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www.gatesnotes.com Open in urlscan Pro
2a02:26f0:3500:888::14c  Public Scan

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Submitted URL: https://lnkd.in/gDM7nr9S
Effective URL: https://www.gatesnotes.com/State-of-the-energy-transition-2023?WT.mc_id=20231115090000_State-of-the-Transition_BG-LI_&WT.ts...
Submission: On November 18 via manual from NL — Scanned from DE

Form analysis 12 forms found in the DOM

<form id="Auth_50_Form_AS_F1" autocomplete="off">
  <div class="Auth_FieldHolder">
    <div class="Auth_50_AS_InputLine">
      <div class="Auth_Title_Block">
        <select id="AS_txtUserTitle" name="honorific-prefix" autocomplete="honorific-prefix" class="txtEntryBox">
          <option selected="" value="blank" style="display: none;">Title</option>
          <option value="Mr">Mr</option>
          <option value="Mrs">Mrs</option>
          <option value="Ms">Ms</option>
          <option value="Miss">Miss</option>
          <option value="Mx">Mx</option>
          <option value="Dr">Dr</option>
        </select>
        <div id="AS_TGN_site_TitleDrop" class="TGN_site_TitleDrop">
          <span class="TGN_site_TitleDropDefaultCopy">Title</span>
          <span class="TGN_site_TitleDropSelectedCopy"></span>
          <div class="TGN_site_TitleDropMenu" data-itemnum="0">
            <div class="TGN_site_TitleDropMenuItem" data-itemnum="0">Mr</div>
            <div class="TGN_site_TitleDropMenuItem" data-itemnum="1">Mrs</div>
            <div class="TGN_site_TitleDropMenuItem" data-itemnum="2">Ms</div>
            <div class="TGN_site_TitleDropMenuItem" data-itemnum="3">Miss</div>
            <div class="TGN_site_TitleDropMenuItem" data-itemnum="4">Mx</div>
            <div class="TGN_site_TitleDropMenuItem" data-itemnum="5">Dr</div>
          </div>
        </div>
      </div>
      <div class="Auth_FirstName_Block">
        <input name="name" type="text" maxlength="256" id="AS_txtFullName" class="txtEntryBox" placeholder="Full name" autocomplete="name">
        <input name="given-name" type="text" maxlength="20" id="AS_txtFirstName" class="txtEntryBox" placeholder="First name" autocomplete="given-name">
      </div>
      <div class="Auth_LastName_Block">
        <input name="family-name" type="text" maxlength="30" id="AS_txtLastName" class="txtEntryBox" placeholder="Last name" autocomplete="family-name">
      </div>
      <div id="ASnameValidationBoxB" class="validationBoxB">
        <span class="validNoTxt"></span>
      </div>
      <div class="Auth_FieldEditControls">
        <div class="AuthCancelButtonS" id="AuthCancelName"> Cancel </div>
        <div class="AuthSaveButtonS" id="AuthSaveName"> Save </div>
      </div>
    </div>
    <span class="AuthErrorTxt" id="AS_Mob_Name_Error"></span>
  </div>
</form>

<form id="Auth_50_Form_AS_F2" autocomplete="off">
  <div class="Auth_50_AS_InputLine">
    <div class="Auth_FieldHolder">
      <input name="email" type="email" maxlength="256" id="AS_txtEmail" class="txtEntryBox" placeholder="Email address" autocomplete="email">
      <div id="ASemailValidationBoxB" class="validationBoxB">
        <span class="validNoTxt"></span>
        <span class="validNoDuplicateTxt">This email is already registered</span>
      </div>
      <div class="Auth_FieldEditControls">
        <div class="AuthCancelButtonS" id="AuthCancelEmail"> Cancel </div>
        <div class="AuthSaveButtonS" id="AuthSaveEmail"> Save </div>
      </div>
      <div class="validNoVerify" id="validNoVerifyAS">Please verify email address. Click verification link sent to this email address or <span class="resendVerify">resend verification email</span>.</div>
    </div>
    <span class="AuthErrorTxt" id="AS_Mob_Email_Error"></span>
  </div>
</form>

<form id="Auth_50_Form_AS_F3" autocomplete="off">
  <div class="Auth_50_AS_InputLine">
    <div class="Auth_FieldHolder" id="Auth_FieldHolder_AS_PASS">
      <input name="current-password" type="password" maxlength="256" id="AS_txtPassword" class="txtEntryBox" placeholder="Set a password" autocomplete="off">
      <div id="ASpassValidationBoxB" class="validationBoxB">
        <span class="validNoTxt"></span>
      </div>
      <input name="new-password" type="password" maxlength="256" id="AS_txtNewPassword" class="txtEntryBox" placeholder="New password" autocomplete="off">
      <div id="ASpassValidationBoxNewB" class="validationBoxB">
        <span class="validNoTxt"></span>
      </div>
      <div class="Auth_FieldEditControls">
        <div class="AuthCancelButtonS" id="AuthCancelPassword"> Cancel </div>
        <div class="AuthSaveButtonS" id="AuthSavePassword"> Save </div>
      </div>
    </div>
    <span class="AuthErrorTxt" id="AS_Mob_Password_Error"></span>
  </div>
</form>

