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<option value="">All Journals</option>
<option value="acoustics"> Acoustics </option>
<option value="amh"> Acta Microbiologica Hellenica (AMH) </option>
<option value="actuators"> Actuators </option>
<option value="admsci"> Administrative Sciences </option>
<option value="adolescents"> Adolescents </option>
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<option value="aerobiology"> Aerobiology </option>
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<option value="agriculture"> Agriculture </option>
<option value="agriengineering"> AgriEngineering </option>
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<option value="agronomy"> Agronomy </option>
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<option value="analytica"> Analytica </option>
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<option value="anesthres"> Anesthesia Research </option>
<option value="animals"> Animals </option>
<option value="antibiotics"> Antibiotics </option>
<option value="antibodies"> Antibodies </option>
<option value="antioxidants"> Antioxidants </option>
<option value="applbiosci"> Applied Biosciences </option>
<option value="applmech"> Applied Mechanics </option>
<option value="applmicrobiol"> Applied Microbiology </option>
<option value="applnano"> Applied Nano </option>
<option value="applsci"> Applied Sciences </option>
<option value="asi"> Applied System Innovation (ASI) </option>
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<option value="appliedmath"> AppliedMath </option>
<option value="aquacj"> Aquaculture Journal </option>
<option value="architecture"> Architecture </option>
<option value="arthropoda"> Arthropoda </option>
<option value="arts"> Arts </option>
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<option value="atoms"> Atoms </option>
<option value="audiolres"> Audiology Research </option>
<option value="automation"> Automation </option>
<option value="axioms"> Axioms </option>
<option value="bacteria"> Bacteria </option>
<option value="batteries"> Batteries </option>
<option value="behavsci"> Behavioral Sciences </option>
<option value="beverages"> Beverages </option>
<option value="BDCC"> Big Data and Cognitive Computing (BDCC) </option>
<option value="biochem"> BioChem </option>
<option value="bioengineering"> Bioengineering </option>
<option value="biologics"> Biologics </option>
<option value="biology"> Biology </option>
<option value="blsf"> Biology and Life Sciences Forum </option>
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<option value="biomechanics"> Biomechanics </option>
<option value="biomed"> BioMed </option>
<option value="biomedicines"> Biomedicines </option>
<option value="biomedinformatics"> BioMedInformatics </option>
<option value="biomimetics"> Biomimetics </option>
<option value="biomolecules"> Biomolecules </option>
<option value="biophysica"> Biophysica </option>
<option value="biosensors"> Biosensors </option>
<option value="biotech"> BioTech </option>
<option value="birds"> Birds </option>
<option value="blockchains"> Blockchains </option>
<option value="brainsci"> Brain Sciences </option>
<option value="buildings"> Buildings </option>
<option value="businesses"> Businesses </option>
<option value="carbon"> C </option>
<option value="cancers"> Cancers </option>
<option value="cardiogenetics"> Cardiogenetics </option>
<option value="catalysts"> Catalysts </option>
<option value="cells"> Cells </option>
<option value="ceramics"> Ceramics </option>
<option value="challenges"> Challenges </option>
<option value="ChemEngineering"> ChemEngineering </option>
<option value="chemistry"> Chemistry </option>
<option value="chemproc"> Chemistry Proceedings </option>
<option value="chemosensors"> Chemosensors </option>
<option value="children"> Children </option>
<option value="chips"> Chips </option>
<option value="civileng"> CivilEng </option>
<option value="cleantechnol"> Clean Technologies (Clean Technol.) </option>
<option value="climate"> Climate </option>
<option value="ctn"> Clinical and Translational Neuroscience (CTN) </option>
<option value="clinpract"> Clinics and Practice </option>
<option value="clockssleep"> Clocks & Sleep </option>
<option value="coasts"> Coasts </option>
<option value="coatings"> Coatings </option>
<option value="colloids"> Colloids and Interfaces </option>
<option value="colorants"> Colorants </option>
<option value="commodities"> Commodities </option>
<option value="complications"> Complications </option>
<option value="compounds"> Compounds </option>
<option value="computation"> Computation </option>
<option value="csmf"> Computer Sciences & Mathematics Forum </option>
<option value="computers"> Computers </option>
<option value="condensedmatter"> Condensed Matter </option>
<option value="conservation"> Conservation </option>
<option value="constrmater"> Construction Materials </option>
<option value="cmd"> Corrosion and Materials Degradation (CMD) </option>
<option value="cosmetics"> Cosmetics </option>
<option value="covid"> COVID </option>
<option value="crops"> Crops </option>
<option value="cryo"> Cryo </option>
<option value="cryptography"> Cryptography </option>
<option value="crystals"> Crystals </option>
<option value="cimb"> Current Issues in Molecular Biology (CIMB) </option>
<option value="curroncol"> Current Oncology </option>
<option value="dairy"> Dairy </option>
<option value="data"> Data </option>
<option value="dentistry"> Dentistry Journal </option>
<option value="dermato"> Dermato </option>
<option value="dermatopathology"> Dermatopathology </option>
<option value="designs"> Designs </option>
<option value="diabetology"> Diabetology </option>
<option value="diagnostics"> Diagnostics </option>
<option value="dietetics"> Dietetics </option>
<option value="digital"> Digital </option>
<option value="disabilities"> Disabilities </option>
<option value="diseases"> Diseases </option>
<option value="diversity"> Diversity </option>
<option value="dna"> DNA </option>
<option value="drones"> Drones </option>
<option value="ddc"> Drugs and Drug Candidates (DDC) </option>
<option value="dynamics"> Dynamics </option>
<option value="earth"> Earth </option>
<option value="ecologies"> Ecologies </option>
<option value="econometrics"> Econometrics </option>
<option value="economies"> Economies </option>
<option value="education"> Education Sciences </option>
<option value="electricity"> Electricity </option>
<option value="electrochem"> Electrochem </option>
<option value="electronicmat"> Electronic Materials </option>
<option value="electronics"> Electronics </option>
<option value="ecm"> Emergency Care and Medicine </option>
<option value="encyclopedia"> Encyclopedia </option>
<option value="endocrines"> Endocrines </option>
<option value="energies"> Energies </option>
<option value="esa"> Energy Storage and Applications (ESA) </option>
<option value="eng"> Eng </option>
<option value="engproc"> Engineering Proceedings </option>
<option value="entropy"> Entropy </option>
<option value="environsciproc"> Environmental Sciences Proceedings </option>
<option value="environments"> Environments </option>
<option value="epidemiologia"> Epidemiologia </option>
<option value="epigenomes"> Epigenomes </option>
<option value="ebj"> European Burn Journal (EBJ) </option>
<option value="ejihpe"> European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education (EJIHPE) </option>
<option value="fermentation"> Fermentation </option>
<option value="fibers"> Fibers </option>
<option value="fintech"> FinTech </option>
<option value="fire"> Fire </option>
<option value="fishes"> Fishes </option>
<option value="fluids"> Fluids </option>
<option value="foods"> Foods </option>
<option value="forecasting"> Forecasting </option>
<option value="forensicsci"> Forensic Sciences </option>
<option value="forests"> Forests </option>
<option value="fossstud"> Fossil Studies </option>
<option value="foundations"> Foundations </option>
<option value="fractalfract"> Fractal and Fractional (Fractal Fract) </option>
<option value="fuels"> Fuels </option>
<option value="future"> Future </option>
<option value="futureinternet"> Future Internet </option>
<option value="futurepharmacol"> Future Pharmacology </option>
<option value="futuretransp"> Future Transportation </option>
<option value="galaxies"> Galaxies </option>
<option value="games"> Games </option>
<option value="gases"> Gases </option>
<option value="gastroent"> Gastroenterology Insights </option>
<option value="gastrointestdisord"> Gastrointestinal Disorders </option>
<option value="gastronomy"> Gastronomy </option>
<option value="gels"> Gels </option>
<option value="genealogy"> Genealogy </option>
<option value="genes"> Genes </option>
<option value="geographies"> Geographies </option>
<option value="geohazards"> GeoHazards </option>
<option value="geomatics"> Geomatics </option>
<option value="geometry"> Geometry </option>
<option value="geosciences"> Geosciences </option>
<option value="geotechnics"> Geotechnics </option>
<option value="geriatrics"> Geriatrics </option>
<option value="glacies"> Glacies </option>
<option value="gucdd"> Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease (GUCDD) </option>
<option value="grasses"> Grasses </option>
<option value="hardware"> Hardware </option>
<option value="healthcare"> Healthcare </option>
<option value="hearts"> Hearts </option>
<option value="hemato"> Hemato </option>
<option value="hematolrep"> Hematology Reports </option>
<option value="heritage"> Heritage </option>
<option value="histories"> Histories </option>
<option value="horticulturae"> Horticulturae </option>
<option value="hospitals"> Hospitals </option>
<option value="humanities"> Humanities </option>
<option value="humans"> Humans </option>
<option value="hydrobiology"> Hydrobiology </option>
<option value="hydrogen"> Hydrogen </option>
<option value="hydrology"> Hydrology </option>
<option value="hygiene"> Hygiene </option>
<option value="immuno"> Immuno </option>
<option value="idr"> Infectious Disease Reports </option>
<option value="informatics"> Informatics </option>
<option value="information"> Information </option>
<option value="infrastructures"> Infrastructures </option>
<option value="inorganics"> Inorganics </option>
<option value="insects"> Insects </option>
<option value="instruments"> Instruments </option>
<option value="iic"> Intelligent Infrastructure and Construction </option>
<option value="ijerph"> International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH) </option>
<option value="ijfs"> International Journal of Financial Studies (IJFS) </option>
<option value="ijms"> International Journal of Molecular Sciences (IJMS) </option>
<option value="IJNS"> International Journal of Neonatal Screening (IJNS) </option>
<option value="ijpb"> International Journal of Plant Biology (IJPB) </option>
<option value="ijt"> International Journal of Topology </option>
<option value="ijtm"> International Journal of Translational Medicine (IJTM) </option>
<option value="ijtpp"> International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power (IJTPP) </option>
<option value="ime"> International Medical Education (IME) </option>
<option value="inventions"> Inventions </option>
<option value="IoT"> IoT </option>
