www.cambridge.org
Open in
urlscan Pro
104.17.111.190
Public Scan
Submitted URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/canadian-yearbook-of-international-law-annuaire-canadien-de-droit-international/ar...
Effective URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/canadian-yearbook-of-international-law-annuaire-canadien-de-droit-international/ar...
Submission: On December 10 via api from US — Scanned from US
Effective URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/canadian-yearbook-of-international-law-annuaire-canadien-de-droit-international/ar...
Submission: On December 10 via api from US — Scanned from US
Form analysis 4 forms found in the DOM
GET /core/services/aop-cambridge-core/sendto
<form id="sendTokindleForm" action="/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/sendto" method="GET">
<fieldset>
<legend>
<label for="kindleEmailAddress">Your Kindle email address</label>
</legend>
<div class="row">
<div class="large-6 columns">
<input name="kindleEmailAddress" id="kindleEmailAddress" type="text" value="" required="required">
<small class="error kindleEmailAddress" style="display:none">Please provide your Kindle email.</small>
</div>
<div class="large-6 columns">
<label class="dInlineBlock"><input name="kindleEmailDomain" type="radio" checked="checked" value="free.kindle.com" class="styled"><span></span>@free.kindle.com</label>
<label class="dInlineBlock"><input name="kindleEmailDomain" type="radio" value="kindle.com" class="styled"><span></span>@kindle.com
(<a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html/ref=kinw_myk_wl_ln?ie=UTF8&nodeId=200767340#fees" target="_blank">service fees apply</a>)</label>
</div>
</div>
</fieldset>
<div class="row">
<div class="large-12 columns">
<fieldset>
<legend>Available formats</legend>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="formats" class="formats styled" value="pdf" required=""><span></span> PDF </label>
<small class="error formats" style="display:none">Please select a format to save.</small>
</fieldset>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="large-12 columns">
<label for="usagePolicykindle">
<input type="checkbox" name="usagePolicykindle" id="usagePolicykindle" value="Usage" required="" class="styled"><span></span> By using this service, you agree that you will only keep content for personal use, and will not openly distribute
them via Dropbox, Google Drive or other file sharing services <small class="error usagePolicy" style="display:none">Please confirm that you accept the terms of use.</small>
</label>
</div>
</div>
<input type="hidden" name="suppressTrackingEvent" value="false">
<input type="hidden" name="service" value="kindle">
<input type="hidden" name="documents" value="EC4FEB44E6D100FC987E49A086E6849B">
<input type="hidden" name="finalReturn"
value="/core/journals/canadian-yearbook-of-international-law-annuaire-canadien-de-droit-international/article/abs/decision-of-the-international-court-of-justice-in-the-case-concerning-legality-of-use-of-force-serbia-and-montenegro-v-canada/EC4FEB44E6D100FC987E49A086E6849B">
<input type="hidden" name="_csrf" value="QkpDJP8g-zmt89hMz3pKvhN_ZPEeF7njtt_k">
</form>GET /core/services/aop-cambridge-core/sendto
<form id="sendTodropboxForm" action="/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/sendto" method="GET">
<div class="row">
<div class="large-12 columns">
<fieldset>
<legend>Available formats</legend>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="formats" class="formats styled" value="pdf" required=""><span></span> PDF </label>
<small class="error formats" style="display:none">Please select a format to save.</small>
</fieldset>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="large-12 columns">
<label for="usagePolicydropbox">
<input type="checkbox" name="usagePolicydropbox" id="usagePolicydropbox" value="Usage" required="" class="styled"><span></span> By using this service, you agree that you will only keep content for personal use, and will not openly distribute
them via Dropbox, Google Drive or other file sharing services <small class="error usagePolicy" style="display:none">Please confirm that you accept the terms of use.</small>
</label>
</div>
</div>
<input type="hidden" name="suppressTrackingEvent" value="false">
<input type="hidden" name="service" value="dropbox">
<input type="hidden" name="documents" value="EC4FEB44E6D100FC987E49A086E6849B">
<input type="hidden" name="finalReturn"
value="/core/journals/canadian-yearbook-of-international-law-annuaire-canadien-de-droit-international/article/abs/decision-of-the-international-court-of-justice-in-the-case-concerning-legality-of-use-of-force-serbia-and-montenegro-v-canada/EC4FEB44E6D100FC987E49A086E6849B">
<input type="hidden" name="_csrf" value="QkpDJP8g-zmt89hMz3pKvhN_ZPEeF7njtt_k">
</form>GET /core/services/aop-cambridge-core/sendto
<form id="sendTogoogleDriveForm" action="/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/sendto" method="GET">
<div class="row">
<div class="large-12 columns">
<fieldset>
<legend>Available formats</legend>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" name="formats" class="formats styled" value="pdf" required=""><span></span> PDF </label>
<small class="error formats" style="display:none">Please select a format to save.</small>
</fieldset>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="large-12 columns">
<label for="usagePolicygoogleDrive">
<input type="checkbox" name="usagePolicygoogleDrive" id="usagePolicygoogleDrive" value="Usage" required="" class="styled"><span></span> By using this service, you agree that you will only keep content for personal use, and will not openly
distribute them via Dropbox, Google Drive or other file sharing services <small class="error usagePolicy" style="display:none">Please confirm that you accept the terms of use.</small>
</label>
</div>
</div>
<input type="hidden" name="suppressTrackingEvent" value="false">
<input type="hidden" name="service" value="googleDrive">
<input type="hidden" name="documents" value="EC4FEB44E6D100FC987E49A086E6849B">
<input type="hidden" name="finalReturn"
value="/core/journals/canadian-yearbook-of-international-law-annuaire-canadien-de-droit-international/article/abs/decision-of-the-international-court-of-justice-in-the-case-concerning-legality-of-use-of-force-serbia-and-montenegro-v-canada/EC4FEB44E6D100FC987E49A086E6849B">