<form id="Auth_50_Form_AS_F4" autocomplete="off">
  <!--<div id="Auth_50_ManualAddressAreaAS_Holder">
            <div class="Auth_SectionDivider"></div>
            <div class="Auth_SectionHeader50">Address</div>
            <div class="Auth_SectionHolder">
                <div class="Auth_50_ManualAddressAreaAS">
                    <div class="Auth_50_AS_InputLine">-->
  <!--<input tabindex="33" name="address-line1" type="text" maxlength="30" ID="AS_txtAddressL1" class="txtEntryBox" placeholder="Address line 1" autocomplete="address-line1">
                        <div id="AS_addressL1_ValidationBoxB" class="validationBoxB">
                            <span class="validNoTxt"></span>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="Auth_50_AS_InputLine">-->
  <!--<input tabindex="33" name="address-line2" type="text" maxlength="120" ID="AS_txtAddressL2" class="txtEntryBox" placeholder="Address line 2" autocomplete="address-line2">
                        <div id="AS_addressL2_ValidationBoxB" class="validationBoxB">
                            <span class="validNoTxt"></span>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="Auth_50_AS_InputLine">-->
  <!--<input tabindex="33" name="address-level2" type="text" maxlength="120" ID="AS_txtCity" class="txtEntryBox" placeholder="City" autocomplete="address-level2">
                        <div id="AS_addressCI_ValidationBoxB" class="validationBoxB">
                            <span class="validNoTxt"></span>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="Auth_50_AS_InputLine">-->
  <!--<input tabindex="33" name="address-level1" type="text" maxlength="120" ID="AS_txtState" class="txtEntryBox" placeholder="State / Province / Region" autocomplete="address-level1">
                        <div id="AS_addressST_ValidationBoxB" class="validationBoxB">
                            <span class="validNoTxt"></span>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="Auth_50_AS_InputLine">-->
  <!--<input tabindex="33" name="postal-code" type="text" maxlength="30" ID="AS_txtPostalCode" class="txtEntryBox" placeholder="Zip or postal code" autocomplete="postal-code">
                        <div id="AS_addressZI_ValidationBoxB" class="validationBoxB">
                            <span class="validNoTxt"></span>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="Auth_50_AS_InputLine">-->
  <!--<input tabindex="33" name="country-name" type="text" maxlength="120" ID="AS_txtCountry" class="txtEntryBox" placeholder="Country" autocomplete="country">
                        <div id="AS_addressCO_ValidationBoxB" class="validationBoxB">
                            <span class="validNoTxt"></span>
                        </div>
                        <div class="Auth_FieldEditControls">
                            <div class="AuthCancelButtonS" id="AuthCancelAddress">
                                Cancel
                            </div>
                            <div class="AuthSaveButtonS" id="AuthSaveAddress">
                                Save
                            </div>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <span class="AuthErrorTxt" id="AS_Address_Error"></span>
            </div>
        </div>-->
</form>

<form id="Auth_50_Form_AS_F5" autocomplete="off">
  <div class="Auth_SectionDivider"></div>
  <div class="Auth_SectionHeader50">Email and Notification Settings</div>
  <div class="Auth_SectionHolder">
    <div class="Authcheckbox" id="AuthcheckboxAS" style="display: none;">
      <div class="Auth_Subs_Holder">
        <div class="Auth_Subs_Text">
          <span class="AuthcheckboxTxt"></span>
          <div class="AuthEmailSubText" id="AuthEmailSubText_AS">You must provide an email</div>
        </div>
        <div class="Auth_Subs_OnOff">
          <div class="Auth_Subs_On">On</div>
          <div class="Auth_Subs_Off">Off</div>
        </div>
        <div class="Auth_checkbox">
          <input type="checkbox" id="AuthcheckboxAScb">
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
    <div class="Authcheckbox" id="AuthcheckboxAS1b" style="display: none;">
      <div class="Auth_Subs_Holder">
        <div class="Auth_Subs_Text">
          <span class="AuthcheckboxTxt"></span>
        </div>
        <div class="Auth_Subs_OnOff">
          <div class="Auth_Subs_On">On</div>
          <div class="Auth_Subs_Off">Off</div>
        </div>
        <div class="Auth_checkbox">
          <input type="checkbox" id="AuthcheckboxAS1bcb">
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
    <div class="Authcheckbox" id="AuthcheckboxAS1c" style="display: none;">
      <div class="Auth_Subs_Holder">
        <div class="Auth_Subs_Text">
          <span class="AuthcheckboxTxt"></span>
        </div>
        <div class="Auth_Subs_OnOff">
          <div class="Auth_Subs_On">On</div>
          <div class="Auth_Subs_Off">Off</div>
        </div>
        <div class="Auth_checkbox">
          <input type="checkbox" id="AuthcheckboxAS1ccb">
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
    <div class="Authcheckbox" id="AuthcheckboxAS2">
      <div class="Auth_Subs_Holder">
        <div class="Auth_Subs_Text">
          <span class="AuthcheckboxTxt">Email me comment notifications</span>
        </div>
        <div class="Auth_Subs_OnOff">
          <div class="Auth_Subs_On">On</div>
          <div class="Auth_Subs_Off">Off</div>
        </div>
        <div class="Auth_checkbox">
          <input type="checkbox" id="AuthcheckboxAS2cb">
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
    <div class="Authcheckbox" id="AuthcheckboxAS3">
      <div class="Auth_Subs_Holder">
        <div class="Auth_Subs_Text">
          <span class="AuthcheckboxTxt">On-screen comment notifications</span>
        </div>
        <div class="Auth_Subs_OnOff">
          <div class="Auth_Subs_On">On</div>
          <div class="Auth_Subs_Off">Off</div>
        </div>
        <div class="Auth_checkbox">
          <input type="checkbox" id="AuthcheckboxAS3cb">
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>
</form>