<option value="ijgi"> ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information (IJGI) </option>
<option value="J"> J </option>
<option value="jal"> Journal of Ageing and Longevity (JAL) </option>
<option value="jcdd"> Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease (JCDD) </option>
<option value="jcto"> Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology (JCTO) </option>
<option value="jcm"> Journal of Clinical Medicine (JCM) </option>
<option value="jcs"> Journal of Composites Science (J. Compos. Sci.) </option>
<option value="jcp"> Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy (JCP) </option>
<option value="jdad"> Journal of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease (JDAD) </option>
<option value="jdb"> Journal of Developmental Biology (JDB) </option>
<option value="jeta"> Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses (JETA) </option>
<option value="jfb"> Journal of Functional Biomaterials (JFB) </option>
<option value="jfmk"> Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (JFMK) </option>
<option value="jof"> Journal of Fungi (JoF) </option>
<option value="jimaging"> Journal of Imaging (J. Imaging) </option>
<option value="jintelligence"> Journal of Intelligence (J. Intell.) </option>
<option value="jlpea"> Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications (JLPEA) </option>
<option value="jmmp"> Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing (JMMP) </option>
<option value="jmse"> Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (JMSE) </option>
<option value="jmahp"> Journal of Market Access & Health Policy (JMAHP) </option>
<option value="jmp"> Journal of Molecular Pathology (JMP) </option>
<option value="jnt"> Journal of Nanotheranostics (JNT) </option>
<option value="jne"> Journal of Nuclear Engineering (JNE) </option>
<option value="ohbm"> Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine (JOHBM) </option>
<option value="jpm"> Journal of Personalized Medicine (JPM) </option>
<option value="jpbi"> Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry (JPBI) </option>
<option value="jor"> Journal of Respiration (JoR) </option>
<option value="jrfm"> Journal of Risk and Financial Management (JRFM) </option>
<option value="jsan"> Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks (JSAN) </option>
<option value="joma"> Journal of the Oman Medical Association (JOMA) </option>
<option value="jtaer"> Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER) </option>
<option value="jvd"> Journal of Vascular Diseases (JVD) </option>
<option value="jox"> Journal of Xenobiotics (JoX) </option>
<option value="jzbg"> Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens (JZBG) </option>
<option value="journalmedia"> Journalism and Media </option>
<option value="kidneydial"> Kidney and Dialysis </option>
<option value="kinasesphosphatases"> Kinases and Phosphatases </option>
<option value="knowledge"> Knowledge </option>
<option value="labmed"> LabMed </option>
<option value="laboratories"> Laboratories </option>
<option value="land"> Land </option>
<option value="languages"> Languages </option>
<option value="laws"> Laws </option>
<option value="life"> Life </option>
<option value="limnolrev"> Limnological Review </option>
<option value="lipidology"> Lipidology </option>
<option value="liquids"> Liquids </option>
<option value="literature"> Literature </option>
<option value="livers"> Livers </option>
<option value="logics"> Logics </option>
<option value="logistics"> Logistics </option>
<option value="lubricants"> Lubricants </option>
<option value="lymphatics"> Lymphatics </option>
<option value="make"> Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction (MAKE) </option>
<option value="machines"> Machines </option>
<option value="macromol"> Macromol </option>
<option value="magnetism"> Magnetism </option>
<option value="magnetochemistry"> Magnetochemistry </option>
<option value="marinedrugs"> Marine Drugs </option>
<option value="materials"> Materials </option>
<option value="materproc"> Materials Proceedings </option>
<option value="mca"> Mathematical and Computational Applications (MCA) </option>
<option value="mathematics"> Mathematics </option>
<option value="medsci"> Medical Sciences </option>
<option value="msf"> Medical Sciences Forum </option>
<option value="medicina"> Medicina </option>
<option value="medicines"> Medicines </option>
<option value="membranes"> Membranes </option>
<option value="merits"> Merits </option>
<option value="metabolites"> Metabolites </option>
<option value="metals"> Metals </option>
<option value="meteorology"> Meteorology </option>
<option value="methane"> Methane </option>
<option value="mps"> Methods and Protocols (MPs) </option>
<option value="metrics"> Metrics </option>
<option value="metrology"> Metrology </option>
<option value="micro"> Micro </option>
<option value="microbiolres"> Microbiology Research </option>
<option value="micromachines"> Micromachines </option>
<option value="microorganisms"> Microorganisms </option>
<option value="microplastics"> Microplastics </option>
<option value="minerals"> Minerals </option>
<option value="mining"> Mining </option>
<option value="modelling"> Modelling </option>
<option value="molbank"> Molbank </option>
<option value="molecules"> Molecules </option>
<option value="mti"> Multimodal Technologies and Interaction (MTI) </option>
<option value="muscles"> Muscles </option>
<option value="nanoenergyadv"> Nanoenergy Advances </option>
<option value="nanomanufacturing"> Nanomanufacturing </option>
<option value="nanomaterials"> Nanomaterials </option>
<option value="ndt"> NDT </option>
<option value="network"> Network </option>
<option value="neuroglia"> Neuroglia </option>
<option value="neurolint"> Neurology International </option>
<option value="neurosci"> NeuroSci </option>
<option value="nitrogen"> Nitrogen </option>
<option value="ncrna"> Non-Coding RNA (ncRNA) </option>
<option value="nursrep"> Nursing Reports </option>
<option value="nutraceuticals"> Nutraceuticals </option>
<option value="nutrients"> Nutrients </option>
<option value="obesities"> Obesities </option>
<option value="oceans"> Oceans </option>
<option value="onco"> Onco </option>
<option value="optics"> Optics </option>
<option value="oral"> Oral </option>
<option value="organics"> Organics </option>
<option value="organoids"> Organoids </option>
<option value="osteology"> Osteology </option>
<option value="oxygen"> Oxygen </option>
<option value="parasitologia"> Parasitologia </option>
<option value="particles"> Particles </option>
<option value="pathogens"> Pathogens </option>
<option value="pathophysiology"> Pathophysiology </option>
<option value="pediatrrep"> Pediatric Reports </option>
<option value="pets"> Pets </option>
<option value="pharmaceuticals"> Pharmaceuticals </option>
<option value="pharmaceutics"> Pharmaceutics </option>
<option value="pharmacoepidemiology"> Pharmacoepidemiology </option>
<option value="pharmacy"> Pharmacy </option>
<option value="philosophies"> Philosophies </option>
<option value="photochem"> Photochem </option>
<option value="photonics"> Photonics </option>
<option value="phycology"> Phycology </option>
<option value="physchem"> Physchem </option>
<option value="psf"> Physical Sciences Forum </option>
<option value="physics"> Physics </option>
<option value="physiologia"> Physiologia </option>
<option value="plants"> Plants </option>
<option value="plasma"> Plasma </option>
<option value="platforms"> Platforms </option>
<option value="pollutants"> Pollutants </option>
<option value="polymers" selected="selected"> Polymers </option>
<option value="polysaccharides"> Polysaccharides </option>
<option value="populations"> Populations </option>
<option value="poultry"> Poultry </option>
<option value="powders"> Powders </option>
<option value="proceedings"> Proceedings </option>
<option value="processes"> Processes </option>
<option value="prosthesis"> Prosthesis </option>
<option value="proteomes"> Proteomes </option>
<option value="psychiatryint"> Psychiatry International </option>
<option value="psychoactives"> Psychoactives </option>
<option value="psycholint"> Psychology International </option>
<option value="publications"> Publications </option>
<option value="qubs"> Quantum Beam Science (QuBS) </option>
<option value="quantumrep"> Quantum Reports </option>
<option value="quaternary"> Quaternary </option>
<option value="radiation"> Radiation </option>
<option value="reactions"> Reactions </option>
<option value="realestate"> Real Estate </option>
<option value="receptors"> Receptors </option>
<option value="recycling"> Recycling </option>
<option value="rsee"> Regional Science and Environmental Economics (RSEE) </option>
<option value="religions"> Religions </option>
<option value="remotesensing"> Remote Sensing </option>
<option value="reports"> Reports </option>
<option value="reprodmed"> Reproductive Medicine (Reprod. Med.) </option>
<option value="resources"> Resources </option>
<option value="rheumato"> Rheumato </option>
<option value="risks"> Risks </option>
<option value="robotics"> Robotics </option>
<option value="ruminants"> Ruminants </option>
<option value="safety"> Safety </option>
<option value="sci"> Sci </option>
<option value="scipharm"> Scientia Pharmaceutica (Sci. Pharm.) </option>
<option value="sclerosis"> Sclerosis </option>
<option value="seeds"> Seeds </option>
<option value="sensors"> Sensors </option>
<option value="separations"> Separations </option>
<option value="sexes"> Sexes </option>
<option value="signals"> Signals </option>
<option value="sinusitis"> Sinusitis </option>
<option value="smartcities"> Smart Cities </option>
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<option value="1202">Antibacterial Polymers: From Natural Inspiration to Practical Applications</option>
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<option value="8064">From Amphiphilic to Polyphilic Polymers</option>
<option value="5082">Functional Polymers for Medical Applications</option>
<option value="16215">Functional Polyurethanes – In Memory of Prof. József Karger-Kocsis</option>
<option value="7493">Functionally Responsive Polymeric Materials</option>
<option value="3293">Graphene-based Polymer Composites</option>
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<option value="8929">High Performance Polymers</option>
<option value="218574">High Performance Rubber Materials: From Fundamental to Advanced Applied Science</option>
<option value="14361">Holographic Materials and Photonic Applications</option>
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<option value="17335">Hydrogels and Gels for Biomedical and Sustainable Applications</option>
<option value="9505">Hydrogels in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine</option>
<option value="11241">Hydrophilic Polymers</option>
<option value="3291">Interpenetrating Polymer Network</option>
<option value="8152">Knotted and Catenated Polymers</option>
<option value="11767">Liquid Crystalline Polymers</option>
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<option value="16493">Materials and Methods for New Technologies in Polymer Processing</option>
<option value="7508">Metal Complexes-Mediated Catalysis in Polymerization</option>
