www.digitalocean.com Open in urlscan Pro
2606:4700::6813:ae44 Public Scan

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URL:
https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-create-let-s-encrypt-wildcard-certificates-with-certbot
Submission Tags: falconsandbox
Submission: On July 08 via api (July 8th 2024, 5:53:28 pm UTC) from US — Scanned from DE

Form analysis
2 forms found in the DOM

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CONTENTS

1. PREREQUISITES

2. STEP 1 — SETTING UP WILDCARD DNS

3. STEP 2 — INSTALLING THE CORRECT CERTBOT DNS PLUGIN

4. STEP 3 — CONFIGURING THE CERTBOT PLUGIN

5. STEP 4 — RETRIEVING THE CERTIFICATE

TUTORIAL

HOW TO CREATE LET'S ENCRYPT WILDCARD CERTIFICATES WITH CERTBOT

Published on June 30, 2021
* Let's Encrypt
* Security

Brian Boucheron

INTRODUCTION

A wildcard certificate is an SSL certificate that can secure any number of
subdomains with a single certificate. You may want a wildcard certificate in
cases where you need to support multiple subdomains but don’t want to configure
them all individually.

Let’s Encrypt is an SSL certificate authority that grants free certificates
using an automated API. In this tutorial you will create a Let’s Encrypt
wildcard certificate by following these steps:

1. Making sure you have your DNS set up correctly
2. Installing the Certbot plugins needed to complete DNS-based challenges
3. Authorizing Certbot to access to your DNS provider
4. Fetching your certificates

This information is intended to be useful for any Linux distribution and any
server software, but you may have to fill in some gaps with further
documentation, which we will link to as we go.

PREREQUISITES

This tutorial assumes you already have the following:

* The Certbot utility installed, version 0.22.0 or later. If you need help
installing Certbot, please visit our Let's Encrypt tag page, where you can
find installation guides for a variety of Linux distributions and servers.
Some common setups are listed below:
* How To Secure Nginx with Let’s Encrypt on Ubuntu 20.04
* How To Secure Apache with Let’s Encrypt on Ubuntu 20.04
* How To Use Certbot Standalone Mode to Retrieve Let’s Encrypt SSL
Certificates on Ubuntu 18.04
* A domain name, and a DNS provider that is supported by Certbot. See Certbot’s
DNS plugin list for a list of supported providers

Let’s begin by setting up and testing our DNS records.

STEP 1 — SETTING UP WILDCARD DNS

Before we fetch our wildcard SSL certificate, we should make sure our server is
responding to requests on multiple subdomains. This will typically be
accomplished by setting up a wildcard DNS record, which looks similar to this:

*.example.com. 3600 IN A 203.0.113.1

The * wildcard character is treated as a stand-in for any hostname. This example
DNS record would match one.example.com, and two.example.com. It would not match
the bare example.com nor would it match one.two.example.com because the *
wildcard will only expand to one hostname, not to multiple levels of names.

Additionally a wildcard DNS record can only have one wildcard character, so
*.*.example.com is not allowed.

Please refer to your DNS provider’s documentation to set up the correct DNS
entries. You will want to add either an A or CNAME wildcard record before
proceeding.

Note: If you are using DigitalOcean to manage your DNS, please see How to
Create, Edit, and Delete DNS Records in our product documentation for more
information.

To test that your wildcard DNS is working as intended, use the host command to
query a few hostnames:

1. host one.example.com

Copy

Be sure to substitute your own domain and hostname above. Also, remember that it
sometimes takes a few minutes for DNS records to propagate through the system.
If you just added your DNS record and are getting errors, wait a few minutes and
try again.

When the hostname you entered resolves properly, you’ll output similar to the
following:

Outputone.example.com has address 203.0.113.1

Otherwise, you’ll see an NXDOMAIN error:

OutputHost one.example.com not found: 3(NXDOMAIN)

Once you’ve verified that multiple subdomains are resolving to your server, you
can continue on to the next step, where you’ll configure Certbot to connect to
your DNS provider.

