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INVENTIONS SEARCH RESULTS




YEARS : 1000 TO 1500




70 ITEMS LISTED

Generated : 2nd September 2021









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WhenInventionPlaceNotes 1000 AmbulanceMiddle East horse-drawn in Palestine by
Crusaders
re-invented by Dominique-Jean Larrey
(France, 1792) 1000 Bars of Soft SoapArabia made from olive oil and wood ash
1000 CauterizationMoorish Spain searing of tissue used in surgery by al-Bucasis
1000 ChequeArabia in modern Iraq 1000 Clothes IronEurope by the Vikings 1000
Gold Leaf ThreadMediterranean in Cyprus 1000 GrenadesByzantium filled with
petrol / gasoline 1000 Kayak, ParkaPolar by the Inuit 1000 LongbowWales   1000
Modern SundialMoorish Spain shadow marker parallel to Earth's axis 1000
PizzaByzantium in Constantinople (modern Turkey)
spread West to Italy and East as Lahma 1000 Portable FlamethrowerChina   1000
ThimbleByzantium in Corinth (modern Greece) 1000 ToothpasteChina from soap bean
powder 1020 Parabolic MirrorArabia from polished silver and iron by Ibn
al-Haytham 1025 Sugar ExtractionArabia from sugar cane by the Seljuk Persians
1041 Movable TypeChina from clay bricks by Pi Sheng 1050 ArtilleryChina bombs
fired from catapults 1050 Mechanical CalendarArabia   1078 Tidal MillItaly used
in Venice 1092 Mechanical ClockChina by Su Sung 1100 BuoysBaltic floating casks
in the Baltic region 1100 Lead Glazed PotteryEurope in France and Britain 1100
Paper MoneyChina made using multicolour printing 1100 Seven Colour
PrintingArabia   1100 ShawmEurope precursor of the oboe, in Sicily 1100 Water
Powered Hammer ForgeEurope in Central Europe 1125 TankChina iron plated armoured
car 1128 Smoke GrenadesArabia   1161 Teargas GrenadesChina made from lime and
sulphur 1174 Wooden Printing BlocksSwitzerland   1180 ParachuteChina re-invented
by André Garnerin (France, 1797) 1180 RocketChina using solid fuel 1200
KickwheelEurope for making clay figures 1204 SawmillFrance water powered 1206
Crank-shaftArabia by al-Jazari - converts rotary to linear motion 1235 Button
HoleGermany with re-invention of button 1250 QuillEurope used with ink to write
1260 Toll RoadsEngland   1275 SpectaclesItaly   1277 Land MinesChina used
against Mongol invaders 1280 Spinning WheelIndia first geared machine 1280
StuccoItaly by Magaritone 1283 RavioliItaly   1283 Salting HerringNetherlands by
William Beuckelszoon 1304 Cannons, GunsEurope
Arabia   1320 Artificial InseminationArabia for animal breeding, especially
horses 1320 HourglassEurope for measuring time 1325 Steel CrossbowEurope   1350
Weight Driven ClockEurope   1396 Metal Movable TypeKorea made from bronze 1400
BinnacleEurope for protecting and keeping level a ship's compass 1400 Biological
WarfareCentral Asia catapulting plague victims over city walls
by the Tartars 1400 Glass BottlesEurope   1400 Hand GunsEurope   1400
HydroponicsCentral America by the Aztecs in Xochimilco, modern Mexico City 1400
Playing CardsEgypt   1400 Screw JackEurope for lifting vehicles to repair wheels
1416 Drift NetNetherlands   1430 Spring Driven ClockEurope   1440
EngravingGermany with copper plating by Ruprecht Rust 1450 HarquebusSpain tripod
mounted precursor of musket 1450 Printing InkEurope from varnish and linseed oil
1453 Siege GunsOttoman used in the siege of Constantinople 1460 Water
PipeEthiopia originally used for smoking hashish 1470 Accordion Fold
BooksCentral America by the Aztecs (modern Mexico) 1498 ToothbrushChina with
bristles at right angles 1500 Nippled Baby BottleEurope   1500 Sheep SheersItaly
Belgium   1500 WatchGermany by Peter Henlein





© 2021, KryssTal



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KEY MOMENTS

China and the Arab Empires dominated the early part of this period. The latter
part of the period begins the domination of Europe.

From 1096, Europe began attacking the Arab world in a series of religious
conflicts known as The Crusades. These would last for 200 years. Many Arabic or
Asian innovations reached Europe from these contacts, including windmills, boat
rudders and hospitals. In 1204, the Crusaders sacked the city of Constantinople,
destroying the last remaining writings from Ancient Greece.

In 1071 the Battle of Manzinkart was fought between the Byzantine Empire and the
(Turkish) Seljuk Empire. The Turks won and went on to dominate Asia Minor. In
1266 Venetian trader, Marco Polo and his relatives, begin the travels to China
that would bring many Chinese inventions to Europe. The Byzantine Empire ended
in 1453 when Constantinople was conquered by the (Turkish) Ottoman Empire. The
Ottomans would eventually take over the Muslim regions from the Arabs (after the
Battle of Merj-Dabik in modern Syria). Christian Spain conquered Islamic Moorish
Spain in 1492. The libraries in Toledo and Cordoba formed the basis of
university courses in Venice and Genoa and helped begin the Renaissance
("rebirth") in Europe.

Regular contact between Europe and the Americas began after 1492, lead by Spain.
This contact would prove disasterous to the Americans as Europeans would destroy
most of their cultures and civilisations, including that of the Incas (began
c1300) and the Aztecs (from 1370).