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<option value="15460">Microporous Organic Polymers: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications</option>
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<option value="30143">New Trends in Polymer Science: Health of the Planet, Health of the People</option>
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<option value="115982">Polymer Research in INSTM—National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology—Never Stops</option>
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<option value="1647">Polymer Thin Films and Membranes 2013</option>
<option value="4755">Polymer Thin Films and Membranes 2015</option>
<option value="15452">Polymer-CNT Nanocomposites</option>
<option value="1118">Polymer-Inorganic Hybrids and Their Applications</option>
<option value="3278">Polymer-Inorganic Hybrids and Their Applications 2014</option>
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<option value="10895">Polymerization Kinetics</option>
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<option value="7064">Polymers and Nanogels for Gene Therapy</option>
<option value="3104">Polymers and Polymeric Nanoparticles for Therapy and Imaging</option>
<option value="4825">Polymers Applied in Tissue Engineering</option>
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<option value="11781">Polymers for Modern and Advanced Engineering Applications</option>
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<option value="958">Polymers for Oro-Dental and Cranio- Maxillo-Facial Applications</option>
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<option value="10734">Polymers for Therapy and Diagnostics</option>
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<option value="11637">Polymers: Design, Function and Application</option>
<option value="3270">Porous Polymers</option>
<option value="12183">Precision Polymer Synthesis</option>
<option value="10983">RAFT Living Radical Polymerization and Self-Assembly</option>
<option value="6032">Recent Advances in Flame Retardancy of Textile Related Products</option>
<option value="217498">Recent Advances in Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials</option>
<option value="211127">Research Progress on Polymer and Admixture Modified Concrete Composites in Civil Engineering</option>
<option value="6141">Responsive Polymers for Drug Delivery, Imaging and Theranostic Functions</option>
<option value="1954">Ring-Opening Polymerization</option>
<option value="79083">RubberCon 2021: Innovative Pioneers for Smart and Sustainable Rubber Technology</option>
<option value="10397">Selected Papers from "ECIS 2017"</option>
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<option value="13359">Selected Papers from 2018 SRPS & 2018 GISAS: Structure-Mediated Functional Polymers</option>
<option value="5566">Selected Papers from ASEPFPM2015</option>
<option value="13202">Selected Papers from ECIS 2018</option>
<option value="24817">Selected papers from the 102nd Canadian Chemistry Conference and Exhibition, June 3-7, Quebec City, Canada</option>
<option value="4829">Selected Papers from The 7th International Conference on FRP Composites in Civil Engineering (CICE 2014)</option>
<option value="5558">Selected Papers from the Symposium “Polymer Gels as Advanced Soft Materials” at PacifiChem2015</option>
<option value="41472">Selected Papers from IMETI 2021</option>
<option value="2550">Semiconducting Polymers for Organic Electronic Devices</option>
<option value="9335">Shape Memory Polymers</option>
<option value="3178">Shape-Memory Polymers</option>
<option value="11452">Siloxane-Based Polymers</option>
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<option value="12241">Smart and Functional Elastomers, Hydrogels, and Ionogels</option>
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<option value="142647">State-of-the-Art Polymer Science and Technology in Chile (2022,2023)</option>
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<option value="152292">State-of-the-Art Polymer Science and Technology in the USA (2022,2023)</option>
<option value="73271">State-of-the-Art Polymer Science and Technology in Uruguay (2021,2022)</option>
<option value="10096">Stimuli Responsive Polymers</option>
<option value="1454">Stimuli-Responsive Polymers and Colloids</option>
<option value="2110">Supramolecular Chemistry and Self-Assembly 2013</option>
<option value="10948">Surface Modification and Functional Coatings for Polymers</option>
<option value="14495">Synthesis and Application of Conjugated Polymers</option>
<option value="8423">Tailored Polymer Synthesis by Advanced Polymerization Techniques</option>
<option value="11850">Textile and Textile-Based Materials</option>
<option value="94473">Theory of Polymers at Interfaces II</option>
<option value="10569">Thermosets</option>
<option value="6281">Three-Dimensional Structures: Fabrication and Application</option>
<option value="1193">Water-Soluble Polymers</option>
<option value="2054">Waterborne Polymers</option>
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<option value="68158">Women in Polymer Science and Technology: Biopolymers</option>
<option value="78713">Women in Polymer Science and Technology: Polymeric Carbon Nanomaterials in Energy and Environmental Remediation</option>
<option value="70677">Women in Polymer Science and Technology: Polymers Recycling</option>
<option value="69135">Women in Polymer Science and Technology: Sustainable Polymers</option>
<option value="6913">Young Talents in Polymer Science</option>
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<div class="search-input-label"><span class="show-for-medium-up">Logical Operator</span><span class="show-for-small">Operator</span></div>
<select class="connector">
<option value="and">AND</option>
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</div>
<div class="large-3 medium-3 small-6 columns search-text-div">
<div class="search-input-label">Search Text</div>
<input type="text" class="search-text" placeholder="Search text">
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<div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 large-offset-0 medium-offset-0 small-offset-3 columns search-field-div">
<div class="search-input-label">Search Type</div>
<select class="search-field">
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<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
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<option value="references">References</option>
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</div>
<div class="large-1 medium-1 small-3 columns">
<div class="search-input-label"> </div>
<div class="search-action-div">
<div class="search-plus">
<i class="material-icons">add_circle_outline</i>
</div>
</div>
<div class="search-action-div">
<div class="search-minus">
<i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 large-offset-0 medium-offset-0 small-offset-3 end columns">
<div class="search-input-label"> </div>
<input class="advanced-search-button button button--dark search-submit" type="submit" value="Search">
</div>
<div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns show-for-medium-up"></div>
</div>
</div>
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<span>volume</span>
<div><b></b></div>
</a>
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<input class="chosen-search-input" type="text" autocomplete="off">
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<span>issue</span>
<div><b></b></div>
</a>
<div class="chosen-drop UI_JournalBrowser_Issue_Options">
<div class="chosen-search">
<input class="chosen-search-input" type="text" autocomplete="off">
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<input type="submit" id="journal-browser-go" value="Go" style="" class="button button--grey button--full-width UI_JournalBrowser_GoButton">
</form>POST /subscribe
<form method="post" action="/subscribe" id="subscribeForm" style="margin:0; padding:0;" onsubmit="return false;">
<div style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Add your e-mail address to receive forthcoming issues of this journal:</div>
<input name="email" type="email" placeholder="Enter Your E-Mail Address..." required="required">
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<input type="hidden" name="_token" value="xu1xGh1wnaqBKKIu6ykH4t9ik65SZ_DvQ60w3126OHI">
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</form>POST /subscribe
<form id="newsletter" method="POST" action="/subscribe">
<p> Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals </p>
<select multiple="" id="newsletter-journal" class="foundation-select jqmsLoaded" name="journals[]" style="display: none;">
<option value="acoustics">Acoustics</option>
<option value="amh">Acta Microbiologica Hellenica</option>
<option value="actuators">Actuators</option>
<option value="admsci">Administrative Sciences</option>
<option value="adolescents">Adolescents</option>
<option value="arm">Advances in Respiratory Medicine</option>
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<option value="aerospace">Aerospace</option>
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<option value="antibodies">Antibodies</option>
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<option value="aquacj">Aquaculture Journal</option>
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<option value="axioms">Axioms</option>
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<option value="biomedicines">Biomedicines</option>
<option value="biomedinformatics">BioMedInformatics</option>
<option value="biomimetics">Biomimetics</option>
<option value="biomolecules">Biomolecules</option>
<option value="biophysica">Biophysica</option>
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<option value="clockssleep">Clocks & Sleep</option>
<option value="coasts">Coasts</option>
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<option value="psychiatryint">Psychiatry International</option>
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<option value="std">Surgical Techniques Development</option>
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Medicine</label></li>
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JOURNAL DESCRIPTION
POLYMERS
Polymers is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal of polymer
science published semimonthly online by MDPI. Belgian Polymer Group (BPG),
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of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM) and North American Thermal Analysis
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LATEST ARTICLES
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Supplementary material:
Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 74564 KiB)
15 pages, 3905 KiB
Open AccessArticle
Extrusion 3D Printing of Intrinsically Fluorescent Thermoplastic Polyimide:
Revealing an Undisclosed Potential
by Premkumar Kothavade, Abdullah Kafi, Chaitali Dekiwadia, Viksit Kumar,
Santhosh Babu Sukumaran, Kadhiravan Shanmuganathan and Stuart Bateman
Polymers 2024, 16(19), 2798; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16192798 - 2 Oct 2024
Abstract
Thermoplastic polyimides (TPIs) are promising lightweight materials for
replacing metal components in aerospace, rocketry, and automotive industries.