<form id="Auth_50_Form_AS_F6" autocomplete="off">
  <div class="Auth_SectionDivider"></div>
  <div class="Auth_SectionHeader50 Auth_SectionHeader50Snug">Interests</div>
  <div class="Auth_SectionHolder">
    <span class="Auth_Paragraph_Profile">Select interests to personalize your profile and experience on Gates Notes.</span>
    <div class="Auth_Int_Holder">
      <div class="Auth_Int_Left">
        <div class="ul">
          <div class="li" onclick="updateInterests(this);">
            <div class="Auth_checkbox">
              <input type="checkbox" id="AI_SavingLives" name="AI_SavingLives" class="AI_SavingLives" value="1">
            </div>
            <span class="ProSetOn"><i class="icon-check-mark"></i></span>
            <span class="ProSetOff"><i class="icon-plus"></i></span>
            <span class="ProSetTopics">Saving Lives</span>
          </div>
          <div class="li" onclick="updateInterests(this);">
            <div class="Auth_checkbox">
              <input type="checkbox" id="AI_EnergyInnovation" name="AI_EnergyInnovation" class="AI_EnergyInnovation" value="1">
            </div>
            <span class="ProSetOn"><i class="icon-check-mark"></i></span>
            <span class="ProSetOff"><i class="icon-plus"></i></span>
            <span class="ProSetTopics">Energy Innovation</span>
          </div>
          <div class="li" onclick="updateInterests(this);">
            <div class="Auth_checkbox">
              <input type="checkbox" id="AI_ImprovingEducation" name="AI_ImprovingEducation" class="AI_ImprovingEducation" value="1">
            </div>
            <span class="ProSetOn"><i class="icon-check-mark"></i></span>
            <span class="ProSetOff"><i class="icon-plus"></i></span>
            <span class="ProSetTopics">Improving Education</span>
          </div>
          <div class="li" onclick="updateInterests(this);">
            <div class="Auth_checkbox">
              <input type="checkbox" id="AI_Alzheimers" name="AI_Alzheimers" class="AI_Alzheimers" value="1">
            </div>
            <span class="ProSetOn"><i class="icon-check-mark"></i></span>
            <span class="ProSetOff"><i class="icon-plus"></i></span>
            <span class="ProSetTopics">Alzheimer's</span>
          </div>
        </div>
      </div>
      <div class="Auth_Int_Right">
        <div class="ul">
          <div class="li" onclick="updateInterests(this);">
            <div class="Auth_checkbox">
              <input type="checkbox" id="AI_Philanthropy" name="AI_Philanthropy" class="AI_Philanthropy" value="1">
            </div>
            <span class="ProSetOn"><i class="icon-check-mark"></i></span>
            <span class="ProSetOff"><i class="icon-plus"></i></span>
            <span class="ProSetTopics">Philanthropy</span>
          </div>
          <div class="li" onclick="updateInterests(this);">
            <div class="Auth_checkbox">
              <input type="checkbox" id="AI_BookReviews" name="AI_BookReviews" class="AI_BookReviews" value="1">
            </div>
            <span class="ProSetOn"><i class="icon-check-mark"></i></span>
            <span class="ProSetOff"><i class="icon-plus"></i></span>
            <span class="ProSetTopics">Book Reviews</span>
          </div>
          <div class="li" onclick="updateInterests(this);">
            <div class="Auth_checkbox">
              <input type="checkbox" id="AI_AboutBill" name="AI_AboutBill" class="AI_AboutBill" value="1">
            </div>
            <span class="ProSetOn"><i class="icon-check-mark"></i></span>
            <span class="ProSetOff"><i class="icon-plus"></i></span>
            <span class="ProSetTopics">About Bill Gates</span>
          </div>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>
</form>