<input type="hidden" name="_csrf" value="QkpDJP8g-zmt89hMz3pKvhN_ZPEeF7njtt_k">
</form>POST /core/services/aop-cambridge-core/comments/submit
<form id="postCommentsForm" autocomplete="off" action="/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/comments/submit" method="POST" data-abide="" novalidate="novalidate">
<input type="hidden" name="_csrf" value="QkpDJP8g-zmt89hMz3pKvhN_ZPEeF7njtt_k">
<input type="hidden" name="_pid" id="pid" value="">
<input type="hidden" name="_cid" id="cid" value="">
<div class="row">
<div class="row comments-only">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<label for="title">Title * <input name="title" id="title" type="text" maxlength="250" required="required">
<small class="error">Please enter a title for your response.</small>
</label>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<label class="inline" for="comment">Contents *</label>
<span>
<a href="#" data-dropdown="comment-tip" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="comment-tip" class="icon info tooltip-icon info-icon">
<span class="sr-only">Contents help</span>
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 37 37" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false">
<circle fill="#FFF" stroke="#0072CF" stroke-miterlimit="10" cx="18.5" cy="18.5" r="17.5"></circle>
<path fill="#0072CF" d="M20.4 25.3V15.2h-4.9v2.2h1.1v7.9h-1.1v2.2h6v-2.2h-1.1zm-1.9-11.4c1 0 1.9-1 1.9-2.2 0-1.2-.8-2.2-1.9-2.2s-1.9 1-1.9 2.2c0 1.2.9 2.2 1.9 2.2z"></path>
</svg>
</a>
</span>
<div id="comment-tip" data-dropdown-content="" role="dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="f-dropdown content medium" data-remove-focus="true" aria-label="Contents information">
<div class="close-container">
<a href="#" class="button small transparent-no-border radius tooltip-close-btn" id="tooltip-close-link-comment-tip">
<span class="custom-tooltip-button-remove">
<span class="sr-only">Close Contents help</span>
<svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false">
<defs>
<path d="M9.986 0C4.479 0 0 4.434 0 9.916c0 5.469 4.465 9.916 9.986 9.916 5.507 0 9.986-4.433 9.986-9.916C19.958 4.434 15.493 0 9.986 0z" id="a-comment-tip"></path>
<mask id="b-comment-tip" x="0" y="0" width="19.972" height="19.832" fill="#fff"><use xlink:href="#a-comment-tip"></use></mask>
</defs>
<g fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd">
<use stroke="#436FCC" mask="url(#b-comment-tip)" stroke-width="2" xlink:href="#a-comment-tip"></use>
<path d="M14.778 13.325a.983.983 0 0 1 0 1.385.982.982 0 0 1-.704.28c-.254 0-.507-.098-.704-.28l-3.352-3.329-3.353 3.329a.973.973 0 0 1-.69.28 1.01 1.01 0 0 1-.69-.28.983.983 0 0 1 0-1.385l3.352-3.328-3.352-3.33a.983.983 0 0 1 0-1.384 1 1 0 0 1 1.395 0l3.352 3.329 3.352-3.329a1 1 0 0 1 1.394 0 .983.983 0 0 1 0 1.385l-3.352 3.329 3.352 3.328z" fill="#436FCC"></path>
</g>
</svg> </span>
</a>
</div>
<p id="info-comment-tip" class="text-left">- No HTML tags allowed<br>- Web page URLs will display as text only<br>- Lines and paragraphs break automatically<br>- Attachments, images or tables are not permitted</p>
</div>
<textarea name="comment" id="comment" rows="5" maxlength="60000" required="required"></textarea>
<small class="error">Please enter your response.</small>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<hr>
<div class="title-underline">
<h4 class="heading_03">Your details</h4>
<div class="border"></div>
</div>
<section id="contributor-section">
<div id="contributor-row_0" class="contributor-row">
<div class="large-6 medium-12 small-12 columns left-col">
<div>
<label for="firstname_0">First name * <input name="firstname_0" id="firstname_0" type="text" required="required" maxlength="100" placeholder="Enter your first name">
<small class="error">Please enter your first name.</small>
</label>
</div>
<div>
<label for="lastName_0">Last name * <input name="lastName_0" id="lastName_0" type="text" required="required" maxlength="100" placeholder="Enter your last name">
<small class="error">Please enter your last name.</small>
</label>
</div>
<div>
<label for="emailAddress_0" class="inline-tooltip">Email *</label>
<span>
<a href="#" data-dropdown="comment-email-tip_0" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="comment-email-tip_0" class="icon info tooltip-icon info-icon">
<span class="sr-only">Email help</span>
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 37 37" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false">
<circle fill="#FFF" stroke="#0072CF" stroke-miterlimit="10" cx="18.5" cy="18.5" r="17.5"></circle>
<path fill="#0072CF" d="M20.4 25.3V15.2h-4.9v2.2h1.1v7.9h-1.1v2.2h6v-2.2h-1.1zm-1.9-11.4c1 0 1.9-1 1.9-2.2 0-1.2-.8-2.2-1.9-2.2s-1.9 1-1.9 2.2c0 1.2.9 2.2 1.9 2.2z"></path>
</svg>
</a>
</span>
<div id="comment-email-tip_0" data-dropdown-content="" role="dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="f-dropdown content medium" data-remove-focus="true" aria-label="Email information">
<div class="close-container">
<a href="#" class="button small transparent-no-border radius tooltip-close-btn" id="tooltip-close-link-comment-email-tip_0">
<span class="custom-tooltip-button-remove">
<span class="sr-only">Close Email help</span>
<svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false">
<defs>
<path d="M9.986 0C4.479 0 0 4.434 0 9.916c0 5.469 4.465 9.916 9.986 9.916 5.507 0 9.986-4.433 9.986-9.916C19.958 4.434 15.493 0 9.986 0z" id="a-comment-email-tip_0"></path>
<mask id="b-comment-email-tip_0" x="0" y="0" width="19.972" height="19.832" fill="#fff"><use xlink:href="#a-comment-email-tip_0"></use></mask>
</defs>
<g fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd">
<use stroke="#436FCC" mask="url(#b-comment-email-tip_0)" stroke-width="2" xlink:href="#a-comment-email-tip_0"></use>
<path d="M14.778 13.325a.983.983 0 0 1 0 1.385.982.982 0 0 1-.704.28c-.254 0-.507-.098-.704-.28l-3.352-3.329-3.353 3.329a.973.973 0 0 1-.69.28 1.01 1.01 0 0 1-.69-.28.983.983 0 0 1 0-1.385l3.352-3.328-3.352-3.33a.983.983 0 0 1 0-1.384 1 1 0 0 1 1.395 0l3.352 3.329 3.352-3.329a1 1 0 0 1 1.394 0 .983.983 0 0 1 0 1.385l-3.352 3.329 3.352 3.328z" fill="#436FCC"></path>
</g>
</svg> </span>
</a>
</div>