Key TPI attributes include low density, thermal stability, mechanical strength,
inherent flame retardancy, and intrinsic fluorescence under UV light. The
application of advanced manufacturing techniques, especially [...] Read more.
Thermoplastic polyimides (TPIs) are promising lightweight materials for
replacing metal components in aerospace, rocketry, and automotive industries.
Key TPI attributes include low density, thermal stability, mechanical strength,
inherent flame retardancy, and intrinsic fluorescence under UV light. The
application of advanced manufacturing techniques, especially 3D printing, could
significantly broaden the use of TPIs; however, challenges in melt-processing
this class of polymer represent a barrier. This study explored the
processability, 3D-printing and hence mechanical, and fluorescence properties of
TPI coupons, demonstrating their suitability for advanced 3D-printing
applications. Moreover, the study successfully 3D-printed a functional impeller
for an overhead stirrer, effectively replacing its metallic counterpart. Defects
were shown to be readily detectable under UV light. A thorough analysis of TPI
processing examining its rheological, morphological, and thermal properties is
presented. Extruded TPI filaments were 3D-printed into test coupons with
different infill geometries to examine the effect of tool path on mechanical
performance. The fluorescence properties of the 3D-printed TPI coupons were
evaluated to highlight their potential to produce intricately shaped thermally
stable, fluorescence-based sensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Materials and Design
Processes for Additively Manufactured Products)
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30 pages, 6280 KiB
Open AccessReview
Piezoelectric Scaffolds as Smart Materials for Bone Tissue Engineering
by Angelika Zaszczyńska, Konrad Zabielski, Arkadiusz Gradys, Tomasz Kowalczyk
and Paweł Sajkiewicz
Polymers 2024, 16(19), 2797; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16192797 - 2 Oct 2024
Abstract
Bone repair and regeneration require physiological cues, including mechanical,
electrical, and biochemical activity. Many biomaterials have been investigated
as bioactive scaffolds with excellent electrical properties. Amongst
biomaterials, piezoelectric materials (PMs) are gaining attention in
biomedicine, power harvesting, biomedical devices, and structural health
monitoring. [...] Read more.
Bone repair and regeneration require physiological cues, including mechanical,
electrical, and biochemical activity. Many biomaterials have been investigated
as bioactive scaffolds with excellent electrical properties. Amongst
biomaterials, piezoelectric materials (PMs) are gaining attention in
biomedicine, power harvesting, biomedical devices, and structural health
monitoring. PMs have unique properties, such as the ability to affect
physiological movements and deliver electrical stimuli to damaged bone or cells
without an external power source. The crucial bone property is its
piezoelectricity. Bones can generate electrical charges and potential in
response to mechanical stimuli, as they influence bone growth and regeneration.
Piezoelectric materials respond to human microenvironment stimuli and are an
important factor in bone regeneration and repair. This manuscript is an overview
of the fundamentals of the materials generating the piezoelectric effect and
their influence on bone repair and regeneration. This paper focuses on the state
of the art of piezoelectric materials, such as polymers, ceramics, and
composites, and their application in bone tissue engineering. We present
important information from the point of view of bone tissue engineering. We
highlight promising upcoming approaches and new generations of piezoelectric
materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrospun Nanofibers for Medical
and Bio Applications)
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19 pages, 2379 KiB
Open AccessArticle
Spectroscopic and Thermal Characterisation of Interpenetrating Hydrogel Networks
(IHNs) Based on Polymethacrylates and Pluronics, and Their Physicochemical
Stability under Aqueous Conditions
by David S. Jones, Marion Westwood, Shu Li and Gavin P. Andrews
Polymers 2024, 16(19), 2796; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16192796 - 1 Oct 2024
Abstract
This study describes the physicochemical characterisation of interpenetrating
hydrogel networks (IHNs) composed of either poly(hydroxyethylmethacrylate,
p(HEMA)) or poly(methacrylic acid, p(MAA)), and Pluronic block copolymers
(grades F127, P123 and L121). IHNs were prepared by mixing the acrylate monomer
with Pluronic block copolymers followed by [...] Read more.
This study describes the physicochemical characterisation of interpenetrating
hydrogel networks (IHNs) composed of either poly(hydroxyethylmethacrylate,
p(HEMA)) or poly(methacrylic acid, p(MAA)), and Pluronic block copolymers
(grades F127, P123 and L121). IHNs were prepared by mixing the acrylate monomer
with Pluronic block copolymers followed by free radical polymerisation.
p(HEMA)–Pluronic blends were immiscible, evident from a lack of interaction
between the two components (Raman spectroscopy) and the presence of the glass
transitions (differential scanning calorimetry, DSC) of the two components.
Conversely, IHNs of p(MAA) and each Pluronic were miscible, displaying a single
glass transition and secondary bonding between the carbonyl group of p(MAA) and
the ether groups in the Pluronic block copolymers (Raman and ATR-FTIR
spectroscopy). The effect of storage of the IHNs in Tris buffer on the physical
state of each Pluronic and on the loss of Pluronic from the IHNs were studied
using DSC and gravimetric analysis, respectively. Pluronic loss from the IHNs
was dependent on the grade of Pluronic, time of immersion in Tris buffer, and
the nature of the IHN (p(HEMA) or p(MAA)). At equilibrium, the loss was greater
from p(HEMA) than from p(MAA) IHNs, whereas increasing ratio of poly(propylene
oxide) to poly(ethylene oxide) decreased Pluronic loss. The retention of each
Pluronic grade was shown to be primarily due to its micellization; however,
hydrogen bonding between Pluronic and p(MAA) (but not p(HEMA)) IHNs contributed
to their retention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Applications of Block
Copolymers II)
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32 pages, 2053 KiB
Open AccessReview
Effects of Post-Processing Parameters on 3D-Printed Dental Appliances: A Review
by Mana Hassanpour, Poom Narongdej, Nicolas Alterman, Sara Moghtadernejad and
Ehsan Barjasteh
Polymers 2024, 16(19), 2795; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16192795 - 1 Oct 2024
Abstract
In recent years, additive manufacturing (AM) has been recognized as a
transformative force in the dental industry, with the ability to address
escalating demand, expedite production timelines, and reduce labor-intensive
processes. Despite the proliferation of three-dimensional printing technologies
in dentistry, the absence of [...] Read more.