STEP 2 — INSTALLING THE CORRECT CERTBOT DNS PLUGIN

Before issuing certificates, Let’s Encrypt performs a challenge to verify that
you control the hosts you’re requesting certificates for. In the case of a
wildcard certificate, we need to prove that we control the entire domain. We do
this by responding to a DNS-based challenge, where Certbot answers the challenge
by creating a special DNS record in the target domain. Let’s Encrypt’s servers
then verify this record before issuing the certificate.

In order to connect to your DNS provider, Certbot needs a plugin. Please see
Certbot’s DNS plugin list to get the name of the appropriate plugin for your DNS
provider.

For instance, the DigitalOcean provider is called certbot-dns-digitalocean. We
can install the certbot-dns-digitalocean plugin on Ubuntu and Debian by
installing the following package:

1. sudo apt install python3-certbot-dns-digitalocean

Copy

Other plugins should follow the same naming format. Swap your provider’s name
into the command above if you’re using a different service.

On CentOS and other RPM-based distributions the installation command may be dnf:

1. dnf install python3-certbot-dns-digitalocean

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Or yum:

1. yum install python3-certbot-dns-digitalocean

Copy

You also may need to install additional package repositories on these
distributions to get access to the Certbot plugin packages.

To verify that the plugin was installed correctly, you can ask Certbot to list
its current plugins:

1. certbot plugins

Copy

Output- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
* dns-digitalocean
Description: Obtain certs using a DNS TXT record (if you are using DigitalOcean
for DNS).
Interfaces: IAuthenticator, IPlugin
Entry point: dns-digitalocean =
certbot_dns_digitalocean.dns_digitalocean:Authenticator

* standalone
Description: Spin up a temporary webserver
Interfaces: IAuthenticator, IPlugin
Entry point: standalone = certbot.plugins.standalone:Authenticator

* webroot
Description: Place files in webroot directory
Interfaces: IAuthenticator, IPlugin
Entry point: webroot = certbot.plugins.webroot:Authenticator
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

In the above output, the dns-digitalocean plugin is listed first, along with the
default standalone and webroot plugins.

When you have verified that the correct plugin is installed, continue on to the
next step to configure it.

STEP 3 — CONFIGURING THE CERTBOT PLUGIN

Because Certbot needs to connect to your DNS provider and create DNS records on
your behalf, you’ll need to give it permission to do so. This involves getting
an API token or other authentication information from your DNS provider, and
putting it in a secure credentials file that Certbot will later read from.

Because each provider has a different authentication process, please refer to
the documentation for your particular Certbot DNS plugin for more information on
what tokens or keys you’ll need to obtain.

For this example, we will continue using the dns-digitalocean plugin, and will
store our credentials in the file ~/certbot-creds.ini.

We will create this file using the nano text editor:

1. nano ~/certbot-creds.ini

Copy

This will open up a new blank text file. You’ll want to add your information
based on the instructions for your particular DNS provider. DigitalOcean
requires a single API token, so it will look like this:

~/certbot-creds.ini

dns_digitalocean_token = 235dea9d8856f5b0df87af5edc7b4491a92745ef617073f3ed8820b5a10c80d2

Be sure to replace the example token above with your own information.

Save and close the file. If you’re using nano, type CTRL+O (for “write out”),
hit ENTER, then CTRL+X to exit.

After creating the file, you will need to restrict its permissions so that your
secret is not leaked to other users. The following chmod command will give read
and write access to only your user:

1. chmod 600 ~/certbot-creds.ini

Copy

Once you’ve set up your credentials file, you’re ready to actually request the
certificate.

STEP 4 — RETRIEVING THE CERTIFICATE

At this point, retrieving your Let’s Encrypt wildcard certificate is similar to
“normal” non-wildcard certificates. The main changes to the process are to
specify the DNS-based challenge, and point to our DNS credentials file.
Additionally we’ll use a wildcard domain with the -d flag:

1. sudo certbot certonly \

2. --dns-digitalocean \

3. --dns-digitalocean-credentials ~/certbot-creds.ini \

4. -d '*.example.com'

Copy

Note that you cannot use the --nginx or --apache plugins to automatically
configure those servers with a wildcard certificate. We use the certonly command
instead, to only download the certificate.