<p id="info-comment-email-tip_0" class="text-left">Your email address will be used in order to notify you when your comment has been reviewed by the moderator and in case the author(s) of the article or the moderator need to contact you
directly.</p>
</div>
<input name="emailAddress_0" id="emailAddress_0" type="text" required="required" maxlength="100" pattern="email" placeholder="Enter your email">
<small class="error">Please enter a valid email address.</small>
</div>
</div>
<div class="large-6 medium-12 small-12 columns">
<div class="row">
<label for="occupation_0">Occupation <input name="occupation_0" id="occupation_0" type="text" maxlength="100" placeholder="Enter your role and/or occupation">
<small class="error">Please enter your occupation.</small>
</label>
</div>
<div class="row">
<label for="organisation_0">Affiliation <input name="organisation_0" id="organisation_0" type="text" maxlength="100" placeholder="Enter your organisation or institution name">
<small class="error">Please enter any affiliation.</small>
</label>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<div class="contributor-btn">
<input id="add-contributor-btn" type="button" class="blue small button radius add-contributor" value="Add contributor">
</div>
<div class="add-contributor-limit-reached">
<hr>
<h5 class="heading_05">You have entered the maximum number of contributors</h5>
</div>
<hr>
<div class="title-underline">
<h4 class="heading_03">Conflicting interests</h4>
<div class="border"></div>
</div>
<div class="large-6 medium-12 small-12 columns">
<p>
<span> Do you have any conflicting interests? * <a href="#" data-dropdown="comment-conflict-tip" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="comment-conflict-tip" class="icon info tooltip-icon info-icon">
<span class="sr-only">Conflicting interests help</span>
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 37 37" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false">
<circle fill="#FFF" stroke="#0072CF" stroke-miterlimit="10" cx="18.5" cy="18.5" r="17.5"></circle>
<path fill="#0072CF" d="M20.4 25.3V15.2h-4.9v2.2h1.1v7.9h-1.1v2.2h6v-2.2h-1.1zm-1.9-11.4c1 0 1.9-1 1.9-2.2 0-1.2-.8-2.2-1.9-2.2s-1.9 1-1.9 2.2c0 1.2.9 2.2 1.9 2.2z"></path>
</svg>
</a>
</span>
</p>
<div id="comment-conflict-tip" data-dropdown-content="" role="dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="f-dropdown content medium" data-remove-focus="true" aria-label="Conflicting interests information">
<div class="close-container">
<a href="#" class="button small transparent-no-border radius tooltip-close-btn" id="tooltip-close-link-comment-conflict-tip">
<span class="custom-tooltip-button-remove">
<span class="sr-only">Close Conflicting interests help</span>
<svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false">
<defs>
<path d="M9.986 0C4.479 0 0 4.434 0 9.916c0 5.469 4.465 9.916 9.986 9.916 5.507 0 9.986-4.433 9.986-9.916C19.958 4.434 15.493 0 9.986 0z" id="a-comment-conflict-tip"></path>
<mask id="b-comment-conflict-tip" x="0" y="0" width="19.972" height="19.832" fill="#fff"><use xlink:href="#a-comment-conflict-tip"></use></mask>
</defs>
<g fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd">
<use stroke="#436FCC" mask="url(#b-comment-conflict-tip)" stroke-width="2" xlink:href="#a-comment-conflict-tip"></use>
<path d="M14.778 13.325a.983.983 0 0 1 0 1.385.982.982 0 0 1-.704.28c-.254 0-.507-.098-.704-.28l-3.352-3.329-3.353 3.329a.973.973 0 0 1-.69.28 1.01 1.01 0 0 1-.69-.28.983.983 0 0 1 0-1.385l3.352-3.328-3.352-3.33a.983.983 0 0 1 0-1.384 1 1 0 0 1 1.395 0l3.352 3.329 3.352-3.329a1 1 0 0 1 1.394 0 .983.983 0 0 1 0 1.385l-3.352 3.329 3.352 3.328z" fill="#436FCC"></path>
</g>
</svg> </span>
</a>
</div>
<p id="info-comment-conflict-tip" class="text-left">Please list any fees and grants from, employment by, consultancy for, shared ownership in or any close relationship with, at any time over the preceding 36 months, any organisation whose
interests may be affected by the publication of the response. Please also list any non-financial associations or interests (personal, professional, political, institutional, religious or other) that a reasonable reader would want to know
about in relation to the submitted work. This pertains to all the authors of the piece, their spouses or partners.</p>
</div>
<p></p>
<label>
<input type="radio" name="conflictInterest" id="frm-conflict-on" value="true" class="styled"><span></span> Yes </label>
<label>
<input type="radio" name="conflictInterest" id="frm-conflict-off" checked="checked" value="false" class="styled"><span></span> No </label>
</div>
<div class="large-6 medium-12 small-12 columns comment-more-info">
<label>More information * <textarea name="conflictInfo" id="conflictInfo" rows="3" maxlength="500" placeholder="Enter details of your conflicting interests" disabled="false" required="required"></textarea>
<small class="error">Please enter details of the conflict of interest or select 'No'.</small>
</label>
</div>
<hr>
<div class="row margin-top">
<div class="large-12 columns">
<label class="paragraph_05">
<input name="agreeToTerms" type="checkbox" value="yes" id="agreeToTerms" required="required" class="styled"><span></span> Please tick the box to confirm you agree to
our <a href="/core/legal-notices/terms" target="_blank">Terms of use</a>. *<br><br>
<small class="error">Please accept terms of use.</small>
</label>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row margin-top">
<div class="large-12 columns">
<label class="paragraph_05">
<input name="agreePrint" type="checkbox" value="yes" id="agreePrint" required="required" class="styled"><span></span> Please tick the box to confirm you agree that your name, comment and conflicts of interest (if accepted) will be
visible on the website and your comment may be printed in the journal at the Editor’s discretion. *<br><br>
<small class="error">Please confirm you agree that your details will be displayed.</small>
</label>
</div>
</div>
<hr>
<div class="submit-btn">
<input type="submit" class="blue small button radius" value="Submit">
</div>
</form>Text Content
Skip to main content Accessibility help
We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a
better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find
out how to manage your cookie settings.