In recent years, additive manufacturing (AM) has been recognized as a
transformative force in the dental industry, with the ability to address
escalating demand, expedite production timelines, and reduce labor-intensive
processes. Despite the proliferation of three-dimensional printing technologies
in dentistry, the absence of well-established post-processing protocols has
posed formidable challenges. This comprehensive review paper underscores the
critical importance of precision in post-processing techniques for ensuring the
acquisition of vital properties, encompassing mechanical strength,
biocompatibility, dimensional accuracy, durability, stability, and aesthetic
refinement in 3D-printed dental devices. Given that digital light processing
(DLP) is the predominant 3D printing technology in dentistry, the main
post-processing techniques and effects discussed in this review primarily apply
to DLP printing. The four sequential stages of post-processing support removal,
washing, secondary polymerization, and surface treatments are systematically
navigated, with each phase requiring meticulous evaluation and parameter
determination to attain optimal outcomes. From the careful selection of support
removal tools to the consideration of solvent choice, washing methodology, and
post-curing parameters, this review provides a comprehensive guide for
practitioners and researchers. Additionally, the customization of
post-processing approaches to suit the distinct characteristics of different
resin materials is highlighted. A comprehensive understanding of post-processing
techniques is offered, setting the stage for informed decision-making and
guiding future research endeavors in the realm of dental additive manufacturing.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Processing and Engineering)
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12 pages, 6174 KiB
Open AccessArticle
Improving Water Resistance and Mechanical Properties of Crosslinked Waterborne
Polyurethane Using Glycidyl Carbamate
by Yong Rok Kwon, Jun Ho Park, Hae Chan Kim, Seok Kyu Moon and Dong Hyun Kim
Polymers 2024, 16(19), 2794; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16192794 - 1 Oct 2024
Abstract
Waterborne polyurethane (WPU) often suffers from poor water resistance and
mechanical properties due to hydrophilic emulsifiers. To address these issues,
this study introduces glycidyl carbamate (GC) as a crosslinker to improve WPU
performance. Three types of GC were synthesized using aliphatic, cycloaliphatic,
and [...] Read more.
Waterborne polyurethane (WPU) often suffers from poor water resistance and
mechanical properties due to hydrophilic emulsifiers. To address these issues,
this study introduces glycidyl carbamate (GC) as a crosslinker to improve WPU
performance. Three types of GC were synthesized using aliphatic, cycloaliphatic,
and aromatic isocyanates, respectively. The crosslinked network was established
through a reaction between the epoxide group of GC and the carboxylic acid and
amine groups of WPU. Among these, the WPU film utilizing aromatic
isocyanate-based GC exhibited the highest crosslink density, modulus, hardness,
and water resistance, due to the rigidity of the aromatic molecular structure.
However, the film displayed excessive brittleness, resulting in reduced tensile
strength, along with yellowing typically associated with aromatic compounds. The
WPU crosslinked with cycloaliphatic GC demonstrated the next best mechanical
properties and water resistance, with a 2.7-fold increase in tensile strength, a
1.5-fold increase in hardness, and a 66% reduction in the water swelling ratio
compared to neat WPU. This study presents a novel and effective strategy to
enhance the water resistance and mechanical properties of WPU films, making them
suitable for advanced coating applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Functional Polyurethane
and Composites)
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15 pages, 11438 KiB
Open AccessArticle
Investigation on Erosion Resistance in Polyester–Jute Composites with Red Mud
Particulate: Impact of Fibre Treatment and Particulate Addition
by Sundarakannan Rajendran, Vigneshwaran Shanmugam, Geetha Palani, Uthayakumar
Marimuthu, Arumugaprabu Veerasimman, Kinga Korniejenko, Inna Oliinyk, Herri
Trilaksana and Vickram Sundaram
Polymers 2024, 16(19), 2793; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16192793 - 1 Oct 2024
Abstract
This research investigates the manufacturing and characterisation of
polyester-based composites reinforced with jute fibres and red mud particulates.
The motivation stems from the need for sustainable, high-performance materials
for applications in industries, like aerospace and automotive, where resistance
to erosion is critical. Jute, [...] Read more.
This research investigates the manufacturing and characterisation of
polyester-based composites reinforced with jute fibres and red mud particulates.
The motivation stems from the need for sustainable, high-performance materials
for applications in industries, like aerospace and automotive, where resistance
to erosion is critical. Jute, a renewable fibre, combined with red mud, an
industrial byproduct, offers an eco-friendly alternative to conventional
composites. The composites were fabricated using compression moulding with
varying red mud contents (10, 20, and 30 wt.%) and a fixed 40 wt.% of jute
fibre. Fibre treatments included sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and silane treatments
to improve bonding and performance. Erosion tests were performed using an
air-jet erosion tester, examining the effects of the red mud content, fibre
treatment, and impact angles. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis
provided insights into the erosion mechanisms. A distinctive reduction in
erosion rates at higher impact angles (30°–60°) was observed, attributed to the
semi-ductile nature of the composites. The addition of red mud enhanced erosion
resistance, although an excess of 30 wt.% reduced resistance due to poor surface
bonding. Silane-treated composites showed the lowest erosion rates. This study
provides new insights into the interplay among material composition, fibre
treatment, and erosion dynamics, contributing to the development of optimised,
eco-friendly composite materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in Recycling of
(Bio)Polymers and Composites, 2nd Edition)
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16 pages, 1820 KiB
Open AccessArticle
Critical Cooling Rate of Fast-Crystallizing Polyesters: The Example of
Poly(alkylene trans-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylate)
by Kylian Hallavant, Michelina Soccio, Giulia Guidotti, Nadia Lotti, Antonella
Esposito and Allisson Saiter-Fourcin
Polymers 2024, 16(19), 2792; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16192792 - 1 Oct 2024
Abstract
Controlling the cooling rate experienced by a material during a manufacturing
process is a challenge and a major issue. Industrial processing techniques are
very diverse and may involve a whole range of cooling rates, which are sometimes
extremely high for small and/or thin [...] Read more.
Controlling the cooling rate experienced by a material during a manufacturing
process is a challenge and a major issue. Industrial processing techniques are
very diverse and may involve a whole range of cooling rates, which are sometimes
extremely high for small and/or thin manufactured parts. For polymers, the
cooling rate has consequences on both the microstructure and the time-dependent
properties. The common cooling rates associated with conventional calorimetric
measurements are generally limited to a few tens of degrees per minute. This
work combines several calorimetric techniques (DSC, modulated-temperature DSC,
stochastically-modulated DSC and Fast Scanning Calorimetry) to estimate the
critical cooling rate required to melt-quench fast-crystallizing polyesters to
their fully amorphous state, based on the example of a series of poly(alkylene
trans-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylate) (PCHs) with a number of methylene groups in
the main structure of the repeating unit nCH2 varying from 3 to 6. The
even-numbered ones require faster cooling rates (about 3000 K s−1 for nCH2 = 4,
between 500 and 1000 K s−1 for nCH2 = 6) compared to the odd-numbered ones
(between 50 K min−1 and 100 K s−1 for nCH2 = 3, between 10 and 30 K min−1 for
nCH2 = 5). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Commemorative Issue in Honor of
Professor Jose M. Kenny: Advances in Polymer Composites and Nanocomposites)
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22 pages, 3749 KiB
Open AccessArticle
Isolation and Structural Characterization of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent
Lignin from Brewer’s Spent Grains
by Karina Antoun, Malak Tabib, Sarah Joe Salameh, Mohamed Koubaa, Isabelle
Ziegler-Devin, Nicolas Brosse and Anissa Khelfa
Polymers 2024, 16(19), 2791; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16192791 - 1 Oct 2024
Abstract
Brewer’s spent grains (BSG) offer valuable opportunities for valorization beyond
its conventional use as animal feed. Among its components, lignin—a natural
polymer with inherent antioxidant properties—holds significant industrial
potential. This work investigates the use of microwave-assisted extraction
combined with acidic natural deep eutectic [...] Read more.
Brewer’s spent grains (BSG) offer valuable opportunities for valorization beyond
its conventional use as animal feed. Among its components, lignin—a natural
polymer with inherent antioxidant properties—holds significant industrial
potential. This work investigates the use of microwave-assisted extraction
combined with acidic natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDESs) for efficient
lignin recovery, evaluating three different NaDES formulations. The results
indicate that choline chloride–lactic acid (ChCl-LA), a NaDES with superior
thermal stability as confirmed via thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), is an ideal
solvent for lignin extraction at 150 °C and 15 min, achieving a balance of high
yield and quality. ChCl-LA also demonstrated good solubility and cell disruption
capabilities, while microwaves significantly reduced processing time and
severity. Under optimal conditions, i.e., 150 °C, 15 min, in the presence of
ChCl-LA NaDES, the extracted lignin achieved a purity of up to 79% and
demonstrated an IC50 (inhibitory concentration 50%) of approximately 0.022 mg/L,
indicating a relatively strong antioxidant activity. Fourier transform infrared
(FTIR) and 2D-HSQC NMR (heteronuclear single quantum coherence nuclear magnetic
resonance) spectroscopy confirmed the successful isolation and preservation of
its structural integrity. This study highlights the potential of BSG as a
valuable lignocellulosic resource and underscores the effectiveness of acidic
NaDESs combined with microwave extraction for lignin recovery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biobased and Biodegradable Polymers)
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40 pages, 3314 KiB
Open AccessReview
Water Repellent Coating in Textile, Paper and Bioplastic Polymers: A
Comprehensive Review
by Nattadon Rungruangkitkrai, Phannaphat Phromphen, Nawarat Chartvivatpornchai,
Atcharawan Srisa, Yeyen Laorenza, Phanwipa Wongphan and Nathdanai
Harnkarnsujarit
Polymers 2024, 16(19), 2790; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16192790 - 1 Oct 2024
Abstract
Water-repellent coatings are essential for enhancing the durability and
sustainability of textiles, paper, and bioplastic polymers. Despite the growing
use of sustainable materials, their inherent hydrophilicity presents significant
challenges. This review explores advanced coating technologies to address these
issues, focusing on their mechanisms, [...] Read more.
