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OUR HEALTH DEPENDS UPON BOTH OUR GENES AND OUR ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE. THE
CURRENT REVOLUTION IN GENOMICS MAKES IT POSSIBLE NOT ONLY TO DETERMINE OUR
ENTIRE DNA SEQUENCE BUT ALSO TO BEGIN TO UNDERSTAND HOW OUR SPECIFIC GENOME
SEQUENCE CAN INFORM OUR HEALTH. IN ADDITION, OUR CENTER HAS RECENTLY
DEMONSTRATED THAT IT IS POSSIBLE TO MEASURE TENS OF THOUSANDS OF COMPONENTS IN
BLOOD TO OBTAIN A CLEAR PICTURE OF OUR MOLECULAR PICTURE DURING HEALTHY AND
DISEASE STATES.




DISEASE GENOMICS


CANCER GENOMES

Cancer is a genetic disease. It starts with one unlucky cell that loses control
over growth and division and evades the immune system; it continues with
accumulation of mutations in the genome of its progeny that make them grow even
faster; and it eventually reaches the point where it is detected by a physician.
SCGPM researchers are devising new approaches to study genomic changes in
cancers, to understand cancer origins and progression, and to determine which
altered genes might be developed into drug targets.


NEUROGENOMICS

The human brain has 100 billion neurons that govern how we think, feel, learn,
and remember. Defects in the formation of these neurons during development can
lead to mental retardation, and during aging or in diseases such as Alzheimer's,
there is a decline in cognitive function, particularly memory. SCGPM scientists
are identifying the molecular changes that occur in brain cells during
development, aging, and diseases. Identifying these molecular changes will
provide new avenues to ameliorate neurological diseases and to prevent
age-dependent decline in cognitive function.


CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

SCGPM scientists are investigating the genetic basis of Mendelian, oligogenic,
and complex human cardiovascular diseases employing high-throughput sequencing
of informative families and association-based whole genome scanning
methodologies with large case-control cohorts. Causal genetic variation
identified through these approaches is under investigation to elucidate the
mechanistic basis for the disease associations.


PERSONAL GENOMES


PHARMACOGENOMICS

Drug responses vary between individuals because of genetic variation. The goal
of pharmacogenomics research is the prediction of which drugs are effective in
which individuals, at individualized doses. Stanford is a center of
pharmacogenomics research, led by faculty affiliated with the SCGPM.


INDIVIDUAL GENOMES

Scientists of the SCGPM working on technology development for sequencing human
genomes efficiently at low cost were the first to collaborate with clinicians to
see what can be learned from an individual's genome sequence. Predicted drug
responses and disease susceptibilities were uncovered, in a proof-of-principle
study of how whole genome sequencing of individuals will be used for patients'
benefits in the future.


SEQUENCING OF GENETICISTS

The SCGPM is currently engaged in a program to determine the whole genome
sequences of several genetics experts who will be proof-of-principle 'patients'
with the background to understand their genomes, and with the training to
understand the ethical implications.


GENOME SCIENCE


GENE REGULATION AND GENOME FUNCTION

Every cell has the same DNA, but different types of cells do different things
with that DNA. Blood cells make hemoglobin or immune proteins, brain cells make
channels that conduct electricity, and liver cell make enzymes that break down
toxins. Genomicists at the SCGPM conduct transformative studies on gene
regulatory function to understand the molecular mechanisms of how DNA is
differentially deployed, and how to intervene when these processes go awry in
diseases such as cancer.


HUMAN VARIATION AND POPULATION GENOMICS

Genetic variation is one big reason why we are different from one another. SCGPM
scientists are at the forefront of studying how variation differs between
individuals and ethnic groups, and how this knowledge can be used in medicine.


EVOLUTIONARY GENOMICS

Comparing the genomes of different organisms allow inference of which genes and
gene regulatory elements are important for basic biology to have been maintained
over the course of evolution. Similarly, finding genes that are present in human
but absent from its closest mammalian and primate relatives helps SCGPM
scientists uncover what makes us human.


MODEL ORGANISM GENOMICS

Fundamental mechanisms of cell and organismal biology are often studied in model
organisms. Many SCGPM scientists use the most powerful model organisms such as
the mouse or the fruit fly (and even yeast!) to study how genomes function and
how gene regulation specifies which cells perform which functions in the
organism.


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