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104.90.110.247
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Submitted URL: https://map.avnet.com/NzMwLU5TVC05ODgAAAGBH8oj33tLfgDVRii0GI93Hd8mBHgrzqZ7iNhcL3KvxA4etZKBayLvM4_rF_9nD_heFL3yk3s=
Effective URL: https://www.avnet.com/wps/portal/us/resources/article/how-designing-for-5g-brings-many-interconnect-challenges/?utm_ca...
Submission: On December 03 via api from US — Scanned from DE
Effective URL: https://www.avnet.com/wps/portal/us/resources/article/how-designing-for-5g-brings-many-interconnect-challenges/?utm_ca...
Submission: On December 03 via api from US — Scanned from DE
Form analysis 5 forms found in the DOM
Name: CatalogSearchForm — GET https://www.avnet.com/shop/SearchDisplay
<form id="avnsearchBox" name="CatalogSearchForm" method="get" action="https://www.avnet.com/shop/SearchDisplay" class="navbar-form navbar-left search-form">
<input name="storeId" value="715839035" type="hidden">
<input name="catalogId" value="10001" type="hidden">
<input name="langId" value="-1" type="hidden">
<input name="countryId" type="hidden" value="us">
<input name="deflangId" value="-1" type="hidden">
<input name="sType" value="SimpleSearch" type="hidden">
<input name="resultCatEntryType" value="2" type="hidden">
<input name="searchSource" value="Q" type="hidden">
<input name="searchType" value="100" type="hidden">
<input name="searchSeoUrl" value="https://www.avnet.com/shop/us/search/" type="hidden">
<input name="avnSearchType" value="all" type="hidden" id="avnSearchType">
<input type="hidden" value="https://www.avnet.com/shop/us" id="shopHomePageURL">
<!--qc#22591 new file--><!-- MYCAtalogTest: false -->
<div class="form-group">
<div id="searchText" class="search-icon-right">
<input type="hidden" id="catalogType" value="">
<label for="searchInput"><span class="sr-only">Search Input Field</span></label>
<input type="text" id="searchInput" onkeyup="Avnet.Header.search(event, this);" onkeydown="Avnet.AutoSuggest.scrollDown(event,this)" class="form-control" value="" placeholder="Enter keyword, item, model or part number." name="searchTerm"
autocomplete="off">
<input id="searchInputValue" type="hidden" value="">
<img id="cross_img" class="cross_img hideAutoSuggest" src="" alt="" style="display: none !important;">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default search-icon-change search-icon-new" onclick="javascript:SearchJS.searchButtonClick('Enter keyword, item, model or part number.');"
onkeypress="javascript:SearchJS.searchButtonClick('Enter keyword, item, model or part number.');">
<svg id="searchIcon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="1em" height="1em"
style="-ms-transform: rotate(360deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(360deg); transform: rotate(360deg);" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 1664 1664">
<path
d="M1152 704q0-185-131.5-316.5T704 256T387.5 387.5T256 704t131.5 316.5T704 1152t316.5-131.5T1152 704zm512 832q0 52-38 90t-90 38q-54 0-90-38l-343-342q-179 124-399 124q-143 0-273.5-55.5t-225-150t-150-225T0 704t55.5-273.5t150-225t225-150T704 0t273.5 55.5t225 150t150 225T1408 704q0 220-124 399l343 343q37 37 37 90z">
</path>
<rect x="0" y="0" width="1664" height="1664" fill="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)"></rect>
<style>
#searchIcon {
fill: #000
}
@media (max-width:767px) {
#searchIcon {
fill: #fff
}
}
</style>
</svg>
<span class="sr-only">Submit</span>
</button>
<a href="#" onkeypress="Avnet.Header.closeSearch(event, this);" onclick="Avnet.Header.closeSearch(event, this);" class="hide close-search" id="close_search">
<i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
<span class="sr-only">Close Search</span>