<form id="Form_newCommentEntry" class="CommentEntryForm" autocomplete="off">
  <div class="CommentEntryLeft">
    <div class="GN_Com_User_ImageHolder">
    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="CommentEntryRight">
    <div class="CommentEntryTop">
      <div class="GNC_Quill_Wrapper quoteEntryHolder">
        <div class="quoteEntryMarks">ʼʼ</div>
        <div class="ql-toolbar ql-snow"><span class="ql-formats"></span></div>
        <div id="quoteEntryEditor" class="ql-container ql-snow ql-disabled">
          <div class="ql-editor ql-blank" data-gramm="false" contenteditable="false">
            <p><br></p>
          </div>
          <div class="ql-clipboard" contenteditable="true" tabindex="-1"></div>
          <div class="ql-tooltip ql-hidden"><a class="ql-preview" target="_blank" href="about:blank"></a><input type="text" data-formula="e=mc^2" data-link="https://quilljs.com"
              data-video="Embed URL"><a class="ql-action"></a><a class="ql-remove"></a></div>
        </div>
      </div>
      <div class="GNC_Quill_Wrapper">
        <div class="ql-toolbar ql-snow"><span class="ql-formats"><button type="button" class="ql-bold"><svg viewBox="0 0 18 18">
                <path class="ql-stroke" d="M5,4H9.5A2.5,2.5,0,0,1,12,6.5v0A2.5,2.5,0,0,1,9.5,9H5A0,0,0,0,1,5,9V4A0,0,0,0,1,5,4Z"></path>
                <path class="ql-stroke" d="M5,9h5.5A2.5,2.5,0,0,1,13,11.5v0A2.5,2.5,0,0,1,10.5,14H5a0,0,0,0,1,0,0V9A0,0,0,0,1,5,9Z"></path>
              </svg></button><button type="button" class="ql-italic"><svg viewBox="0 0 18 18">
                <line class="ql-stroke" x1="7" x2="13" y1="4" y2="4"></line>
                <line class="ql-stroke" x1="5" x2="11" y1="14" y2="14"></line>
                <line class="ql-stroke" x1="8" x2="10" y1="14" y2="4"></line>
              </svg></button><button type="button" class="ql-link"><svg viewBox="0 0 18 18">
                <line class="ql-stroke" x1="7" x2="11" y1="7" y2="11"></line>
                <path class="ql-even ql-stroke" d="M8.9,4.577a3.476,3.476,0,0,1,.36,4.679A3.476,3.476,0,0,1,4.577,8.9C3.185,7.5,2.035,6.4,4.217,4.217S7.5,3.185,8.9,4.577Z"></path>
                <path class="ql-even ql-stroke" d="M13.423,9.1a3.476,3.476,0,0,0-4.679-.36,3.476,3.476,0,0,0,.36,4.679c1.392,1.392,2.5,2.542,4.679.36S14.815,10.5,13.423,9.1Z"></path>
              </svg></button></span></div>
        <div id="newCommentEntryEditor" class="ql-container ql-snow">
          <div class="ql-editor ql-blank" data-gramm="false" contenteditable="true" data-placeholder="Write a comment...">
            <p><br></p>
          </div>
          <div class="ql-clipboard" contenteditable="true" tabindex="-1"></div>
          <div class="ql-tooltip ql-hidden"><a class="ql-preview" target="_blank" href="about:blank"></a><input type="text" data-formula="e=mc^2" data-link="https://quilljs.com"
              data-video="Embed URL"><a class="ql-action"></a><a class="ql-remove"></a></div>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
    <div class="CommentEntryBottom">
      <div class="CommentEntryBottomL">
      </div>
      <div class="CommentEntryBottomR">
        <button id="newCommCancel" class="CommentEntryCancel noselect" onclick="GNC_commNewCancel()" type="button">Cancel</button>
        <button id="newCommPost" class="CommentEntryPost noselect" onclick="GNC_API_Comment()" type="button">Post</button>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>
</form>

<form id="Form_replyCommentEntry" class="CommentEntryForm" autocomplete="off">
  <div class="CommentEntryLeft">
    <div class="GN_Com_User_ImageHolder">
    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="CommentEntryRight">
    <div class="CommentEntryTop">
      <div class="GNC_Quill_Wrapper">
        <div class="ql-toolbar ql-snow"><span class="ql-formats"><button type="button" class="ql-bold"><svg viewBox="0 0 18 18">
                <path class="ql-stroke" d="M5,4H9.5A2.5,2.5,0,0,1,12,6.5v0A2.5,2.5,0,0,1,9.5,9H5A0,0,0,0,1,5,9V4A0,0,0,0,1,5,4Z"></path>
                <path class="ql-stroke" d="M5,9h5.5A2.5,2.5,0,0,1,13,11.5v0A2.5,2.5,0,0,1,10.5,14H5a0,0,0,0,1,0,0V9A0,0,0,0,1,5,9Z"></path>
              </svg></button><button type="button" class="ql-italic"><svg viewBox="0 0 18 18">
                <line class="ql-stroke" x1="7" x2="13" y1="4" y2="4"></line>
                <line class="ql-stroke" x1="5" x2="11" y1="14" y2="14"></line>
                <line class="ql-stroke" x1="8" x2="10" y1="14" y2="4"></line>
              </svg></button><button type="button" class="ql-link"><svg viewBox="0 0 18 18">
                <line class="ql-stroke" x1="7" x2="11" y1="7" y2="11"></line>
                <path class="ql-even ql-stroke" d="M8.9,4.577a3.476,3.476,0,0,1,.36,4.679A3.476,3.476,0,0,1,4.577,8.9C3.185,7.5,2.035,6.4,4.217,4.217S7.5,3.185,8.9,4.577Z"></path>
                <path class="ql-even ql-stroke" d="M13.423,9.1a3.476,3.476,0,0,0-4.679-.36,3.476,3.476,0,0,0,.36,4.679c1.392,1.392,2.5,2.542,4.679.36S14.815,10.5,13.423,9.1Z"></path>
              </svg></button></span></div>
        <div id="replyCommentEntryEditor" class="ql-container ql-snow">
          <div class="ql-editor ql-blank" data-gramm="false" contenteditable="true" data-placeholder="Write a comment...">
            <p><br></p>
          </div>
          <div class="ql-clipboard" contenteditable="true" tabindex="-1"></div>
          <div class="ql-tooltip ql-hidden"><a class="ql-preview" target="_blank" href="about:blank"></a><input type="text" data-formula="e=mc^2" data-link="https://quilljs.com"
              data-video="Embed URL"><a class="ql-action"></a><a class="ql-remove"></a></div>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
    <div class="CommentEntryBottom">
      <div class="CommentEntryBottomL">
      </div>
      <div class="CommentEntryBottomR">
        <button id="replyCommCancel" class="CommentEntryCancel noselect" onclick="GNC_commReplyCancel()" type="button">Cancel</button>
        <button id="replyCommPost" class="CommentEntryPost noselect" onclick="GNC_commReplyPost()" type="button">Post</button>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>
</form>