LOGIN ALERT
Cancel
Log in
×
×
Products and Services
Register
Log In
(0) Cart
Logo for Cambridge Core from Cambridge University Press. Click to return to
homepage.
Search
Logo for Cambridge Core from Cambridge University Press. Click to return to
homepage.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Browse
* Services
* Open research
Institution Login
Search
Hostname: page-component-cc8bf7c57-77pjf Total loading time: 0 Render date:
2024-12-09T20:33:18.876Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
* Home
* >Journals
* >Canadian Yearbook of International Law/Annuaire canadien de droit
international
* >Volume 42
* >The Decision of the International Court of Justice...
* English
* Français
Canadian Yearbook of International Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ARTICLE CONTENTS
* Summary
* References
THE DECISION OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE IN THE CASE CONCERNING
LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE (SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO V. CANADA)
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 09 March 2016
Colleen Swords and
Alan Willis
Show author details
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Colleen Swords Affiliation:
Government of Canada
Alan Willis Affiliation:
Government of Canada
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Article
* Article
* Metrics
Article contents
* Summary
* References
Get access
Share
* Copy
* Share
* Share
* Share
* Share
* Post
* Share
* Mail
* Share
Cite
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SUMMARY
In the spring of 1999, the NATO allies conducted a bombing campaign against the
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia for several weeks. The campaign was a response to
the failure of negotiations at Rambouillet, France, relating to a situation in
Kosovo that United Nations agencies had characterized as a “humanitarian
crisis.” In late April, only a few days after filing an Optional Clause
declaration under the Statute of the International Court of Justice accepting
the compulsory jurisdiction of the court subject to reservations, Yugoslavia
initiated proceedings in the court against ten NATO allies, including Canada.
The application was accompanied by a request for the indication of “provisional
measures” pursuant to the statute, enjoining the NATO allies from continuing the
use of force against Yugoslavia. Yugoslavia relied upon its new declaration and
upon the compromissary clause of the Genocide Convention as grounds of
jurisdiction. In June 1999, the court refused the request for provisional
measures on the ground that it lacked prima facie jurisdiction. Canada and other
remaining respondents filed preliminary objections on jurisdiction and
admissibility. The objections on jurisdiction were based on the grounds that had
been advanced at the provisional measures stage and largely endorsed by the
court: first, that Yugoslavia was not then a member of the United Nations and
was therefore not entitled to make an Optional Clause declaration; second, that
the declaration was limited to future disputes; and, third, that the subject
matter of the dispute was not covered by the Genocide Convention, which could
therefore not be invoked to establish jurisdiction.
Following oral hearings in April 2004, the court ruled in a judgment of 15
December 2004 that it lacked jurisdiction. The ruling was based exclusively on
the fact that Yugoslavia lacked United Nations membership and standing in the
court in 1999. The judgment concludes that the exception in Article 35(2) of the
statute relating to “treaties in force” does not entitle a non-member of the
United Nations to appear before the court in a matter related to the Genocide
Convention, which the Court interprets as applying only to treaties in existence
before 1945. This reasoning came as a surprise, since the court had assiduously
avoided the issue of UN membership both in its provisional measures ruling and
in its decisions in closely related proceedings taken by Bosnia and Croatia
against Yugoslavia pursuant to the Genocide Convention. It remains to be seen
how the judgment will be reconciled with rulings already made on jurisdiction in
the proceedings taken by Bosnia, where jurisdiction has already been confirmed
and where hearings on the merits are scheduled for 2006.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SOMMAIRE
Sommaire
Au printemps de 1999, les alliés de l’OTAN ont mené une campagne de
bombardements de plusieurs semaines contre la République fédérale de
Yougoslavie. Cette campagne a été lancée à la suite de l’échec des négociations
de Rambouillet, France, concernant la situation au Kosovo, que les agences des
Nations Unies qualifiaient de “crise humanitaire.” A la fin d’avril, quelques
jours seulement avant le dépôt de sa déclaration en vertu de la clause
facultative du Statut de la Cour internationale de justice pour accepter la
compétence obligatoire de la Cour, sous certaines réserves, la Yougoslavie a
introduit une procédure devant la Cour contre dix alliés de l’OTAN, y compris le
Canada. Elle a joint à sa requête une demande en indication de “mesures
conservatoires” en vertu du Statut pour enjoindre aux alliés de l’OTAN de cesser
leur emploi de la force contre la Yougoslavie. Celle-ci y invoquait sa nouvelle
déclaration et la clause compromissoire de la Convention sur le génocide comme
fondement de la compétence de la Cour. En juin 1999, la Cour a rejeté la demande
de mesures conservatoires au motif qu ’elle n’avait pas la compétence prima
facie. Le Canada et les autres défendeurs ont déposé des exceptions
préliminaires relativement à la compétence de la Cour et à la recevabilité de
l’affaire. Les exceptions relatives à la compétence de la Cour sont fondées sur
Us motifs présentés à l’étape de la demande en mesures conservatoires, auxquels
la Cour avait souscrit dans une large mesure: premièrement, que la Yougoslavie
n’était pas alors membre des Nations Unies et qu’elle n’avait donc pas le droit
de faire une déclaration en vertu de la clause facultative; deuxièmement, que la
déclaration était valide pour les différends à venir; et troisièmement, que la
question faisant l’objet de différend n’était pas couverte par la Convention sur
le génocide et qu ’elle ne pouvait donc pas être invoquée pour établir la
compétence de la Cour. A la suite des audiences tenues en avril 2004, la Cour a
statué le 15 décembre 2004 qu’elle n’avait pas compétence dans le dossier.
