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Sunday, April 23, 2023

COLONIAL AMERICA

Patrick Henry: Voice of Freedom
Patrick Henry was one of the leading lights of the American Revolution, a voice
that would not be silenced until Americans were free and could govern
themselves.

Samuel Adams: Ringleader of the American Revolution
Described as a firebrand, a revolutionary, and a patriot, the young Adams was
perhaps the most vocal of his generation to demand independence from Great
Britain. He believed in the higher cause of independence, and he didn't often
let laws that he thought unjust stand in his way.

Benjamin Franklin: America's Renaissance Man
Benjamin Franklin was one of the most famous people of his generation, his
country, and his country’s history. He was as close as Colonial America came to
having a Renaissance man.


John Hancock: The Money Behind the Revolution
John Hancock is perhaps best known for his very large signature on the
Declaration of Independence. However, he was much more important to the American
Revolution and the Revolutionary War as a businessman who had large sums of
money at his disposal and used that money to support the American cause.

The Boston Tea Party
What caused Americans to get so upset about tea? Find out in this easy-to-read
article.

IN DAYS GONE BY

The 1906 San Francisco Killer Earthquake

A powerful earthquake that hit Northern California on April 18, 1906, was one of
the worst natural disasters in American history, killing about 3,000 people and
destroying most of the city of San Francisco. The Richter scale was not in use
at the time of this quake, but later estimates put the Richter scale-equivalent
at a magnitude of 7.8. Decades of minor quakes led up to the huge earthquake,
which occurred at 5:12 a.m. along the San Andreas Fault and lasted about a
minute. The epicenter is thought to have been near Daly City, just south of San
Francisco proper. Shaking of varying varieties was reported as far south as Los
Angeles and well eastward into Nevada. The shaking uprooted trees and buildings,
displaced railroad tracks, downed power lines, broke gas lines and water mains,
and created huge amounts of rubble all over the city. In all, about 80 percent
of the buildings fell. The huge amount of initial shaking resulted in nearly 400
deaths straight away. A much more deadly consequence of the earthquake, however,
was a series of fires that devastated the city and resulted in the majority of
the fatalities. Of the city’s pre-quake population of 400,000, more than half
that were left homeless.

Lexington-Concord
The two major skirmishes that signaled the beginning of the Revolutionary War
took place on April 19, 1775. It began with the famous "Shot Heard 'Round the
World" and ended with a lesson in the importance of having the high ground. The
result was a small lesson that would turn into a larger refrain, that the
British occupation of the Eastern Seaboard was about to find its days numbered.

The Oklahoma Land Rush
Forced relocation of Native Americans was not an uncommon occurrence in the
early 19th Century. One of the prime destinations for the relocated people was
the Indian Territory, in what is now Oklahoma. By the 1880s, the U.S. Government
had decided to open Indian Territory to white settlement. Native American
tribes–among them Apache, Cherokee, Cheyenne, Chickasaw, Commanche, and
Creek–had been forced by the Dawes Act in 1887 to restrict their settlements to
specific areas of the territory. A large amount of land, nearly 2 million acres,
was not owned by any Native American tribe and was known as the Unassigned
Lands. The Indian Appropriations Act of 1889 opened Indian Territory to white
settlement. President Benjamin Harrison set a date of opening for April 22. At
noon on that day, tens of thousands of would-be settlers rushed into what they
hoped was their new home lands.



 

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The HISTORY AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT OF AUSTRIA

The Development of Austria Before Habsburg Rule
Like many other areas of Europe, what is now Austria has a past that includes
Celtic and Roman influences. Other pre-Habsburg rulers included the Holy Roman
Empire and a handful of Babenbergs.


Leopold the
Illustrious

Leopold I: Margrave of Austria
Leopold the Illustrious (left) was the first Margrave of Austria and the
progenitor of the Babenberg dynasty that ruled over Austria for many decades.

Henry I: Margrave of Austria
Henry I was the second Margrave of Austria. He ruled in the last part of the
10th Century and into the early 11th Century.

Adalbert: Margrave of Austria
Adalbert followed in his father's and brother's footsteps by extending the
borders of the realm.

Ernest: Margrave of Austria
Ernest was the fourth Margrave of Austria. He ruled for two decades in the 11th
Century and both fought against and lent support to the Holy Roman Empire.

Leopold II: Margrave of Austria
Leopold II was the fifth Margrave of Austria. He ruled for two decades in the
late 11th Century and continued his father's struggle against the Holy Roman
Empire.

Leopold III: Margrave of Austria
Leopold III was the sixth Margrave of Austria. He ruled for more than four
decades in the late 11th Century and early 12th Century. He is also known for
establishing a number of monasteries.

Leopold IV: Margrave of Austria
Leopold III was the seventh Margrave of Austria. He ruled for just a few years
and had a relatively peaceful reign.

Henry II: Margrave of Austria, Duke of Austria
Henry II was the eighth and last Margrave of Austria and the first Duke of
Austria. He ruled in that capacity for 15 years and then served as Duke of
Austria for 21 years after that. He also fought in the Second Crusade.

Leopold V: Duke of Austria
Leopold V was the second Duke of Austria. He reigned for nearly two decades near
the end of the 12th Century. He also fought in the Third Crusade and later
kidnapped England's King Richard I, an act that shaped the histories of England
and France for generation.