Water-repellent coatings are essential for enhancing the durability and
sustainability of textiles, paper, and bioplastic polymers. Despite the growing
use of sustainable materials, their inherent hydrophilicity presents significant
challenges. This review explores advanced coating technologies to address these
issues, focusing on their mechanisms, properties, and applications. By imparting
water resistance and repellency, these coatings improve material performance and
longevity. The environmental impact and limitations of current coatings are
critically assessed, highlighting the need for sustainable solutions. This
review identifies key trends and challenges, offering insights into developing
water-resistant materials that align with environmental goals while meeting
industry demands. Key focus areas include coating mechanisms, techniques,
performance evaluation, applications, environmental impact assessment, and the
development of sustainable coating solutions. This research contributes to the
development of water-resistant materials that meet the demands of modern
industries while minimizing environmental impact. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Polymers for a Circular
Economy)
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13 pages, 8819 KiB
Open AccessArticle
Optimized Drop-Casted Polyaniline Thin Films for High-Sensitivity
Electrochemical and Optical pH Sensors
by Bruna Eduarda Darolt Mücke, Beatriz Cotting Rossignatti, Luis Miguel Gomes
Abegão, Martin Schwellberger Barbosa and Hugo José Nogueira Pedroza Dias Mello
Polymers 2024, 16(19), 2789; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16192789 - 1 Oct 2024
Abstract
Conducting polymers used in chemical sensors are attractive because of their
ability to confer reversible properties controlled by the doping/de-doping
process. Polyaniline (PANI) is one of the most prominent materials used due to
its ease of synthesis, tailored properties, and higher stability. Here, [...]
Read more.
Conducting polymers used in chemical sensors are attractive because of their
ability to confer reversible properties controlled by the doping/de-doping
process. Polyaniline (PANI) is one of the most prominent materials used due to
its ease of synthesis, tailored properties, and higher stability. Here, PANI
thin films deposited by the drop-casting method on fluorine-doped tin oxide
(FTO) substrates were used in electrochemical and optical sensors for pH
measurement. The response of the devices was correlated with the deposition
parameters; namely, the volume of deposition solution dropped on the substrate
and the concentration of the solution, which was determined by the weight ratio
of polymer to solvent. The characterisation of the samples aimed to determine
the structure–property relationship of the films and showed that the chemical
properties, oxidation states, and protonation level are similar for all samples,
as concluded from the cyclic voltammetry and UV–VIS spectroscopic analysis. The
sensing performance of the PANI film is correlated with its relative physical
properties, thickness, and surface roughness. The highest electrochemical
sensitivity obtained was 127.3 ± 6.2 mV/pH, twice the Nernst limit—the highest
pH sensitivity reported to our knowledge—from the thicker and rougher sample.
The highest optical sensitivity, 0.45 ± 0.05 1/pH, was obtained from a less
rough sample, which is desirable as it reduces light scattering and sample
oxidation. The results presented demonstrate the importance of understanding the
structure–property relationship of materials for optimised sensors and their
potential applications where high-sensitivity pH measurement is required. Full
article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Materials for Sensors and
Actuators)
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18 pages, 5148 KiB
Open AccessArticle
Effects of Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) on Physico-Chemical Properties of Low-Density
Polyethylene
by Peter P. Ndibewu, Tina E. Lefakane and Taki E. Netshiozwi
Polymers 2024, 16(19), 2788; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16192788 - 1 Oct 2024
Abstract
Hazardous chemicals are transported on rail and road networks. In the case of
accidental spillage or terror attack, civilian and military first responders
must approach the scene equipped with appropriate personal protective equipment.
The plausible manufacturing of chemical protective polymer material, from
photocatalyst [...] Read more.
Hazardous chemicals are transported on rail and road networks. In the case of
accidental spillage or terror attack, civilian and military first responders
must approach the scene equipped with appropriate personal protective equipment.
The plausible manufacturing of chemical protective polymer material, from
photocatalyst anatase titanium dioxide (TiO2) doped low-density polyethylene
(LDPE), for cost-effective durable lightweight protective garments against toxic
chemicals such as 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulphide (CEES) was investigated. The
photocatalytic effects on the physico-chemical properties, before and after
ultraviolet (UV) light exposure were evaluated. TiO2 (0, 5, 10, 15% wt) doped
LDPE films were extruded and characterized by SEM-EDX, TEM, tensile tester,
DSC-TGA and permeation studies before and after exposure to UV light,
respectively. Results revealed that tensile strength and thermal analysis showed
an increasing shift, whilst CEES permeation times responded oppositely with a
significant decrease from 127 min to 84 min due to the degradation of the
polymer matrix for neat LDPE, before and after UV exposure. The TiO2-doped films
showed an increasing shift in results obtained for physical properties as the
doping concentration increased, before and after UV exposure. Relating to
chemical properties, the trend was the inverse of the physical properties. The
15% TiO2-doped film showed improved permeation times only when the
photocatalytic TiO2 was activated. However, 5% TiO2-doped film exceptionally
maintained better permeation times before and after UV exposure demonstrating
better resistance against CEES permeation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Polymeric Composites: Processing,
Characterization and Mechanical Behavior)
►▼ Show Figures
Figure 1
Figure 1
attachment
Supplementary material:
Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 337 KiB)
17 pages, 8823 KiB
Open AccessArticle
Modifying Cassava Starch via Extrusion with Phosphate, Erythorbate and Nitrite:
Phosphorylation, Hydrolysis and Plasticization
by Phanwipa Wongphan, Cristina Nerin and Nathdanai Harnkarnsujarit
Polymers 2024, 16(19), 2787; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16192787 - 1 Oct 2024
Abstract
Extrusion processing of plasticized cassava starch, a prominent industrial crop,
with chemical additives offers a thermo-mechanical approach to modify starch
structures through physical and chemical interactions. This research
investigates the interaction and morphology of thermoplastic cassava starch
(TPS) blended with tetrasodium pyrophosphate (Na [...] Read more.
Extrusion processing of plasticized cassava starch, a prominent industrial crop,
with chemical additives offers a thermo-mechanical approach to modify starch
structures through physical and chemical interactions. This research
investigates the interaction and morphology of thermoplastic cassava starch
(TPS) blended with tetrasodium pyrophosphate (Na4P2O7), sodium tripolyphosphate
(Na5P3O10), sodium hexametaphosphate (Na6(PO3)6), sodium erythorbate (C6H7O6Na),
and sodium nitrite (NaNO2) via twin-screw extrusion. The effects of these
additives on the chemical structure, thermal profile, water absorption, and
solubility of the TPS were examined. The high temperature and shearing forces
within the extruder disrupted hydrogen bonding at α-(1-4) and α-(1-6) glycosidic
linkages within anhydroglucose units. Na4P2O7, Na5P3O10 and Na6(PO3)6 induced
starch phosphorylation, while 1H NMR and ATR-FTIR analyses revealed that
C6H7O6Na and NaNO2 caused starch hydrolysis. These additives hindered starch
recrystallization, resulting in higher amorphous fractions that subsequently
influenced the thermal properties and stability of the extruded TPS.
Furthermore, the type and content of the added modifier influenced the water
absorption and solubility of the TPS due to varying levels of interaction. These
modified starch materials exhibited enhanced antimicrobial properties against
Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in polyester blends fabricated via
extrusion, with nitrite demonstrating the most potent antimicrobial efficacy.