<form id="Auth_50_Form_Footer" autocomplete="off">
  <input name="footerFirstName" type="text" maxlength="256" id="footerFirstName" class="footerEntryBox" placeholder="First name" autocomplete="given-name">
  <input name="footerLastName" type="text" maxlength="256" id="footerLastName" class="footerEntryBox" placeholder="Last name" autocomplete="family-name">
  <input name="footerEmail" type="email" maxlength="256" id="footerEmail" class="footerEntryBox" placeholder="Email" autocomplete="email">
  <div id="footerSU" class="footerSU"> Sign up </div>
</form>

<form id="Auth_50_Form_LogIn" autocomplete="off">
  <div class="Auth_50_LogInSignUpFormSpacer">
  </div>
  <input tabindex="20" name="txtEmail" type="email" maxlength="256" id="LItxtEmail" class="txtEntryBox" placeholder="Email address" autocomplete="email">
  <div class="LoginPasswordGroup">
    <input tabindex="21" name="txtPassword" type="password" maxlength="256" id="LItxtPassword" class="txtEntryBox" placeholder="Password" autocomplete="current-password">
    <div class="ForgotPW" id="ForgotPW"> Forgot? </div>
    <span class="AuthErrorTxt" id="LI_Mob_All_Error"> Error </span>
  </div>
  <div tabindex="22" class="RegButton" id="LoginButton"> Log in </div>
  <div class="Auth_50_Login_LegacyButtons">
    <span class="Auth_50_Label02">Or log in with your social account:</span>
    <div class="SignInUpSocial">
      <div class="SignInUpTW" id="SignInTW">
        <div class="TwitterInUpRedirect_Holder" id="TwitterLoginRedirect_Holder">
          <span class="noselect"><i class="icon-twitter"></i></span>
        </div>
      </div>
      <div class="SignInUpFB" id="SignInFB">
        <div class="FacebookInUpRedirect_Holder" id="FacebookLoginRedirect_Holder">
          <span class="noselect"><i class="icon-facebook"></i></span>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>
</form>

<form id="Auth_50_Form_SignUp" autocomplete="off">
  <!-- fake fields are a workaround for chrome autofill getting the wrong fields -->
  <input autocomplete="false" style="display:none" type="text" name="fakeusernameremembered">
  <input autocomplete="false" style="display:none" type="email" name="fakeemailremembered">
  <input autocomplete="false" style="display:none" type="text" name="fakeaddressremembered">
  <input autocomplete="false" style="display:none" type="password" name="fakepasswordremembered">
  <input autocomplete="false" name="hidden" type="text" style="display:none;">
  <div class="Auth_50_FullnameBlock">
    <input name="name" type="text" maxlength="40" id="txtFullName" class="txtEntryBox" placeholder="Full name" autocomplete="name">
    <div class="Auth_50_InputBlock01 Auth_Title_Block">
      <select id="txtUserTitle" name="honorific-prefix" autocomplete="honorific-prefix" class="txtEntryBox">
        <option disabled="" selected="" value="blank" style="display:none;">Title</option>
        <option value="Mr">Mr</option>
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Fuel for optimism

Don’t let grim headlines obscure the progress on climate change

The rise in carbon emissions is only half the story.

By Bill Gates
|
November 13, 2023 12 minute read

0


Between wildfires, floods, and other disasters, climate change is in the news
nearly every day. And it will get even more attention late this month as we
approach COP, the United Nations’ annual global meeting on climate change.