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div id="searchDropdown">
<div id="autosuggest" class="hideAutoSuggest">
<div class="header-search-results ipad-search-result hide" id="header-search-results">
<div class="suggestions-list">
<div class="scrollbar-inner searchAutoSuggest">
<div id="suggestion" class="suggestion" style="display:none;">
</div>
<span id="auto-suggest-parts-dspl"></span>
<span id="auto-suggest-parts-tmpl" style="display:none;">
{{#ctg}}
<div class="suggestion">
{{#Category.0}}
<div class="title">Search Suggestions</div>
{{/Category.0}}
{{#Category}}
<div id="list_{{count}}">
<div class="item">
<div class="desc">{{searchTerm}} in<a href="https://www.avnet.com/shop/us{{avn_cat_seo_path}}" rel="nofollow" class="autosuggestion_link remove-outline" onkeydown="Avnet.AutoSuggest.scrollDown(event,this)" id="autosuggest_{{count}}" tabindex="0">
{{name}}</a></div>
</div>
</div>
{{/Category}}
</div>
<div class="suggestion">
{{#Manufacturers.0}}
<div class="title">Manufacturers</div>
{{/Manufacturers.0}}
{{#Manufacturers}}
<div id="list_{{count}}">
<div class="item">
<div class="desc">
<a href="https://www.avnet.com/shop/us{{avn_mfg_seo_path}}" rel="nofollow" class="autosuggestion_link remove-outline" onkeydown="Avnet.AutoSuggest.scrollDown(event,this)" id="autosuggest_{{count}}" tabindex="0">{{name}}</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
{{/Manufacturers}}
</div>
{{/ctg}}
{{#prt}}
<div class="suggestion">
{{#DocumentList.0}}
<div class="title">Recommended Parts</div>
{{/DocumentList.0}}
{{#DocumentList}}
<div id="list_{{count}}">
<div class="item">
<div class="link">
{{#avn_pdp_seo_path}}
<a href="https://www.avnet.com/shop/us/{{avn_pdp_seo_path}}?fromPage=autoSuggest&langId=-1&autoSuggestSearchTerm={{middlePart}}" rel="nofollow">
<div id="autosuggest_{{count}}" tabindex="0" class="autosuggest_link remove-outline" onkeydown="Avnet.AutoSuggest.scrollDown(event,this)">{{firstPart}}<span class="text-bold">{{middlePart}}</span>{{lastPart}}</div>
<div class="subtext">{{mfName_ntk}}</div>
<div class="desc">{{shortDescription}}</div>
</a>
{{/avn_pdp_seo_path}}
{{^avn_pdp_seo_path}}
<a href="https://www.avnet.com/shop/us/ProductDisplay?countryId=us&deflangId=-1&catalogId=10001&langId=-1&storeId=715839035&productId={{catentry_id}}&fromPage=autoSuggest&langId=-1&autoSuggestSearchTerm={{middlePart}}" rel="nofollow">
<div id="autosuggest_{{count}}" tabindex="0" class="autosuggest_link remove-outline" onkeydown="Avnet.AutoSuggest.scrollDown(event,this)">{{firstPart}}<span class="text-bold">{{middlePart}}</span>{{lastPart}}</div>
<div class="subtext">{{mfName_ntk}}</div>
<div class="desc">{{shortDescription}}</div>
</a>
{{/avn_pdp_seo_path}}
</div>
</div>
</div>
{{/DocumentList}}
</div>
{{/prt}}
{{#doc}}
<div class="suggestion">
{{#webContentView.0}}
<div class="title">Documents</div>
{{/webContentView.0}}
{{#webContentView}}
<div id="list_{{count}}">
<div class="item">
{{#name}}
<div class="desc"><a href="{{assetLink}}" rel="nofollow" id="autosuggest_{{count}}" class="autosuggestion_link remove-outline" onkeydown="Avnet.AutoSuggest.scrollDown(event,this)" target="_blank">{{name}}</a></div>
{{/name}}
{{^name}}
<div class="desc"><a href="{{assetLink}}" rel="nofollow" id="autosuggest_{{count}}" class="autosuggestion_link remove-outline" onkeydown="Avnet.AutoSuggest.scrollDown(event,this)" target="_blank">{{longdesc}}</a></div>
{{/name}}
</div>
</div>
{{/webContentView}}
</div>
{{/doc}}
{{#vid}}
<div class="suggestion">
{{#webContentView.0}}
<div class="title">Videos</div>
{{/webContentView.0}}
{{#webContentView}}
<div id="list_{{count}}">
<div class="item">