L’ordonnance est fondée exclusivement sur le fait que la Yougoslavie n’était pas
membre des Nations Unies et n’avait pas le pouvoir d’agir devant la Cour en
1999, La Cour conclut que l’exception à l’article 35(2) du Statut de la Cour
relativement aux “traités en vigueur” n’autorise pas un non membre des Nations
Unies à comparaître devant la Cour dans une affaire soulevant la Convention sur
le génocide. Selon l’interprétation de la Cour, cette exception ne s’applique
qu’aux traités en vigueur avant 1945. Ce raisonnement est surprenant, étant
donné que la Cour s’est toujours efforcée d’éviter la question du statut de
membre des Nations Unies, tant en ordonnant des mesures conservatoires qu’en
rendant sa décision dans une procédure très similaire prise par la Bosnie et la
Croatie contre la Yougoslavie en vertu de la Convention sur le génocide. Il
reste à voir comment la Cour réconciliera cet arrêt avec sa jurisprudence
antérieure concernant sa compétence dans la procédure prise par la Bosnie. Dans
cette affaire, la Cour a déjà confirmé sa compétence, et les audiences sur le
fond sont prévues en 2006.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Type Notes and Comments / Notes et commentaries
Information
Canadian Yearbook of International Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international
, Volume 42 , 2005 , pp. 353 - 383
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0069005800008547 [Opens in a new window]
Copyright
Copyright © The Canadian Council on International Law / Conseil Canadien de
Droit International, representing the Board of Editors, Canadian Yearbook of
International Law / Comité de Rédaction, Annuaire Canadien de Droit
International 2005
ACCESS OPTIONS
Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access
options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access.
Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)
CHECK ACCESS
INSTITUTIONAL LOGIN
We recognised you are associated with one or more institutions that don't have
access to this content. If you should have access, please contact your
librarian. Access through your institution
Change institution
PERSONAL LOGIN
Log in with your Cambridge Core account or society details. Log in
ARTICLE PURCHASE
DIGITAL ACCESS FOR INDIVIDUALS
$26.00 Add to cart
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
REFERENCES
1
1 Case Concerning Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Canada), 15
December 2004, available at <www.icj-cig.org> [Legality of Use of Force].
2
2 On 5 February 2003, the applicant notified the court that the state of the
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) had changed its name to Serbia and
Montenegro. In this article, the applicant is referred to as the FRY before
February 2003 and Serbia and Montenegro thereafter.
3
3 UN Security Council Resolutions 1160 (UN Doc. S/RES/1 160 (1998) 31 March
1998), 1199 (UN Doc. S/RES/1199 (1998) 23 September 1998), and 1203 (UN Doc.
S/RES/1203 (1998) 24 October 1998).
4
4 See the Interim Agreement for Peace and Self-Government in Kosovo,
Rambouillet, France, 23 February 1999 available at
<http://www.state.gov/www/regions/eur/fs_990301_rambouillet.html>.
5
5 France, Germany, Italy, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, the United
States, and European Community presidency.
6
6 Statute of the International Court ofjustice, annexed to the Charter of the
United Nations and forming an integral part of the Charter pursuant to Article
92 thereof [ICJ Statute],
7
7 Yugoslavia’s purported declaration recognizing the compulsory jurisdiction of
the court pursuant to Article 36(2) of the ICJ Statute is set out in full at
para. 22 of the Order of the Court of 2 June 1999 on provisional measures (infra
note 17) and reads as follows:
I hereby declare that the Government of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
recognizes, in accordance with Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the
Internationa] Court of Justice, as compulsory ipso facto and without special
agreement, in relation to any other State accepting the same obligation, that is
on condition of reciprocity, the jurisdiction of the said Court in all disputes
arising or which may arise after the signature of the present Declaration, with
regard to the situations or facts subsequent to this signature, except in cases
where the parties have agreed or shall agree to have recourse to another
procedure or to another method of pacific settlement. The present Declaration
does not apply to disputes relating to questions which, under international law,
fall exclusively within the jurisdiction of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia,
as well as to territorial disputes.
8
8 Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, United
Kingdom, and the United States.
9
9 Pursuant to Article 73 of the Rules of Court of the ICJ, made pursuant to
Ardele 30 of the ICJ Statute and available at <www.icj-cij.org>.
10
10 Legality of Use of Force, supra note 1, Application of the FRY, 25 April
1999.
11
11 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, GA
Resolution 260(A) (III), UN GAOR, 3rd Sess., Supp. No. 1921,9 December 1948, 78
U.N.T.S. 227 [Genocide Convention].
12
12 ICJ Statute, supra note 6 at Article 36(2), known as the Optional Clause,
which allows states, on a purely voluntary basis, to file declarations accepting
the compulsory jurisdiction of the court vis-à-vis other states accepting the
same obligation, in relation to specified categories of legal disputes,
including the interpretation of a treaty and “any question of international
law.”
13
13 Security Council Resolution 777, UN SCOR, 47th Year, UN Doc.S/RES/777 ( 1993)
(Annex 1 A); GA Res. 47/1, UN GAOR, 47th Sess., UN Doc. A/RES/47/1 (1992) (Annex
lB).