Record-high waters from an extreme monsoon season left New Delhi flooded this
summer. (AFP/Getty Images)

I hope you take a positive message away from COP, because there are more reasons
to be hopeful than many people realize—and it’s not just that renewable energy
sources like wind and solar are getting cheaper. And it’s not just because many
of the steps already taken to reduce carbon emissions are working: Carbon
emissions from fossil fuels will probably peak in 2025.

The main thing that makes me optimistic is all the innovation I’m seeing. As
someone who has been funding climate solutions for years, I get to learn from
ingenious scientists who are working on ideas that will help the world solve
climate change. And their work makes me confident that innovation will help the
world get on track to meet its climate goals.

Some people are skeptical when a technology person like me says innovation is
the answer. And it’s true that new tools aren’t the only thing we need. But we
won’t solve the climate problem without them.

There are two reasons for this. First, we need to eliminate emissions from every
sector of the economy. Although some behavior change will help, the world can't
achieve its zero-emissions goals without inventing new ways of doing things. For
example, the production of concrete and steel alone accounts for around 10
percent of the world’s annual greenhouse gases, but right now, we don’t have
practical ways to make either one without releasing carbon dioxide.

The second reason is that, in a world with limited resources, innovations allow
us to magnify the impact of our efforts. Consider what has happened in public
health over the past two decades: We’ve cut in half the number of children who
die before the age of five. Although it’s true that global health funding went
up, that’s not the only reason for the dramatic change. It’s also because
advances in science and policy drove down the cost of vaccines and made it
possible to immunize far more children—and because the world spent its limited
resources on the most effective ways to save lives.



Breakthroughs in health care—like the vaccines given to this baby in Kenya
(left) and this child in Nepal (right)—show what innovation can do for climate
change.

Innovation will do something similar for climate change. We couldn’t solve the
climate problem with existing technology even if we had unlimited resources—and,
of course, we don’t have unlimited resources. So we need to be as rigorous as
possible about doing the most good with the funding that is available. In my
view, that boils down to inventing and deploying new ways to cut emissions and
to help people survive and thrive in a warming world.

I’m funding work in both areas: the former through my company Breakthrough
Energy and the latter through the Gates Foundation.

In this post, I'll tell you about some of the breakthroughs that fuel my
optimism. I’ll start with ways to lower emissions; you can read even more about
the progress on that front—including why I think we’re at the beginning of a
Clean Industrial Revolution—in Breakthrough Energy’s State of the Transition
Report. After emissions, I’ll turn to the subject of helping people, especially
in low-income countries, adapt to a warmer world—and why improving health should
be part of that work.





NEW WAYS TO REDUCE CARBON EMISSIONS

Cars and power plants get the most attention, but emissions come from lots of
different human activities. This chart breaks them down:



To give you a sense of how much innovation is going on, here are just a few of
the low- or zero-emissions efforts that I’m excited about in each slice of the
pie. Breakthrough Energy funds most of these companies, but there are many
others I’m not involved in that are also doing promising work.

Manufacturing: Cement and steel are two of the biggest sources of emissions in
this category. Boston Metal is well on the way to making steel with electricity
(which can be generated without emissions) instead of coal. CarbonCure and
Ecocem have developed low-carbon processes for making cement, and Brimstone has
a way to do it while actually removing carbon from the air.

Electricity: Earlier this year I visited Kemmerer, Wyoming, to see the future
site of the next-generation nuclear power plant that TerraPower is building
there. It will bring 1,600 construction jobs and 250 permanent jobs to the local
economy, and it will be much safer and produce far less waste than conventional
designs. In addition, several companies including Commonwealth Fusion are
developing ways to make clean energy by pressing atoms together instead of
breaking them apart. And as I mentioned earlier, the cost of renewables like
wind and solar keeps coming down.

A Brimstone engineer works on the company’s carbon-negative cement.

I went to Wyoming in May to visit the site of the Natrium Plant, expected to be
the most advanced nuclear facility in the world when it opens.

A Brimstone engineer works on the company’s carbon-negative cement.

I went to Wyoming in May to visit the site of the Natrium Plant, expected to be
the most advanced nuclear facility in the world when it opens.

Agriculture: We need to both reduce farming-related emissions and help farmers
grow more food in a warmer climate. To reduce emissions, we need to replace the
synthetic fertilizers that release nitrous oxide, a greenhouse gas, when broken
down by microbes in the soil; Pivot Bio has genetically modified microbes to
provide plants with the nitrogen they need without the excess greenhouse gases
that synthetic alternatives produce. Savor Foods is working on a process for
creating fats from carbon dioxide and hydrogen that would replace meat-based
fats, and C16 Biosciences is using fermentation to make an alternative to
natural palm oil. I’ll turn to the other challenge—helping farmers grow more
food—shortly.

Transportation: One of the knocks on electric vehicles has been their limited
range—but ranges are getting better fast. In 2025, the company Our Next Energy
will produce a battery that can run an EV for 600 miles. There’s progress on
electric buses as well: China is a leader in both making and using them—in 2020,
some 60 percent of all buses in the country ran on electricity, according to
government figures. In shipping, Fleet Zero is doing for ships what other
companies have done for EVs—showing that it's possible to power them with
batteries rather than fossil fuels. And in aviation, a recent study by Google,
American Airlines, and Breakthrough Energy suggests that contrail emissions
could be cut by half if passenger planes make minor adjustments to their routes
and fly just a few thousand feet lower.