<div class="desc"><a href="{{videoURL}}" rel="nofollow" id="autosuggest_{{count}}" class="autosuggestion_link remove-outline" onkeydown="Avnet.AutoSuggest.scrollDown(event,this)">{{name}}</a></div>
</div>
</div>
{{/webContentView}}
</div>
{{/vid}}
{{#oth}}
<div class="suggestion">
{{#webContentView.0}}
<div class="title">More</div>
{{/webContentView.0}}
{{#webContentView}}
<div id="list_{{count}}">
<div class="item">
<div class="desc"><a href="{{url}}" rel="nofollow" id="autosuggest_{{count}}" class="autosuggestion_link remove-outline" onkeydown="Avnet.AutoSuggest.scrollDown(event,this)">{{name}}</a></div>
</div>
</div>
{{/webContentView}}
</div>
{{/oth}}
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<span id="autoSuggestCachedSuggestions_div_ACCE_Label" class="spanacce" style="height: 1px;overflow: hidden;position: absolute;top: -1px;width: 1px;"> Suggested site content and search history menu </span>
<div dojotype="wc.widget.RefreshArea" widgetid="AutoSuggestCachedSuggestions" controllerid="AutoSuggestCachedSuggestionsController" id="autoSuggestCachedSuggestions_div" role="region" aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="true" aria-relevant="all"
aria-labelledby="autoSuggestCachedSuggestions_div_ACCE_Label" class="dijitContentPane"></div>
</form>POST /shop/SetCurrencyPreference
<form id="SetLanguageCurrencyPreferenceForm" class="hide" action="/shop/SetCurrencyPreference" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="storeId" value="715839035"> <input type="hidden" name="catalogId" value="10001"> <input type="hidden"
id="languageSelectionHidden" name="langId" value=""> <input type="hidden" id="currencySelectionHidden" name="currency" value="USD"> <input type="hidden" id="WC_SidebarDisplay_FormInput_URL_1" name="URL" value=""></form>POST /shop/LogonForm?countryId=us&deflangId=-1&catalogId=10001&langId=-1&storeId=715839035
<form id="listing" action="/shop/LogonForm?countryId=us&deflangId=-1&catalogId=10001&langId=-1&storeId=715839035" method="post">
<input type="hidden" id="currUrl" name="URL" value="">
<a rel="nofollow" href="#" alt="Sign In / Register" class="top-nav-toggle dropdown-toggle hidden-xs hidden-sm" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">
<span>
SIGN IN</span>
<span class="caret-down"></span></a>
<div class="dropdown-menu accounts-menu down-arrow">
<div class="header">
<div class="title"> MY AVNET </div>
<div class="subtitle"> Sign In To Unlock All Features </div>
</div>
<button onclick="javascript:AvnPopdownJS.callURL();" onkeypress="javascript:AvnPopdownJS.callURL();" class="button-green sign-in button-green-new">
<span class="fa fa-unlock-alt "></span>
<a class="button-text " aria-label="button-text">SIGN IN / REGISTER</a>
</button>
<ul class="list">
<li class="disabled"><a href="#" class="capitalize">Dashboard<span class="fa fa-lock"></span></a></li>
<li class="disabled"><a href="#" class="capitalize">PROFILE<span class="fa fa-lock"></span></a></li>
<li class="disabled"><a href="#" class="reset">Activity Center<span class="fa fa-lock"></span></a></li>
<li><a href="/shop/BomManagerView?countryId=us&deflangId=-1&catalogId=10001&langId=-1&storeId=715839035" class="black">BOMS</a></li>
<li class="disabled"><a href="#" class="capitalize">ORDERS<span class="fa fa-lock"></span></a></li>
<li class="disabled"><a href="#" class="capitalize">REPORTS<span class="fa fa-lock"></span></a></li>
<li class="disabled"><a href="#" class="capitalize">QUOTES<span class="fa fa-lock"></span></a></li>
<li class="disabled"><a href="#" class="capitalize">BOOKMARKS<span class="fa fa-lock"></span></a></li>
<li class="disabled"><a href="#">PO Upload (Beta)<span class="fa fa-lock"></span></a></li>