14
14 Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference of Yugoslavia, Opinion no. 8
of 4 July 1992, 1993 (92) I.L.R. 199, at 202.
15
15 Readaptation of the Mavrommatis Jersusalem Concessions, Judgment no. 10,
1927, P.C.I.J. Series A, No. 26.
16
16 Legality of Use of Force, supra note 1, Oral Proceedings, at para. 21.
17
17 Order Respecting the Request for the Indication of Provisional Measures, 2
June 1999, [1999] I.C.J. ReP. 259.
18
18 President Schwebel, Judges Oda, Bedjaoui, Guillaume, Ranjeva, Hercegh,
Fleischauer, Koroma, Higgins, Parra-Aranguren, Kooijmans, and Judge ad hoc
Lalonde.
19
19 Judges Oda, Kooijmans, and Higgins.
20
20 Judges Weeramantry, Shi, and Vereshchetin, and Judge ad hoc Kreca.
21
21 Legality of Use of Force, supra note 1, Order of 3 June 1999, at para. 29.
22
22 Fisheries Jurisdiction (Spain v. Canada) Jurisdiction, Judgment, [1998] I.CJ.
Rep. 432.
23
23 Case Concerning Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of
America), Preliminary Objection, Judgment, [1996] I.CJ. Rep. (II), 810.
24
24 Ibid, at para. 16.
25
25 Ibid, at para. 51.
26
26 See Legality of Use of Force, supra note 1, Opinion of Judge Oda, at paras.
25 ff. There have, of course, been cases in which the court found that it did
have prima facie jurisdiction, only to find later that it did not have
jurisdiction to hear the case at a subsequent stage (Anglo-Iranian Oil Co.,
Preliminary Objection, Judgment, [1952] I.C.J. Rep. 104; and Interhandel
(Switzerland v. United States of America), [1959] ICJ. Rep. 6).
27
27 Monetary Gold Removed from Rome in 1945, Judgment, [1954] I.C.J. Rep. 19.
28
28 See the Preliminary Objections of Canada in Legality of Use of Force, supra
note 1 at 2, n. 4, available at <www.icj-cij.org>.
29
29 Ibid., Written Observations of FRY of 18 December 2002, at 2, para. (a).
30
30 Ibid, at 2, para. (b).
31
31 President Shi (China) and Judges Guillaume (France), Higgins (United
Kingdom), Kooijmans (Netherlands), Koroma (Sierra Leone), Vereschetin (Russian
Federation), Parra-Aranguren (Venezuela) ), Ranjeva (Madagascar), Kreca (Judge
ad hoc for Serbia and Montenegro).
32
32 Owada (Japan), Tomka (Slovakia), Elaraby (Egypt), Buergenthal (United
States), Al-Khasawneh (Jordan), and Simma (Germany). However,Judge Simma recused
himself from the case pursuant to Article 24(1) of the ICJ Statute. Judge Simma
had written an article ("NATO, the UN and the Use of Force: Legal Aspects”
(1999) Eur. J. Int’l L. 1) suggesting that the October 1998 threat of air
strikes against the FRY breached the Charter of the United Nations, despite
NATO’s effort to rely on the doctrines of necessity and humanitarian
intervention and to conform to the sense and logic of relevant Security Council
resolutions. He did acknowledge that there are “hard cases” involving terrible
dilemmas in which imperative political and moral considerations leave no choice
but to act outside the law. However, his recusal probably relates more directly
to advice given to one of the parties at some point before he became a judge.
33
33 Judges Weeramantry (Sri Lanka), Schwebel (United States), Oda (Japan),
Bedjaoui (Algeria), Herczegh (Hungary), and Fleischhauer (Germany).
34
34 Judge ad hoc Kreca noted that the approach of the court implied that all the
NATO parties are legally in the same interest. He linked the right to appoint a
judge ad hoc to the jus cogens sovereign equality of states. He goes on to make
a number of novel suggestions on how to deal with a situation such as this where
several judges on the court originate in states with the same interest as one of
the parties. One of these, inspired by discussions on the 1926 Rules of Court,
would be to exclude one or more of these judges. The other would be to allow the
appointment of more than one judge ad hoc. Although he argues that such
innovations would be consistent with the ICJ Statute, this conclusion is
questionable.
35
35 (1) France does not accept the compulsory jurisdiction of the court; (2) the
United Kingdom’s acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction of the court included
a twelve-month rule, and (3) the Netherlands had an additional possible
jurisdictional basis argued by the applicant relating to bilateral treaties.
36
36 Case Concerning the Application for Revision of theJudgment of 11 July 1()()6
in the Case Concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and
Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia),
Preliminary Objections, [2003] I.C.J. Rep. at para. 71 [Application for Revision
case].
37
37 Rules of Court, supra note 9.
38
38 Legality of Use of Force, supra note ι at Verbatim Record of the Public
Sitting of 23 April 2004, Doc. CR 2004/23, available at <www.icj-cij.org>.
39
39 President Shi, Vice President Ranjeva, Judges Koroma, Vereshchetin,
Parra-Aranguren, Rezek, Owada, and Tomka.
40
40 Legality of Use of Force, supra note 1 at para. 45.
41
41 Ibid, at para. 63.
42
42 Ibid, at para. 77.
43
43 Ibid, at para. 113.
44
44 Legality of Use of Force, supra note 1 at para. 108.
45
45 Ibid, at para. 112.
46
46 Ibid, at paras. 99–112.
47
47 See ibid, at para. 108, referring to S.S. “Wimbledon” case ([1923] P.C.I.J.,
Series A, No. 1,6) and Certain German Interests in Polish Upper Silesia ([1925]
P.C.I J., Series A, No. 6).
48
48 Legality of Use of Force, supra note 1 at para. 108.
49
49 Vice-President Ranjeva and Judges Guillaume, Higgins, Kooijmans,
Al-Khasawneh, Buergenthal, and Elaraby.