Frederick I: Duke of Austria
Frederick I was the third Duke of Austria, ruling for three short years at the
end of the 12th Century. He died on Crusade, in the Holy Land.

Leopold VI: Duke of Austria
Leopold VI was the fourth Duke of Austria, ruling for more than three decades at
the beginning of the 13th Century. He fought in the Fifth Crusade

Frederick II: Duke of Austria
Frederick II was the fifth and last pre-Habsburg Duke of Austria, ruling for
more than three decades in the first half of the 13th Century. One of his signal
achievements was a victory over the feared Mongols.

The Babenberg Succession Conflict
In the ruling history of Austria, the bridge between the House of Babenberg and
the House of Habsburg was a succession controversy.

Rudolf I
The King of Germany won a power struggle and then initiated Habsburg rule of
Austria, cementing immediate succession by installing his sons as leaders of the
largest provinces.

Albert I
Albert I was King of Germany and ruler of Austria for a decade on either side of
the turn of the 14th Century. His reign came to a violent end.

Rudolf II
Rudolf II was King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor for a time in the late 16th
Century and early 17th Century. He was born in Vienna and ruled Austria as well
but only for a short time.

Frederick III: Duke of Austria
Frederick III was Duke of Austria and Styria for more than two decades in the
14th Century, sharing power with two of his brothers. He won selection as Holy
Roman Emperor for a time but then lost it again, retiring to rule Austria in
peace.

Albert II: Duke of Austria
Albert II was Duke of Austria and Styria for more than two decades in the 14th
Century, sharing power with his brother Otto. With his mind on succession,
Albert established the Albertinian House Rule, stipulating that the principle of
primogeniture (the right of the firstborn child–and, ideally, son–to inherit his
father's main estate, lands, and titles) should apply.

Rudolf IV: Duke of Austria
Rudolf IV was Duke of Austria and Styria for seven years in the mid-14th
Century. Denied a role as an elector for choosing the Holy Roman Emperor, Rudolf
issued the Privilegium maius, a series of "found" documents that elevated
Austria to the status of an archduchy and, in the duke's minds, deserving of
elector status.

Albert III: Duke of Austria
Albert III was Duke of Austria for three decades in the 14th Century, sharing
power with his brother Leopold.

Albert IV: Duke of Austria
Albert IV was Duke of Austria for nine years on either side of the start of the
15th Century.

Albert V: Duke of Austria
Albert the Magnanimous was one of his handful of titles. He was also King of
Germany and Holy Roman Emperor. Among his prime achievements were the ending of
private warfare and feuds and the division of Germany into administrative
circles, from which his successors benefited much more than he did.

Ladislaus: Duke of Austria
Ladislaus was Duke of Austria and King of Bohemia, Croatia, and Hungary for many
years in the 15th Century. He was the last Duke of Austria.

Austria was ruled for an extended period of time, and at various intervals, by a
series of Holy Roman Emperors.

Maria Theresa: Empress of Austria
Maria Theresa (left) was Holy Roman Empress for four decades in the 18th
Century, surviving a devastating war over her succession and ruling over a
period of great reform.

Joseph II: Ruler of Austria
The second husband of Maria Theresa, he was Holy Roman Emperor in his own right
after she died, becoming a proponent of enlightened absolutism.

Leopold II: Ruler of Austria
Succeeded his brother on the thrones of Austria and the Holy Roman Empire. His
desire to reverse the enlightened policies of his predecessor led to deep
discontent in the country and resulted in the enmity of revolutionary France.

Francis II: Ruler of Austria
Son of Leopold II, he was the last Holy Roman Emperor and the last Archduke of
Austria. He took command of troops fighting in the coalition wars against
France. In the middle of it all, he declared himself the first Emperor of
Austria. His most famous advisor was Klemens von Metternich.

Ferdinand I: Emperor of Austria
Ferdinand I was Emperor of Austria for more than a dozen years in the 19th
Century, giving way in the wake of the revolutionary fervor that swept many
European countries in the middle of the century.

Franz Josef: Emperor of Austria
Franz Josef was Austrian emperor from 1848 to 1916. During that time, he
presided over a large number of changes in his homeland, including the advent of
the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the devastation of World War I.

The Austro-Hungarian Empire
The Austro-Hungarian Empire was in existence for just more than 50 years.

Karl: Emperor of Austria-Hungary
Karl I was the last emperor of Austria-Hungary. He reigned for nearly two years,
in the waning days of World War I.

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Why Is It Called a River Delta?
As with many things, the answer lies in Ancient Greece.

Why Is It That American Elections Are on Tuesday?
Elections in American happen on a Tuesday. That's the law. But why?

Why Is It Called Big Ben?
Big Ben is actually the giant bell inside the famous Clock Tower in London. It
is not the only bell in the tower, and it is certainly not the tower itself. The
giant bell, the official name of which is the Great Bell, is more than 7 feet
tall and more than 9 feet wide and weighs 13.5 tons. It sounds an E-natural
note. As to why any of it is called Big Ben, that's a matter of some debate.

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Significant Sevens are the highest, the lowest, the deepest, the farthest, the
oldest, the youngest, and a host of other lists in economics, geography,
history, and much more.

The Seven Most Visited National Parks in the U.S.

The Seven Longest Train Journeys in the World

 

 



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