<li><a href="/shop/QuickBuyView?countryId=us&deflangId=-1&catalogId=10001&langId=-1&storeId=715839035" class="black reset">Quick Buy</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</form><form>
<div class="row block-buttons">
<div class="col-sm-12">
<fieldset id="mini-shop-cart-display">
<legend style="display:none">Mini Shop Cart Display</legend>
<input type="button" name="cancel-cart-clear" id="cancel-cart-clear-button" is="cancel-cart-clear" aria-label="cancel-cart-clear" class="cancel-btn button-white text-right" value="Cancel">
<input type="button" onclick="javaScript:clearCart('');javaScript:closeClearCartModal();" onkeypress="javaScript:clearCart('');javaScript:closeClearCartModal();" name="submit-cart-clear" id="submit-cart-clear" aria-label="submit-cart-clear"
class="button-green text-right" value="CONTINUE">
</fieldset>
</div>
</div>
</form>POST /shop/LogonForm?countryId=us&deflangId=-1&catalogId=10001&langId=-1&storeId=715839035
<form id="listing" action="/shop/LogonForm?countryId=us&deflangId=-1&catalogId=10001&langId=-1&storeId=715839035" method="post">
<input type="hidden" id="currUrl" name="URL" value="">
<div class="header clearfix">
<div class="title"> MY AVNET </div>
<div class="subtitle"> Sign In To Unlock All Features </div>
</div>
<button class="button-green sign-in">
<span class="fa fa-unlock-alt"></span>
<a href="javascript:callURL();" class="button-text">SIGN IN / REGISTER</a>
</button>
<ul class="list">
<li class="disabled"><a href="#" class="capitalize">Dashboard<span class="fa fa-lock"></span></a></li>
<li class="disabled"><a href="#" class="capitalize">PROFILE<span class="fa fa-lock"></span></a></li>
<li class="disabled"><a href="#" class="reset">Activity Center<span class="fa fa-lock"></span></a></li>
<li><a href="/shop/BomManagerView?countryId=us&deflangId=-1&catalogId=10001&langId=-1&storeId=715839035" class="black">BOMS</a></li>
<li class="disabled"><a href="#" class="capitalize">ORDERS<span class="fa fa-lock"></span></a></li>
<li class="disabled"><a href="#" class="capitalize">REPORTS<span class="fa fa-lock"></span></a></li>
<li class="disabled"><a href="#" class="capitalize">QUOTES<span class="fa fa-lock"></span></a></li>
<li class="disabled"><a href="#" class="capitalize">BOOKMARKS<span class="fa fa-lock"></span></a></li>
<li><a href="/shop/AvnPODashboardView?countryId=us&deflangId=-1&catalogId=10001&langId=-1&storeId=715839035" class="black reset">PO Upload (Beta)</a></li>
<li><a href="/shop/QuickBuyView?countryId=us&deflangId=-1&catalogId=10001&langId=-1&storeId=715839035" class="black reset">Quick Buy</a></li>
</ul>
</form>Text Content
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Search Input Field Submit Close Search
{{#ctg}}
{{#Category.0}}
Search Suggestions
{{/Category.0}} {{#Category}}
{{searchTerm}} in {{name}}
{{/Category}}
{{#Manufacturers.0}}
Manufacturers
{{/Manufacturers.0}} {{#Manufacturers}}
{{name}}
{{/Manufacturers}}
{{/ctg}} {{#prt}}
{{#DocumentList.0}}
Recommended Parts
{{/DocumentList.0}} {{#DocumentList}}
{{#avn_pdp_seo_path}}
{{firstPart}}{{middlePart}}{{lastPart}}
{{mfName_ntk}}
{{shortDescription}}
{{/avn_pdp_seo_path}} {{^avn_pdp_seo_path}}
{{firstPart}}{{middlePart}}{{lastPart}}
{{mfName_ntk}}
{{shortDescription}}
{{/avn_pdp_seo_path}}
{{/DocumentList}}
{{/prt}} {{#doc}}
{{#webContentView.0}}
Documents
{{/webContentView.0}} {{#webContentView}}
{{#name}}
{{name}}
{{/name}} {{^name}}
{{longdesc}}
{{/name}}
{{/webContentView}}
{{/doc}} {{#vid}}
{{#webContentView.0}}
Videos
{{/webContentView.0}} {{#webContentView}}
{{name}}
{{/webContentView}}
{{/vid}} {{#oth}}
{{#webContentView.0}}
More
{{/webContentView.0}} {{#webContentView}}
{{name}}
{{/webContentView}}
{{/oth}}
Suggested site content and search history menu
* AMERICAS
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* AVNET ABACUS