50
50 Case Concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and
Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia
(Serbia and Montenegro), Order of 7 October, [1993] I.C.J. Rep. 470 [Bosnia
case].
51
51 Resolution 777, supra note 13.
52
52 See Bosnia case, supra note 50, Application of 20 March 1993, at para. 101.
In the course of the proceedings respecting provisional measures of protection,
the applicant attempted to invoke additional bases of jurisdiction, namely a
1919 treaty, a 1992 letter to the Arbitration Commission of the International
Conference for Peace in Yugoslavia, forum prorogatum, and the Customary and
Conventional International Laws of War and International Humanitarian Law. None
of these were considered to provide a prima facie basis of jurisdiction, and
they were definitively rejected in the Preliminary Objections judgment. See
Order of 13 September 1993, respecting Further Requests for the Indication of
Provisional Measures, at paras. 26–32 and the Judgment of 11 July 1996 on
Preliminary Objections, at para. 41.
53
53 See ibid., Application, at para. 135.
54
54 Ibid., Order of 8 April 1993, at para. 19.
55
55 Ibid., Judgment of 11 July 1996 on Preliminary Objections, para. 34.
56
56 Ibid, at para. 73.
57
57 Ibid., Order of 8 April 1993, at para. 18.
58
58 Ibid. at para. 96.
59
59 Ibid. at para. 9.
60
60 Fisheries Jurisdiction (Spain v. Canada), supra note 21; Bosnia case, supra
note 50 at para. 37.
61
61 Bosnia case, supra note 50 at para. 45.
62
62 Legality of Use of Force, supra note 1 at para. 73.
63
63 Application for Revision case, supra 36, Joint Declaration, at para. 10.
64
64 Case Concerning the Application of the Convention on the Prevention and
Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia and Montenegro), Order of
14 September, [1999] I.C.J. Rep. 1015 [Croatia case].
65
65 See Legality of Use of Force supra note 1 at para. 39.
66
66 Ibid., Joint Declaration of Vice-President Ranjeva and Judges Guillaume,
Higgins, Kooijmans, Al-khasawneh, Buergenthal and Elaraby, at para. 13.
67
67 Ibid, at paras. 36 and 37.
68
68 There are fifteen permanent judges, but Judge Simma did not participate.
69
69 Legality of Use of Force, supra note l, Joint Declaration, at para. 1.
70
70 Ibid., Judgment, at para. 97. The quotation refers to Land and Maritime
Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, [1998] I.C.J. Rep. 292 at para. 28). Article 59 of the ICJ
Statute, supra note 6, provides that “[t]he decision of the Court has no binding
force except between the parties and in respect of that particular case.”
71
71 Legality of Use of Force, supra note 1, Joint Declaration, at para. 3.
72
72 Ibid.
73
73 Ibid, at para. 12.
74
74 Ibid, at para. 13.
75
75 Case Concerning Certain Property (Liechtenstein v. Germany), Judgement of 10
February 2005, available at <www.icj-cij.org>.
76
76 Article 1 of the European Convention for the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes
of 29 April 1957, entered into force between Germany and Liechtenstein on 18
February 1980. See Preliminary Objections of Germany in this case of 27 June
2002, para. 65 on the court website at <www.icj-cij.org>. The court decided that
the dispute was ultimately rooted in events that took place in 1945 and not in
judicial decisions of the German courts during the 1990s.
77
77 See Legality of Use of Force, supra note 1, Judgment of 10 February 2005, at
paras. 41–46.
78
78 See ibid., Separate Opinion of Judge Kooijmans, at para. 13 and Separate
Opinion of Judge Higgins, at paras. 11–16.
79
79 Ibid, at paras. 30–31.
80
80 Ibid, at paras. 13–14.
81
81 Ibid, at paras. 12 and 16.
82
82 Ibid, at para. 11.
83
83 Ibid, at para. 17 [emphasis added].
84
84 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1155 U.N.T.S. 331.
85
85 Legality of Use of Force, supra note 1 at para. 108.
86
86 Ibid., Separate Opinion of Judge Elaraby, at part III.
87
87 Ibid, at para. 112 [emphasis added].
88
88 Colleen Swords is Legal Adviser, Foreign Affairs Canada and was Agent for
Canada in this case. Alan Willis was Counsel and Advocate for the government of
Canada in this case. The views expressed in this comment are those of the
authors only and do not necessarily represent the views of the government of
Canada.
1 Cited by
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RELATED CONTENT
AI-generated results: by UNSILO [Opens in a new window]
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE: YUGOSLAVIA V. BELGIUM
Type Article Title International Court of Justice: Yugoslavia v. Belgium Authors
Journal International Legal Materials
Published online: 27 February 2017
THE JUDGMENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE IN THE “GENOCIDE” CASE
BETWEEN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA V. SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO
Type Article Title The Judgment of the International Court of Justice in the
“Genocide” Case Between Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro Authors
Antoine Ollivier Journal International Legal Materials
Published online: 27 February 2017
APPLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF
RACIAL DISCRIMINATION (QATAR V. UNITED ARAB EMIRATES)
Type Article Title Application of the International Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Qatar v. United Arab
Emirates) Authors Journal International Law Reports
Published online: 10 May 2024
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE (ICJ): LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE (SERBIA AND
MONTENEGRO V. PORTUGAL, UNITED KINGDOM, NETHERLANDS, ITALY, GERMANY, CANADA,
FRANCE, BELGIUM)*
Type Article Title International Court of Justice (ICJ): Legality of Use of
Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Portugal, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Italy,
Germany, Canada, France, Belgium)* Authors Journal International Legal Materials
Published online: 27 February 2017
THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
Type Chapter Title The International Court of Justice Authors Malcolm N. Shaw
Journal International Law
Published online: 21 June 2018
USE OF FORCE AND ARMS CONTROL
Type Chapter Title Use of Force and Arms Control Authors Sean D. Murphy
Journal United States Practice in International Law
Published online: 10 December 2009
STATE RESPONSIBILITY AND THE ROLE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
Type Chapter Title State responsibility and the role of the International Court
of Justice Authors William A. Schabas Journal Genocide in International Law
Published online: 7 July 2009
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE (II): LAW AND PROCEDURE OF THE COURT
Type Chapter Title International Court of Justice (II): Law and Procedure of the
Court Authors Yoshifumi Tanaka Journal The Peaceful Settlement of
International Disputes
Published online: 21 June 2018
THE STRANGE STORY OF THE BOSNIAN GENOCIDE CASE
Type Article Title The Strange Story of the Bosnian Genocide Case Authors VOJIN
DIMITRIJEVIĆ and MARKO MILANOVIĆ Journal Leiden Journal of International Law
Published online: 1 March 2008
APPLICATION OF THE CONVENTION ON THE PREVENTION AND PUNISHMENT OF THE CRIME OF
GENOCIDE (CROATIA V. SERBIA) (I.C.J.)