These findings suggest that starch modification via either phosphorylation or
acid hydrolysis impacts the thermal properties, morphology, and hydrophilicity
of extruded cassava TPS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Materials and Polymer
Composites—on the Way to Sustainable Development)
►▼ Show Figures
Figure 1
Figure 1
28 pages, 3207 KiB
Open AccessArticle
Influence of Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Dimethacrylates’ Chain Length on Electrical
Conductivity and Other Selected Physicochemical Properties of Thermally
Sensitive N-isopropylacrylamide Derivatives
by Agnieszka Gola, Borys Podżus, Kinga Gruszka and Witold Musiał
Polymers 2024, 16(19), 2786; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16192786 - 30 Sep 2024
Abstract
Thermosensitive polymers P1–P6 of N-isopropylacrylamide (PNIPA) and
poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylates (PEGDMAs), av. Mn 550–20,000, were
synthesized via surfactant-free precipitation polymerization (SFPP) using
ammonium persulfate (APS) at 70 °C. The polymerization course was monitored by
the conductivity. The hydrodynamic diameters (HDs) and the polydispersity [...]
Read more.
Thermosensitive polymers P1–P6 of N-isopropylacrylamide (PNIPA) and
poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylates (PEGDMAs), av. Mn 550–20,000, were
synthesized via surfactant-free precipitation polymerization (SFPP) using
ammonium persulfate (APS) at 70 °C. The polymerization course was monitored by
the conductivity. The hydrodynamic diameters (HDs) and the polydispersity
indexes (PDIs) of the aqueous dispersion of P1–P6 in the 18–45 °C range,
assessed via dynamic light scattering (DLS), were at 18° as follows (nm): 73.95
± 19.51 (PDI 0.57 ± 0.08), 74.62 ± 0.76 (PDI 0.56 ± 0,01), 69.45 ± 1.47 (PDI
0.57 ± 0.03), 196.2 ± 2.50 (PDI 0.53 ± 0.04), 194.30 ± 3.36 (PDI 0.56 ± 0.04),
81.99 ± 0.53 (PDI 0.56 ± 0.01), 76.87 ± 0.30 (PDI 0.54 ± 0.01), respectively.
The electrophoretic mobilities estimated the zeta potential (ZP) in the 18–45 °C
range, and at 18 °C they were as follows (mV): −2.57 ± 0.10, −4.32 ± 0.67, −5.34
± 0.95, −-3.02 ± 0.76, −4.71 ± 2.69, −2.30 ± 0.36, −2.86 ± 0.42 for polymer
dispersion P1–P6. The polymers were characterized by attenuated total
reflectance–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), H nuclear
magnetic resonance (1H NMR), thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTA), Differential
Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and powder X-ray diffraction analysis (PXRD). The
length of the cross-linker chain influences the physicochemical properties of
the obtained polymers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Chemistry)
attachment
Supplementary material:
Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 898 KiB)
20 pages, 3077 KiB
Open AccessArticle
Enhanced Cellulose Extraction from Banana Pseudostem Waste: A Comparative
Analysis Using Chemical Methods Assisted by Conventional and Focused Ultrasound
by Alba N. Ardila A., Erasmo Arriola-Villaseñor, Efraín Enrique Villegas
González, Hegnny Estefanía González Guerrero, José Alfredo Hernández-Maldonado,
Eduart Gutiérrez-Pineda and Cristian C. Villa
Polymers 2024, 16(19), 2785; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16192785 - 30 Sep 2024
Abstract
This study investigates the effectiveness of various chemical methods, both
ultrasound-assisted and non-assisted, for extracting cellulose from banana
pseudostem (BPS) waste, comparing the results with commercial pine and
eucalyptus cellulose fibers. Delignification treatments with NaOH (25% and 30%)
and H2O2 [...] Read more.
This study investigates the effectiveness of various chemical methods, both
ultrasound-assisted and non-assisted, for extracting cellulose from banana
pseudostem (BPS) waste, comparing the results with commercial pine and
eucalyptus cellulose fibers. Delignification treatments with NaOH (25% and 30%)
and H2O2 (8%) were evaluated, applied with both conventional and focused
sonication. Ultrasound-assisted methods, particularly with NaOH, achieved
cellulose percentages as high as 99.5%. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis
revealed that NaOH treatments significantly increased the cellulose
crystallinity index, reaching up to 67.9%, surpassing commercial fibers.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results showed that NaOH treatments,
especially at 30%, improved fiber morphology and exposure. Thermogravimetric
analysis (TGA) indicated that methods using NaOH and focused sonication enhanced
the thermal stability of the cellulose. Compared to commercial fibers, some
samples obtained with the proposed methods demonstrated higher purity, yield,
and thermal stability, highlighting the effectiveness of ultrasound-assisted and
NaOH methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biobased and Biodegradable Polymers)
24 pages, 1393 KiB
Open AccessArticle
Evaluation of Additives on the Cell Metabolic Activity of New PHB/PLA-Based
Formulations by Means of Material Extrusion 3D Printing for Scaffold
Applications
by Ivan Dominguez-Candela, Lluc Sempere-José, Ignacio Sandoval-Perez and
Asunción Martínez-García
Polymers 2024, 16(19), 2784; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16192784 - 30 Sep 2024
Abstract
In this study, specific additives were incorporated in polyhydroxyalcanoate
(PHB) and polylactic acid (PLA) blend to improve its compatibility, and so
enhance the cell metabolic activity of scaffolds for tissue engineering. The
formulations were manufactured through material extrusion (MEX) additive
manufacturing (AM) technology. [...] Read more.
In this study, specific additives were incorporated in polyhydroxyalcanoate
(PHB) and polylactic acid (PLA) blend to improve its compatibility, and so
enhance the cell metabolic activity of scaffolds for tissue engineering. The
formulations were manufactured through material extrusion (MEX) additive
manufacturing (AM) technology. As additives, petroleum-based poly(ethylene) with
glicidyl metacrylate (EGM) and methyl acrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate (EMAG);
poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) copolymer (Xibond); and bio-based epoxidized
linseed oil (ELO) were used. On one hand, standard geometries manufactured were
assessed to evaluate the compatibilizing effect. The additives improved the
compatibility of PHB/PLA blend, highlighting the effect of EMAG and ELO in
ductile properties. The processability was also enhanced for the decrease in
melt temperature as well as the improvement of thermal stability. On the other
hand, manufactured scaffolds were evaluated for the purpose of bone
regeneration. The mean pore size and porosity exhibited values between 675 and
718 μm and 50 and 53%, respectively. According to the results, the compression
stress was higher (11–13 MPa) than the required for trabecular bones (5–10 MPa).
The best results in cell metabolic activity were obtained by incorporating ELO
and Xibond due to the decrease in water contact angle, showing a stable cell
attachment after 7 days of culture as observed in SEM. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D-Printed Polymers for Tissue
Engineering or Bioelectronics)
20 pages, 898 KiB
Open AccessReview
Exploring the Potential of Pectin as a Source of Biopolymers for Active and
Intelligent Packaging: A Review
by Andi Dirpan, Yosini Deliana, Andi Fadiah Ainani, Irwan and Nur Alim Bahmid
Polymers 2024, 16(19), 2783; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16192783 - 30 Sep 2024
Abstract
The use of fossil-based plastics in food packaging poses a serious environmental
concern. Pectin, a natural biodegradable polymer, offers a potential solution
for environmentally friendly and sustainable food packaging to replace
fossil-based plastics. This article reviews the applications of pectin in active
and [...] Read more.
The use of fossil-based plastics in food packaging poses a serious environmental
concern. Pectin, a natural biodegradable polymer, offers a potential solution
for environmentally friendly and sustainable food packaging to replace
fossil-based plastics. This article reviews the applications of pectin in active
and intelligent packaging and analyzes the latest research trends. Bibliometric
analysis was used to review the existing literature on pectin in food packaging.
Data were collected from the Scopus database, which covers research on film
manufacturing and pectin-based coating. Pectin-based active packaging contains
antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds such as ascorbic acid and essential
oils, which effectively prevent bacterial growth while absorbing oxygen and
water vapor. In contrast, pectin-based intelligent packaging allows real-time
monitoring of food quality through integrated color-changing indicators,
eliminating the need for open packaging. Research trends have shown a
significant increase in publications on pectin-based packaging, reflecting the
growing interest in sustainable packaging solutions. With a focus on innovation
and sustainability, pectin can replace conventional plastics and provide safer
and more durable packaging solutions, thereby supporting global efforts to
reduce the environmental impact of plastic waste. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Applications)
attachment
Supplementary material:
Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 2110 KiB)
31 pages, 875 KiB
Open AccessArticle
Proposal for a New Method for Evaluating Polymer-Modified Bitumen Fatigue and
Self-Restoration Performances Considering the Whole Damage Characteristic Curve
by Songtao Lv, Dongdong Ge, Shihao Cao, Dingyuan Liu, Wenhui Zhang, Cheng-Hui Li
and Milkos Borges Cabrera
Polymers 2024, 16(19), 2782; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16192782 - 30 Sep 2024
Abstract
Fatigue performance and self-repairing activity of asphalt binders are two
properties that highly influence the fatigue cracking response of asphalt
pavement. There are still numerous gaps in knowledge to fill linked with these
two characteristics. For instance, current parameters fail to accommodate these
[...] Read more.