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Currency
Select Your Preferred Currency
* ** This currency is only for display purpose
* USD (US Dollar)
* BRL (Brazilian Real)
* CAD (Canadian Dollar)
* CNY (Chinese Yuan)
* EUR (Euro)
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* JPY (Japanese Yen)
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* Dashboard
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* Current Order
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ITEM(S)
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reversible.
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ARTICLE
THE 5G INTERCONNECT DESIGN CHALLENGES AND THEIR SOLUTIONS
14. Oktober 2021
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Connectivity & communications Interconnect Passives & Electromechanical 5G
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Momentum around 5G continues to build, bringing challenges and opportunities in
equal measure. Avnet spoke with Molex Global Product Manager Mike Hansen to find
out more about the role copper interconnect plays in the development of the next
high-speed cellular network.
In the world of interconnect, there’s RF, there’s optical and there’s copper.
With our thirst for more data there would seem to be a general trend towards
moving as much of the data traffic into the optical domain, due in large part to
the benefits it brings, like EMI resistance and high speeds.
However, as anyone involved at any level with the manufacturing industry knows,
cost plays a large part in the design decision.
Of the three modals mentioned above, only one can deliver both power and data
and for that reason it will always be necessary. But are we seeing the end of
copper interconnect for data?
THE COST OF 5G PERFORMANCE
Mike Hansen provides the cellular context to this question. “The old way was the
passive antenna, with coax cables running down to a large baseband unit, where
it would be demodulated and converted to fiber for the long backhaul. With 4G,
operators started putting the remote radio heads up onto the pole, right below
the antennas. That’s when fiber down to the baseband unit started becoming
popular. With 5G there are a few major shifts. There are a lot more antennas
with massive MIMO, there are new frequency bands and it’s all a lot faster. So
in addition to bringing the remote radio head up into the antenna and it
becoming an active antenna unit, there’s just a lot going on in a relatively
small box.”
These massive arrays of antennas now need to be demodulated, converted from
analog to digital and then switched or routed until it gets to the fiber. “Of
course, the fiber is great for that long distance down the pole to the baseband
unit, but we’re still seeing quotes coming in for board-to-board and high-speed
mezzanine connectors because there are so many boards being packed into the
active antenna unit (AAU),” Hansen explained.
All the traditional copper-versus-fiber arguments still apply, but according to
Hansen, it’s becoming more of a hybrid solution. “Inside the box, we’re seeing
copper, and fiber outside the box over long distances. It’s a trade-off between
speed, density and cost,” he said. In terms of density, copper still wins.
Technologies like Molex’s NearStack can support 16 differential pairs in one
connector in a very small footprint.
The trend for higher speed is now to route over twinax rather than use PCB
traces because it avoids a lot of signal loss. Some of the companies designing
and using high-speed switching chips, SERDES and ASICs don’t want to route
through a board and introduce a lot of loss. Using twinax is a good solution to
that.