Type Article Title Application of the Convention on the Prevention and
Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia) (I.C.J.) Authors Larissa
Van Den Herik Journal International Legal Materials
Published online: 20 January 2017
CITED BY
Loading...
Cited by
* 1
*
Crossref Citations
THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY THE FOLLOWING PUBLICATIONS. THIS LIST IS
GENERATED BASED ON DATA PROVIDED BY CROSSREF.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Jockel, Joseph and Sokolsky, Joel 2022. Canada in NATO, 1949-2019. American
Review of Canadian Studies, Vol. 52, Issue. 2, p. 193.
* CrossRef
* Google Scholar
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Google Scholar Citations
View all Google Scholar citations for this article.
×
OUR SITE
* Accessibility
* Contact & Help
* Legal Notices
OUR PLATFORMS
* Cambridge Core
* Cambridge Open Engage
* Cambridge Higher Education
OUR PRODUCTS
* Journals
* Books
* Elements
* Textbooks
* Courseware
JOIN US ONLINE
*
*
*
*
*
Location
Please choose a valid location.
Update
Legal Information
* Rights & Permissions
* Copyright
* Privacy Notice
* Terms of Use
* Cookies Policy
Cambridge University Press 2024
Cancel
Confirm
×
SAVE ARTICLE TO KINDLE
To send this article to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is
added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal
Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon
account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out
more about sending to your Kindle. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.
Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com
variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your
device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even
when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.
Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.
The Decision of the International Court of Justice in the Case Concerning
Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Canada)
* Volume 42
* Colleen Swords (a1) and Alan Willis (a1)
* DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0069005800008547
Your Kindle email address
Please provide your Kindle email.
@free.kindle.com @kindle.com (service fees apply)
Available formats PDF Please select a format to save.
By using this service, you agree that you will only keep content for personal
use, and will not openly distribute them via Dropbox, Google Drive or other file
sharing services Please confirm that you accept the terms of use.
Cancel
Save
×
SAVE ARTICLE TO DROPBOX
To save this article to your Dropbox account, please select one or more formats
and confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first
time you used this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to
connect with your Dropbox account. Find out more about saving content to
Dropbox.
The Decision of the International Court of Justice in the Case Concerning
Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Canada)
* Volume 42
* Colleen Swords (a1) and Alan Willis (a1)
* DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0069005800008547
Available formats PDF Please select a format to save.
By using this service, you agree that you will only keep content for personal
use, and will not openly distribute them via Dropbox, Google Drive or other file
sharing services Please confirm that you accept the terms of use.
Cancel
Save
×
SAVE ARTICLE TO GOOGLE DRIVE
To save this article to your Google Drive account, please select one or more
formats and confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is
the first time you used this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge
Core to connect with your Google Drive account. Find out more about saving
content to Google Drive.
The Decision of the International Court of Justice in the Case Concerning
Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Canada)
* Volume 42
* Colleen Swords (a1) and Alan Willis (a1)
* DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0069005800008547
Available formats PDF Please select a format to save.
By using this service, you agree that you will only keep content for personal
use, and will not openly distribute them via Dropbox, Google Drive or other file
sharing services Please confirm that you accept the terms of use.
Cancel
Save
×
×
REPLY TO: SUBMIT A RESPONSE
Title * Please enter a title for your response.
Contents * Contents help
Close Contents help
- No HTML tags allowed
- Web page URLs will display as text only
- Lines and paragraphs break automatically
- Attachments, images or tables are not permitted
Please enter your response.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
YOUR DETAILS
First name * Please enter your first name.
Last name * Please enter your last name.
Email * Email help
Close Email help
Your email address will be used in order to notify you when your comment has
been reviewed by the moderator and in case the author(s) of the article or the
moderator need to contact you directly.
Please enter a valid email address.
Occupation Please enter your occupation.
Affiliation Please enter any affiliation.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
YOU HAVE ENTERED THE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF CONTRIBUTORS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CONFLICTING INTERESTS
Do you have any conflicting interests? * Conflicting interests help
Close Conflicting interests help
Please list any fees and grants from, employment by, consultancy for, shared
ownership in or any close relationship with, at any time over the preceding 36
months, any organisation whose interests may be affected by the publication of
the response. Please also list any non-financial associations or interests
(personal, professional, political, institutional, religious or other) that a
reasonable reader would want to know about in relation to the submitted work.
This pertains to all the authors of the piece, their spouses or partners.
Yes No
More information * Please enter details of the conflict of interest or select
'No'.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Please tick the box to confirm you agree to our Terms of use. *
Please accept terms of use.
Please tick the box to confirm you agree that your name, comment and conflicts
of interest (if accepted) will be visible on the website and your comment may be
printed in the journal at the Editor’s discretion. *
Please confirm you agree that your details will be displayed.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CITATION TOOLS
Copy and paste a formatted citation or download in your chosen format
Loading citation...
×