Fatigue performance and self-repairing activity of asphalt binders are two
properties that highly influence the fatigue cracking response of asphalt
pavement. There are still numerous gaps in knowledge to fill linked with these
two characteristics. For instance, current parameters fail to accommodate these
two bitumen phenomena fully. This study aims to propose a new procedure to
address this issue utilizing the linear amplitude sweep (LAS) test, LAS with
rest period (RP) (LASH) test, and simplified viscoelastic continuum damage
(S-VECD) model. This research work used four different types of asphalt binders:
neat asphalt (NA), self-healing thermoplastic polyurethane (STPU)-modified
bitumen (STPB), self-healing poly (dimethyl siloxane) crosslinked with urea bond
(IPA1w)-modified bitumen (IPAB), and styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS)-modified
bitumen (SBSB). Before the testing process, all the materials were subjected to
short-term and long-term aging. The new procedure showed a superior capacity to
analyze and accommodate all bitumen fatigue performances and self-repairing
activities compared to the current method. Another finding proved that asphalt
binders with a higher self-restoration behavior failed to show a better fatigue
performance. Moreover, the higher fatigue performance increments produced by
STPU and IPA1w in NA concerning the control bitumen were 123.7% and 143.7%,
respectively. Those values were obtained with 1.0% STPU and 0.5% IPA1w in NA. A
breakthrough finding demonstrated that asphalt binder fatigue response is
augmented when the RP was applied at a higher damage intensity (S) value. STPB
and IPAB reached their highest increments of fatigue response, containing 1.0%
of STPU and 0.5% of IPA1w, respectively. Those augmentations were 207.54% and
232.64%, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Polymer Materials in
Pavement Design: 2nd Edition)
14 pages, 2586 KiB
Open AccessArticle
Formulation and Characterization of Deep Eutectic Solvents and Potential
Application in Recycling Packaging Laminates
by Adamantini Loukodimou, Christopher Lovell, Tianmiao Li, George
Theodosopoulos, Kranthi Kumar Maniam and Shiladitya Paul
Polymers 2024, 16(19), 2781; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16192781 - 30 Sep 2024
Abstract
Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) show promising abilities for the delamination of
multilayer packaging films that are used in food packaging and in pharmaceutical
blister packs. Due to the complexity of their structure, the recycling of such
materials is a challenging task, leading to [...] Read more.
Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) show promising abilities for the delamination of
multilayer packaging films that are used in food packaging and in pharmaceutical
blister packs. Due to the complexity of their structure, the recycling of such
materials is a challenging task, leading to the easiest or cheapest disposal
option of either landfill or incineration. Towards the development of ‘green’
solvents for efficient waste management and recycling, this research focuses on
the preparation of a range of hydrophobic and hydrophilic DESs based on
carboxylic acids in combination with various naturally derived aliphatic and
aromatic organic compounds as well as amino acids. Chemical and physical
characterization of the solvents was undertaken using differential scanning
calorimetry, rheometry, and density measurements for the determination of their
properties. Subsequently, batches of solvent were tested against different types
of consumer packaging to evaluate the ability of the DES to delaminate these
structures into their component materials. The laminate packaging waste products
tested were Al/PE, PE/Al/PET, Al/PE/paper, and PVC/PE/Al. Separated films were
collected and studied to further examine the effect of solvent delamination on
the materials. Depending on the DES formulation, the results showed either
partial or full delamination of one or more of the packaging materials, albeit
there were challenges for certain solvent systems in the context of delivering a
broad delamination efficiency. Variables including temperature, agitation rate,
mixing time, and solvent ratios were investigated via a Design of Experiments
process to assess the effects of these parameters on the delamination outcome.
The results showed that the DESs presented in this research can offer an
efficient, low-energy, affordable, and green option for the delamination of
laminate packaging materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Circular and Green Polymer Science)
attachment
Supplementary material:
Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 1823 KiB)
22 pages, 1525 KiB
Open AccessArticle
Innovative Poly(Lactic Acid) Blends: Exploring the Impact of the Diverse
Chemical Architectures from Itaconic Acid
by Miriam Carrasco-Fernández, Erika Ivonne López-Martínez, Sergio Gabriel
Flores-Gallardo, Iván Alziri Estrada-Moreno, Mónica Elvira Mendoza-Duarte and
Alejandro Vega-Rios
Polymers 2024, 16(19), 2780; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16192780 - 30 Sep 2024
Abstract
Environment-friendly polymer blends of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and itaconic acid
(IA), poly(itaconic acid) (PIA), poly(itaconic acid)-co-poly(methyl itaconate)
(Cop-IA), and net-poly(itaconic acid)-ν-triethylene glycol dimethacrylate
(Net-IA) were performed via melt blending. The compositions studied were 0.1, 1,
3, and 10 [...] Read more.
Environment-friendly polymer blends of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and itaconic acid
(IA), poly(itaconic acid) (PIA), poly(itaconic acid)-co-poly(methyl itaconate)
(Cop-IA), and net-poly(itaconic acid)-ν-triethylene glycol dimethacrylate
(Net-IA) were performed via melt blending. The compositions studied were 0.1, 1,
3, and 10 wt% of the diverse chemical architectures. The research aims to study
and understand the effect of IA and its different architectures on the
mechanical, rheological, and thermal properties of PLA. The PLA/IA, PLA/PIA,
PLA/Cop-IA, and PLA/Net-IA blends were characterized by dynamic mechanical
thermal analysis, rotational rheometer (RR), thermogravimetric analysis,
differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron
microscopy. The complex viscosity, storage module, and loss module for the RR
properties were observed in the following order: PLA/Cop-IA, PLA/Net-IA, and
PLA/PIA > PLA > PLA/IA. Thermal stability improved with increasing
concentrations of Cop-IA and Net-IA. In the same way, the mechanical properties
were enhanced. In addition, the micrographs illustrated the formation of
fibrillar structures for all blends. The crystallinity degree displayed higher
values for the blends that contain Net-IA > Cop-IA than IA > PIA. Therefore, IA
and its architectures can influence these studied properties, which have
potential applications in disposable food packing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Advances in Polymer Blends and
Composites: Chemistry and Technology)
20 pages, 3147 KiB
Open AccessArticle
Valorisation of Blackcurrant Pomace by Extraction of Pectin-Rich Fractions:
Structural Characterization and Evaluation as Multifunctional Cosmetic
Ingredient
by Marija Ćorović, Anja Petrov Ivanković, Ana Milivojević, Milica Veljković,
Milica Simović, Paula López-Revenga, Antonia Montilla, Francisco Javier Moreno
and Dejan Bezbradica
Polymers 2024, 16(19), 2779; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16192779 - 30 Sep 2024
Abstract
Blackcurrant pomace is a widely available waste stream derived from the
industrial production of juice rich in pectin and unextracted polyphenols. Since
pectin, an emerging class of gastrointestinal prebiotics, is also a common
cosmetic ingredient, the aim of this work was to evaluate [...] Read more.
Blackcurrant pomace is a widely available waste stream derived from the
industrial production of juice rich in pectin and unextracted polyphenols. Since
pectin, an emerging class of gastrointestinal prebiotics, is also a common
cosmetic ingredient, the aim of this work was to evaluate blackcurrant pomace as
a source of pectin-rich fractions suitable for application in prebiotic
cosmetics. Hereby, this raw material was valorised by sequential extraction of
acid-soluble (by citric acid, CAP) and Ca-bound (by ammonium oxalate, AOPP)
pectic polysaccharides. Both fractions had favourable physicochemical features
and a similar degree of methyl-esterification between low- and high-methoxyl
pectin (approx. 50%), but CAP had significantly higher galacturonic acid content
(72.3%), branching, and purity. Regardless of that, both had very high oil
(18.96 mL/g for CAP and 19.32 mL/g for AOPP) and water (9.97 mL/g for CAP and
7.32 mL/g for AOPP)-holding capacities and excellent emulsifying properties,
making them promising cosmetic ingredients. The polyphenol content was 10 times
higher in CAP, while corresponding antioxidant activity was 3-fold higher.
Finally, the influence of varying CAP and AOPP concentrations on common skin
pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus, and beneficial skin bacteria, Staphylococcus
epidermidis, was examined. The results show significant prebiotic potential of
two pectic fractions since they were capable of selectively stimulating S.
epidermidis, while S. aureus growth was inhibited, whereas CAP demonstrated a
particularly high capacity of up to 2.2, even with methicillin-resistant S.
aureus. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biobased and Biodegradable Polymers)
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Biodegradable Polymeric Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Systems: Comprehensive
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Deadline: 31 December 2024
Topic in Coatings, Dentistry Journal, JFB, Materials, Polymers
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Deadline: 8 January 2025
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Special Issue in Polymers
Modification and Application of Fluorescent Polymers Guest Editor: Jian Chen
Deadline: 5 October 2024
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Gomide Otoni, Mariana Agostini de Moraes, Patrícia Melchionna Albuquerque,
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