stories. James Bogardus built the
Cast Iron Building (1848, New York City) with a rigid frame of iron providing
the main support for upper-floor and roof loads.

Britannica Quiz
Largest, Tallest, and Smallest Around the Globe Quiz

Home Insurance Company Building
Home Insurance Company Building, Chicago, designed by William Le Baron Jenney,
1884–85 (demolished 1931).(more)

Fair Store
Construction of the Fair Store, designed by William Le Baron Jenney, in Chicago,
1891–92. (more)
Discover real estate attorney Owen Aldis's formula for the profitable management
of tall multistory office buildings, which informed the design of early
skyscrapers
Learn about real estate attorney Owen Aldis's innovative formula for profitable
management of tall multistory office buildings, which informed the design of
many early skyscrapers in Chicago, such as the Marquette Building.(more)
See all videos for this article

It was, however, the refinement of the Bessemer process, first used in the
United States in the 1860s, that allowed for the major advance in skyscraper
construction. As steel is stronger and lighter in weight than iron, the use of a
steel frame made possible the construction of truly tall buildings. William Le
Baron Jenney’s 10-story Home Insurance Company Building (1884–85) in Chicago was
the first to use steel-girder construction. Jenney’s skyscrapers also first
employed the curtain wall, an outer covering of masonry or other material that
bears only its own weight and is affixed to and supported by the steel skeleton.
Structurally, skyscrapers consist of a substructure of piers beneath the ground,
a superstructure of columns and girders above the ground, and a curtain wall
hung on the girders.



Gold Coast
Buildings in Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia, including Q1 (centre), an
apartment resort.(more)

As the population density of urban areas has increased, so has the need for
buildings that rise rather than spread. The skyscraper, which was originally a
form of commercial architecture, has increasingly been used for residential
purposes as well.


Woolworth Building
Woolworth Building, New York City, by Cass Gilbert, 1913.(more)

Chrysler Building
Chrysler Building, New York City.(more)

The design and decoration of skyscrapers have passed through several stages.
Jenney and his protégé Louis Sullivan styled their buildings to accentuate
verticality, with delineated columns rising from base to cornice. There was,
however, some retention of, and regression to, earlier styles as well. As part
of the Neoclassical revival, for instance, skyscrapers such as those designed by
the firm of McKim, Mead, and White were modeled after Classical Greek columns.
The Metropolitan Life Insurance Building in New York City (1909) was modeled by
Napoleon Le Brun after the Campanile of St. Mark’s in Venice, and the Woolworth
Building (1913), by Cass Gilbert, is a prime example of neo-Gothic decoration.
Even the Art Deco carvings on such towers as the Chrysler Building (1930), the
Empire State Building (1931), and the RCA Building (1931) in New York City,
which were then considered as modern as the new technology, are now viewed as
more related to the old ornate decorations than to truly modern lines.



World Trade Center
The World Trade Center, designed by Minoru Yamasaki, as it appeared before the
September 11, 2001, attacks, New York City.(more)

Willis Tower
The Willis Tower, Chicago, engineered by Fazlur R. Khan, 1973; photograph
1982.(more)

The International Style with its total simplicity seemed ideally suited to
skyscraper design, and, during the decades following World War II, it dominated
the field, notable early examples being the Seagram Building (1958) in New York
City and the Lake Shore Drive Apartments (1951) in Chicago. The stark
verticality and glass curtain walls of this style became a hallmark of
ultramodern urban life in many countries. During the 1970s, however, attempts
were made to redefine the human element in urban architecture. Zoning ordinances
encouraged the incorporation of plazas and parks into and around the bases of
even the tallest skyscrapers, just as zoning laws in the first decades of the
20th century were passed to prevent city streets from becoming sunless canyons
and led to the shorter, stepped skyscraper. Office towers, such as those of the
World Trade Center (1972) in New York City and the Sears Tower (1973; now called
Willis Tower) in Chicago, continued to be built, but most of them, such as the
Citicorp Center (1978) in New York City, featured lively and innovative space
for shopping and entertainment at street level.


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Petronas Twin Towers
The Petronas Twin Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, were the world's tallest
buildings when they were built in the late 1990s. (more)

Another factor influencing skyscraper design and construction in the late 20th
and early 21st centuries was the need for energy conservation. Earlier, sealed
windows that made necessary continuous forced-air circulation or cooling, for
instance, gave way in mid-rise buildings to operable windows and glass walls
that were tinted to reflect the sun’s rays. Also, perhaps in reaction to the
austerity of the International Style, the 1980s saw the beginnings of a return
to more classical ornamentation, such as that of Philip Johnson’s AT&T Building
(1984) in New York City. See also high-rise building.



A listing of the world’s tallest buildings is provided in the table.

Tallest buildings in the world rank building location year completed height*
(metres) height* (feet) occupied floors *To architectural top, as measured from
the level of the lowest significant open-air pedestrian entrance to the topmost
architectural feature of the building, including spires but not including
antennas, signage, flag poles, or other functional or technical equipment.
Source: Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. 1 Burj Khalifa Dubai,
United Arab Emirates 2010 828 2,717 163 2 Shanghai Tower Shanghai, China 2015
632 2,073 128 3 Makkah Royal Clock Tower Mecca, Saudi Arabia 2012 601 1,972 120
4 Ping An Finance Center Shenzhen, China 2017 599 1,965 115 5 Lotte World Tower
Seoul, South Korea 2017 554 1,819 123 6 One World Trade Center New York, N.Y.,
U.S. 2014 541 1,776 94 7 Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre Guangzhou, China 2016 530
1,739 111 8 Tianjin CTF Finance Centre Tianjin, China 2019 530 1,739 97 9 CITIC
Tower Beijing, China 2018 527 1,731 109 10 TAIPEI 101 Taipei, Taiwan 2004 508
1,667 101 11 Shanghai World Financial Center Shanghai, China 2008 492 1,614 101
12 International Commerce Centre Hong Kong, China 2010 484 1,588 108 13 Central
Park Tower New York, N.Y., U.S. 2020 472 1,550 98 14 Lakhta Center Saint
Petersburg, Russia 2019 462 1,516 87 15 Vincom Landmark 81 Ho Chi Minh City,
Vietnam 2018 461 1,513 81 16 Changsha IFS Tower T1 Changsha, China 2018 452
1,483 94 17 Petronas Tower 1 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 1998 452 1,483 88 Petronas
Tower 2 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 1998 452 1,483 88 19 Suzhou IFS Suzhou, China
2019 450 1,476 95 20 Zifeng Tower Nanjing, China 2010 450 1,476 66 21 The
Exchange 106 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2019 445 1,462 95 22 Wuhan Center Tower
Wuhan, China 2019 443 1,454 88 23 Willis Tower Chicago, Ill., U.S. 1974 442
1,451 108 24 KK100 Shenzhen, China 2011 442 1,449 98 25 Guangzhou International
Finance Center Guangzhou, China 2010 439 1,439 103

The Editors of Encyclopaedia BritannicaThis article was most recently revised
and updated by Meg Matthias.


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 * The Canadian Encyclopedia - Skyscraper
 * 20th Century Architecture - Skyscraper

Britannica Websites
Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students.
 * skyscraper - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11)
 * skyscraper - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)