When running the above command, you may be presented with a few questions to
answer if this is your first time running Certbot. After answering them, Cerbot
will perform the challenge, the Let’s Encrypt servers will verify it, and your
new certificate will be downloaded and saved to /etc/letsencrypt/. You should
see output similar to the following:

OutputIMPORTANT NOTES:
- Congratulations! Your certificate and chain have been saved at:
/etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/fullchain.pem
Your key file has been saved at:
/etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/privkey.pem
Your cert will expire on 2021-09-27. To obtain a new or tweaked
version of this certificate in the future, simply run certbot
again. To non-interactively renew *all* of your certificates, run
"certbot renew"
- If you like Certbot, please consider supporting our work by:

Donating to ISRG / Let's Encrypt: https://letsencrypt.org/donate
Donating to EFF: https://eff.org/donate-le

You have successfully generated a wildcard SSL certificate! Your next step is to
configure your server application to use it. We’ll link to some resources that
can help with this in the next section.

CONCLUSION

In this tutorial you configured Certbot and downloaded a wildcard SSL
certificate from the Let’s Encrypt certificate authority. You are now ready to
configure your server software to use this certificate to secure its
connections.

For more information on what certificate files were downloaded, and how to
handle gracefully restarting your applications when Certbot automatically
updates your certificates, take a look at Steps 3 and 4 of our tutorial How To
Use Certbot Standalone Mode to Retrieve Let’s Encrypt SSL Certificates on Ubuntu
18.04.

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and if I want to use www.*.domain.com ?

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aviwollman • May 9, 2022

What rights does the “single API token” described here need? Is it a “Personal
Access Token” with full read and write?

* Reply

manojinukolunuaws • December 29, 2021

Thanks for this extremely detailed set of instructions.

* Reply

anonon • October 23, 2021

Hi,

In my case I receive Unable to determine base domain for betafox.net using
names: [‘betafox.net’, ‘net’] error. I already have certbot SSL cert for main
domain too, I only want wildcard for subdomains.

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* Reply

dja1978 • October 21, 2021

Hello there,

I followed this tutorial step by step and everything seems to work fine on the
server side.

I run ‘sudo certbot certificates’ and it shows the certificates, but the
browsers seems to be taken only the certificate for maindomain and
www.maindomain, but no for the wildcard

I don’t know if this could be a problem, but I have created the main and the www
with 'certbot –nginx’ and the wildcard with 'sudo certbot certonly \
–dns-digitalocean \ –dns-digitalocean-credentials ~/certbot-creds.ini \ -d
*.domain.com’

I don’t know if there is a way to create only 1 certificate for the main, www
and the wildcard in case that’s the problem. I’lll appreciate any leads, thanks
in advance.

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* Reply

wesdigitalocean • October 9, 2021

Thanks for this – it’s very helpful. Quick question (I think): how will this
work if I’ve already got an active lets encrypt certificate for the root domain?
Will it simply overwrite/replace it and all will be well? Or am I flirting with
disaster?

* Reply

soubhikchatterjee • August 3, 2021

I followed the tutorial but ran into the following error (i replaced my original
website with example.com below)

Encountered exception during recovery: certbot.errors.PluginError: Unable to determine base domain for example.com using names: ['example.com', 'com'].
Unable to determine base domain for example.com using names: ['example.com', 'com'].

* Reply

P aarna • July 1, 2021

Step 1: Setup Pre-requisites. If you already have a droplet or a system then
make sure your system has Python 2.7 or 3 and git installed on it. … Step 2:
Setup Certbot. … Step 3: Generate The Wildcard SSL Certificate. … Step 4:
Authenticate The Domain’s Ownership. … Step 5: Get The Certificate. … Step 6:
Cross Verify The Certificate.

* Reply

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