Between 1493 and 1555 many plant products passed from the Americas to Europe,
including tobacco, pineapples, capsicums, potatoes, tomatoes, chocolate,
peanuts, sunflowers, sweet potatoes, corn, popcorn, turkeys, chili peppers and
beans. Tomatoes, a crucial part of Italian cusine, reached Italy in 1534. In the
other direction, Spain took sugarcane to Cuba (1523) and wheat to Mexico (1528).

A rapid fire crossbow was being used in China c1050. This could fire 2000 arrows
in 15 seconds. At the same time the Anglo-Saxons used double bladed spades. Bone
setting casts made from flour and eggs were used in Sicily c1100. Paris was the
first European city to have city paving (1184).

Around 1100, Europe began using paper (via Moorish Spain) and umbrellas. Arabic
numerals reached Europe (again via Moorish Spain) c1100. Mechanical clocks were
re-invented in Europe c1275. Sometime after 1300 gunpowder and grenades reached
Europe. In 1400 porcelain arrived in Europe. In 1460, the Portuguese brought
Japanese folding fans and silk screen printing to Europe.

The Romany (Gypsy) people began migrating from India towards Europe around 1000.

The Battle of Hastings (1066) saw Anglo-Saxon England conquered by the Normans
of France. Sugar arrived in England in 1460.

Moveable type was adapted by Johannes Gutenberg (Germany) who printed the first
books in Europe in 1454.

Notable writers and artists born during this period included:



 * Shikibu Murasaki, a Japanese noblewoman who wrote the first novel "The Tale
   of the Genji" in 1015; it is still being read.
 * Persian poet, astronomer and mathematician, Omar Khayyam (born 1050).
 * Jewish philosopher, Moses Ben Maimon (known as Maimonides in the West) was
   born in Moorish Spain (1135).
 * Shota Rustaveli, Georgean poet who wrote "The Knight in the Panther's Skin"
   (1172).
 * Roger Bacon (English scholar) born 1220.
 * Italian poet Dante Alighieri (known universally by his first name), born
   1265. He wrote "Inferno".
 * Shams ud-Din Mohammad (better known as Hafiz) was born in 1325. He is the
   national poet of Persia.
 * English writer, Geoffrey Chaucer (1342) wrote "The Canterbury Tales".
 * Italian artist and scientist, Leonardo da Vinci (1452).

Notable scientists, inventors and explorers born during this period included:



 * Leonardo Fibonacci, Italian mathematician who advocated the use of
   Arabic-Indian numerials, born 1170.
 * Marco Polo (Italian explorer) was born in 1254. His stories of his travels to
   China told of a glittering civilisation in that region.
 * Ibn an-Nafis (Arab physician, born 1288) wrote a book describing the
   circulation of blood between heart and lungs.
 * Uzbek astronomer, Ulugh Beg (1393).
 * Cristobel Colon (better known as Christopher Columbus) born Italy, 1451,
   sailed to the Caribbean and the Americas, thinking he had found a Western
   route to Asia.
 * Amerigo Vespucci (Italian navigator, 1454) was the first to realise that the
   lands found in the Western Atlantic were not Asia but a new continent. It was
   named America after him.
 * Vasco de Gama (Portuguese explorer, 1460) was the first to circumnavigate
   Africa since the Phoenicians.
 * Polish astronomer, Mikolai Kopernik (known as Nicholas Copernicus) born 1473.
 * Ferdinand Maggellan (Portuguese explorer, 1480); his voyage (during which he
   died) was the first to circumnavigate the world.

Notable monarchs and religious or military leaders born during this period
included:



 * Salah ad-Din (known in the West as Saladin), Kurdish fighter against European
   Cruscades, born 1138.
 * Temujin (known as Gengis Khan), Mongolian warrior, born 1162.
 * Kublai Khan, Mongol ruler of China, born 1215.
 * Rudolf I (born 1218) was the first of the Hapsburg monarchs.
 * Osman (born 1258); he founded the Osmanli (or Ottoman) Empire in (modern)
   Turkey.
 * Chu Yuan-Chang (born 1328) founded the Ming Dynasty in China.
 * Lorenzo Medici (born 1449), ruler of Florence and patron of the arts and
   sciences.
 * Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism, was born in India in 1469.
 * Moctezuma (born c1480) was the last emperor of the Aztecs; he was killed by
   Spanish invaders.
 * Martin Luther was born in Germany in 1483. His activities lead to another
   split of the Christian Church: Protestants and Catholics.
 * Babur (born 1483) founded the Moghul Empire in India.
 * English king, Henry VIII was born in 1491. Modern England developed during
   his rule.
 * The Ottoman Emperor, Suleiman The Magnificent (born 1495) took that empire to
   its greatest extent.

Settlements and cities founded during this period include:



 * Tartu (modern Estonia), founded 1030.
 * Oslo, (modern Norway), 1050.
 * Marrakech (Morroco) set up as Saharan trading post in 1062.
 * Three Alpine cantons (Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden) united in 1291 to form
   Switzerland.
 * Tenochtitlan (on the site of Mexico City) founded by the Aztecs in 1325.

Structures and buildings constructed during this period include:



 * Westminster Abbey: London, 1065.
 * The Church of the Holy Sepelcher: Jerusalem, 1096.
 * The Abbey of St Denis, near Paris (1137) was the first Gothic church.
   
   

In 1054, a star appeared in the constellation of Taurus. It was a supernova
(exploding star) that was bright enough to be visible in broad daylight (for two
months) and to cast shadows at night. It disappeared after two years. Although
observed and written about in China, Japan and Arabia it was not reported in
Europe.

On 9 May 1386, the Treaty of Windsor was signed between Portugal and England.
This treaty has never been broken and is the longest lasting treaty between any
two nations. African slaves went on sale in Lisbon (capital of Portugal) in
1441. This would lead to a slave trade that would result in the forced movement
of 20 million people from Africa to the Americas and the Caribbean.





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