“We might see a NearStack connector being right next to the chip on the board
and going right out to a QSFP [quad small form factor] connector, so you have
very little loss in the board because the traces are so short,” Hansen said.
While PCB manufacturers are constantly improving their own technologies, flame
retardant 4 (FR4) remains the dominant material. Although options including
Mooring Equipment Guidelines 4 (MEG4), MEG6 and MEG7 are aimed at high-speed
signalling, they are less common and more expensive. Using twinax to bypass the
PCB is becoming popular as it effectively creates an overpass for data that can
travel in a relatively straight line from point to point, instead of being
routed using orthogonal PCB traces and perhaps moving between multiple layers
through vias.
> "Our job is to move high-speed signals from one place to another, so
> understanding how these systems are architected helps us build solutions that
> do that." — Molex Global Product Manager Mike Hansen
THE HIGH-SPEED INTERFACE
Moving from non-return to zero (NRZ) to Pulse Amplitude Modulation 4-level
(PAM-4) and 56 Gbps to 112 Gbps is also an important design consideration. The
move to 5G will soon rely more on routing these high-speed signals. “We’re
certainly designing with that in mind. Even if manufacturers don’t go full 56 or
112 Gbps PAM-4 today, at least we will have the connectors ready for it,” Hansen
said.
Hansen sees this as another advantage of connectorizing a system, as it provides
inherent modularity. “You can swap in cards or better silicon a few years later
quite easily when you connectorize. Let me put it this way: Any new connector we
develop for NearStack will be 112 Gbps, PAM-4 capable.”
There is no single trick to designing a connector with this level of
performance. Hansen explained that Molex looks at the entire channel. This
includes how it is inserted into the PCB, the geometry of the connector’s beams,
how the dielectric is placed between the beams, the spacing and the mating
interface. “We look at it from end to end,” he said. “It helps that we’ve been
doing this for 30 years. As speeds have gone up, we’ve evolved our geometries to
meet the demand for speed while maintaining the density requirements.”
CABLE ASSEMBLY INNOVATIONS
There has also been innovation to cable assembly solutions. “We have created a
unique direct-to-contact weld termination in which the wires are directly welded
to the signal contact. This makes it highly repeatable, which is great for SI.
The other thing we do is use high-performance twinax.” Molex also owns a twinax
manufacturer, so is in a good position to avoid supply chain issues associated
with sourcing materials.
The connectors are modelled before going to production, with testing and
adjustments made throughout the process to optimize for SI. According to Hansen,
this has become a core design tenet for Molex. The company also does a lot of
simulation on the front end, making it easier for an SI engineer to take a cable
assembly model, put it into their own system model and see how it performs. This
means the entire high-speed channel can be simulated. According to Hansen, the
experience for customers has been that the real-world results match up with the
simulation.
Molex provides all its models and S-parameters for its connectors to customers
to enable this level of design simulation. Providing models is rapidly becoming
the cost of entry when supplying manufacturers using high-speed signals. That
extends to models for the cable assemblies at all lengths.
One of the unique connector solutions that Molex now offers is the NearStack
On-the-Substrate option. As the name suggests, this puts the connector directly
on the chip’s substrate. This may sound really cool (because it is) but it also
has a lot of unique design challenges. For that reason, it takes a lot of close
collaboration with the customer and it is really aimed at customers developing
their own chips and chassis so they can implement that level of direct
connection.
The performance of the On-the-Substrate connector is, understandably, really
good. However, and also understandably, many customers are just not in a
position to mount the connector directly on the substrate. The solution to that,
sampling soon, is the NearStack HD. This offers the same performance but mounts
on the PCB rather than the substrate. “We’re calling it ‘near-chip placement’
rather than ‘on-chip placement,’ ”Hansen said. It means you can now put the
high-speed connector on the PCB, making it easier to use. It will also help fill
in the NearStack portfolio.
Click here to find out more about the NearStack product family and the entire
Molex portfolio available from Avnet.
Dive deeper into 5G
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