Buildings: Buildings waste a lot of energy: Because of inefficient windows and
gaps in what’s known as the building envelope, as much as 40% of heated or
cooled air leaks out of the typical building. If we can drive that number down,
buildings will require less heating and cooling—which will substantially lower
our emissions. Aeroseal has developed a polymer that can seal ducts and other
crevices; more than a quarter of a million buildings in the U.S. and Canada are
already using their product. Another company, Luxwall, has developed a window
that’s many times more efficient than the single-pane windows used in most
buildings. And unlike double-paned windows, it’s thin enough to replace
single-paned glass without having to rebuild the frame.






NEW WAYS TO HELP PEOPLE IN POOR COUNTRIES THRIVE

In conversations about helping people in poor countries adapt to a warmer world,
health and development don’t usually come up. But they should. They’re
inextricably linked.

For example, floods and other types of extreme weather are hindering vaccination
campaigns. Extreme heat is expected to increase the incidence of preterm births
and stillbirths, because pregnant women are particularly vulnerable to such
conditions. And in a warmer climate, mosquitoes will move to new regions that
are unprepared for the diseases they carry, potentially causing a 10 percent
spike in annual malaria deaths by 2030.

But the best example of the connection between health and climate is nutrition.

Every year, at least 250,000 children die because they’re malnourished—some
estimates put the number at more than ten times that—and millions of others are
stunted, which means they’re not fully developing physically or cognitively. One
reason for these horrific numbers is probably not surprising: There often isn’t
enough nutritious food available. So to solve malnutrition, farmers in poor
countries need to be able to grow more food that has the nutrients children
need.

Growing more food will help reduce malnutrition and stunting in children like
these, who are getting checked at a rural clinic in India.

Helping them do that has been a key part of the Gates Foundation’s strategy for
more than a decade, but unfortunately, it’s going to get harder in the coming
years because heat waves and other effects of climate change will lower crop
yields in poor countries. One study found that by 2030, undernutrition could
claim the lives of 95,000 additional children every year.

Even without the complications of climate change, growing more food isn't
sufficient to solve the problem, because there’s another reason that children
are malnourished: They often don’t have the right bacteria in their digestive
system—what’s known as the gut microbiome—to convert the food they eat into the
nutrients they need. (I wrote at length about this in the Gates Foundation’s
latest Goalkeepers report.)

In other words, to save children’s lives, farmers need to grow more food and
scientists need to solve the gut microbiome problem.

And, more broadly, climate and health go hand in hand. When the world grades its
progress, the scorecard shouldn’t be an emissions scorecard or an adaptation
scorecard--it should be a human development scorecard. Every discussion about
allocating scarce resources for climate and health should start with the
question, “What’s the best use of this money for saving and improving the most
lives?” After all, nobody would be better off in a world with fewer emissions
but more sickness, hunger, and death.

As urgent as the climate problem is, we can’t forget that people are also dying
from infectious diseases and malnutrition. We shouldn’t turn our backs on them.
Their lives are just as precious as the grandchildren we want to preserve the
climate for.

That’s why the world should have two priorities for helping low-income countries
adapt to climate change. One is to help farmers there produce more crops and
livestock so they can raise their incomes and all children can get the nutrients
they need. No other adaptation effort will have more impact. The other priority
should be to continue the world’s progress on reducing its worst
inequity—health—and on lifting people out of extreme poverty.

Let’s start with improved crops. African researchers have developed a new
generation of high-yielding, disease-resistant varieties of cassava. Other
scientists have bred and released 160 drought-tolerant and disease-resistant
varieties of maize; in Zimbabwe, farmers who planted one of these varieties
harvested enough extra maize to feed their families for nine months. And in
California, researchers are using artificial intelligence and 3D models of crops
to help breeders develop seeds that will grow well in warmer, drier climates.

New varieties of cassava—a staple crop in Kenya and many other countries—are
helping farmers like this one in Kenya grow more food even as the climate gets
warmer.

Many smallholder farmers rely on livestock as well as crops—they’re a crucial
source of income and nutrition for 750 million people in poor countries.
Researchers in Kenya and Scotland are identifying the genetic traits that help
some chickens withstand heat and diseases, and then introducing those traits
into poultry breeds that are prized for their high levels of meat and egg
yields. And in Bangladesh, fish farmers are using genetically improved rohu, an
indigenous species of carp, that grow 20 to 30 percent faster than what most
producers are currently cultivating. The goal is to steadily improve the growth
rate of their fish by five to ten percent every two years.

Farmers don’t just need new seeds and crops—they also need up-to-date
information. One project encourages East African farmers to sign up for texts
containing climate-smart agriculture advice—including, eventually, whether a
swarm of locusts might be coming. Another effort, in Kenya, lets farmers use
their phones to buy seeds and fertilizer, get technical advice, apply for credit
and crop insurance, and more. It already has 1.4 million subscribers.

Although artificial intelligence alone won’t solve the malnutrition problem, it
will accelerate progress in all of these areas. Crop scientists are using it to
create better seeds. In Tanzania, a computer scientist is developing an
AI-powered Swahili chatbot that will help smallholder farmers detect crop
diseases quickly and easily. A project in Uganda is looking at using ChatGPT to
give smallholder farmers accurate agricultural advice on a wide range of crops.
And in Ghana, AI will help teach farmers climate-smart practices like crop
diversification.

On the health front, scientific breakthroughs are coming faster than ever. Armed
with the latest insights into the gut microbiome, doctors are now recommending a
probiotic for babies that helps them absorb the nutrients in their mother’s
milk. Researchers are also learning about how babies’ microbiomes vary by
geography—children in India need a different probiotic from ones born in the
United States—and using this knowledge to fine-tune their approaches.

There’s progress in other fields too. AI models are accelerating the search for
new drugs and vaccines by helping researchers zero in on the approaches that are
most likely to work and rule out the ones that won’t. Advances in gene editing
are creating new tools for fighting disease as temperatures rise; in Djibouti,
for example, scientists and government officials are working together to use
gene editing to get rid of a deadly type of mosquito that has recently moved
into the country’s urban areas.



A warmer climate is creating more habitable places for insects and the diseases
they carry. Oxitec has developed a gene (left) that when placed in a male
mosquito (right) will drive down the mosquito population in a specific area.

Of course, I think health and development would need to be priorities even if
they had nothing to do with climate change. But they have a lot to do with it.
People in poor countries will be in the best position to survive a warming
climate if they are healthy and on a strong financial footing. And as countries’
economies grow, they'll be able to afford the clean-energy solutions that will
get the world to net-zero emissions. Clean energy will only reach the scale we
need if its price comes down and if incomes go up. Otherwise, countries will be
stuck in debt or reliant on the limited and unpredictable aid money that flows
from rich countries.

Now, there are some other adaptation strategies that should be used around the
world; for example, countries need to shore up defenses against rising sea
levels. They also need stronger early warning systems: The fires in Maui and
floods in Libya would have killed fewer people if warning systems had been in
place.

But by maintaining efforts to improve the world’s health and development, we’ll
ensure that progress on climate change has the greatest possible impact for
human welfare.  We won’t just keep the planet livable—we’ll make it a better
place to live.

You can read more about the Gates Foundation’s approach to helping people adapt
to climate change on our website.






WHAT TO DO NEXT

There are several steps the world can take to speed up the pace of innovation,
make sure it benefits the world’s poorest people, and cushion the blow from
rising temperatures.

Philanthropists, governments, and companies should make big bets now that will
help crucial innovations—including clean hydrogen, electricity transmission, and
carbon removal—get developed and deployed as quickly as possible. Funding
clean-energy research not only gives us new tools to reduce emissions, it also
creates jobs and makes clean energy cheaper for everyone. It’s estimated that
the U.S. Inflation Reduction Act will create more than 170,000 clean energy
jobs, including electricians, mechanics, construction workers, technicians, and
support staff.

Companies and governments—and individuals who can afford it—should use their
purchasing power to create demand for low-carbon products such as electric
vehicles, alternative meats, and electric heat pumps, which will attract more
innovators and ultimately drive prices down.

Grants—and loans with the lowest interest rates—should go to low-income
countries so they have the best opportunity to adapt successfully to climate
change. Right now, the poorest countries in the world are borrowing money and
then getting saddled with debt payments to adapt to climate change that they did
not cause. This is not fair or effective—and it’s leaving them with less money
to help their own people.

The world also needs to accelerate research on crop varieties that can withstand
climate shocks. To make these crops affordable for smallholder farmers,
countries should meet the commitment they made in 2021 and double the amount of
funding for adaptation by 2025. This should include fully funding the network of
agricultural research groups known as CGIAR.

Finally, we should elevate health and development as a priority alongside
climate. That means fully funding basic health care in low-income countries. And
from now on, every COP should have a day dedicated to health—as COP28 does—where
the world reviews progress on the Sustainable Development Goals and focuses on
the people who will be hit hardest by climate change.  



Climate and health work should prioritize the needs of people in low- and
middle-income countries, like this family in Pakistan (left) and these students
in Uganda (right).

When COVID struck, the world wasn’t ready. The limited money that was available
to help came at the expense of other lifesaving efforts—causing a major setback
for nutrition, polio, malaria, and immunization. We should learn from this
mistake and respond to the risk of a climate disaster equitably while we regain
and maintain our progress on these other priorities. By investing in innovation
that works for everyone, we can tackle the world’s biggest threats to human
lives and livelihoods and get closer to a truly equitable world.

Read this next
NEXT

A fireside chat on climate and global development

In London, I talked about two of the issues I’m most passionate about—and why
they both demand urgent action.

A big threat to malaria eradication

Climate change could stall the world’s amazing progress on health.

I’m in Wyoming to celebrate the next nuclear breakthrough

Visiting the site of a historic new power plant that I’m funding.



Discussion
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