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AI JUST DECIPHERED PART OF AN ‘UNREADABLE’ ANCIENT SCROLL. HERE’S WHAT IT SAYS.

The Herculaneum scrolls were so badly damaged in the A.D 79 eruption of Vesuvius
that scholars feared the ancient library was lost forever. That just
changed—with help from technology and a $1 million prize.

A carbonized papyrus scroll unearthed from a villa in the wealthy town of
Herculaneum, destroyed by the eruption of Vesuvius in A.D. 79. Researchers have
announced a major step forward in "reading" the texts recorded inside these
brittle husks—which may inclu...Show moreShow more
Photograph by EduceLab
BySarah Kuta
Published February 6, 2024
• 13 min read
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With the help of artificial intelligence, researchers are now able to read
2,000-year-old passages of text from a scroll charred in the A.D. 79 eruption of
Vesuvius that was long considered unreadable. The breakthrough was announced
Monday by the organizers of the Vesuvius Challenge, a global competition
offering more than $1 million in prize money for significant benchmarks in
applying machine learning techniques to coaxing long-lost texts from the famed
Herculaneum scrolls, an ancient library assumed to be lost forever.

Roughly 1,800 papyrus scrolls—believed to contain literary and philosophical
works from the first and second centuries B.C.—were discovered by workers
digging up the ancient town of Herculaneum near Pompeii in 1752. The scrolls had
been reduced to brittle, charred lumps by the heat and gasses of the eruption,
and the ones that workers didn’t throw away more than 250 years ago have largely
languished since then in storerooms, written off as indecipherable curiosities.

Technological developments over the past two decades have helped researchers get
closer to being able to “read” the fragile scrolls. But only the very recent
acceleration of artificial intelligence and computing have finally made it
possible to begin unlocking their secrets—all without opening them.



This week, the Silicon Valley investor-backed Challenge awarded its latest
installment, $700,000, to a team of three competitors—an American college
student, an Egyptian graduate student in Germany, and a Swiss robotics
engineer—who worked together to reveal 15 columns of text totalling more than
2,000 characters from an intact scroll.


EPICUREAN DELIGHTS

Papyrologists have produced a preliminary transcript of the newly revealed text,
which represents about 5 percent of the scroll’s content. They’re still working
to analyze the text, but shared a few snippets that amount to a “2,000-year-old
blog post about how to enjoy life,” according to the contest organizers. 


The Greek characters, πορφύραc, which spell the word "purple," are among the
characters and multiple lines of text that have been extracted by Vesuvius
Challenge contestants Luke Farritor and Youssef Nader. 
Photograph by Vesuvius Challenge
Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.

Based on what they’ve gleaned so far, papyrologists suspect the unnamed scribe
was Philodemus, a follower of the Greek philosopher Epicurus, who valued
pleasure above all else. One passage, for instance, contemplates how abundance
or scarcity might affect sources of pleasure like music and food. “We do not
right away believe things that are scarce to be absolutely more pleasant than
those which are abundant,” the author writes. 

Historians suspect Philodemus was the philosopher-in-residence at the
Herculaneum villa where the charred scrolls were found—a villa likely owned by
Julius Caesar’s father-in-law. The deciphered text mentions Xenophantos, for
instance, who may be the same musician Philodemus notes in other writings. The
author also criticized his adversaries—likely the Stoics—for having “nothing to
say about pleasure, either in general or in particular, when it is a question of
definition.”

‘The scrolls are readable’



The newly revealed passages build upon “πορφύραc,” a single word from the
scroll, which two of the three winning competitors revealed independently in
October. The colorful ancient Greek word refers to purple dye or purple-colored
clothes—a color closely associated with royalty and power. 

“We knew if we could read just one [scroll], then all the other ones would be
available with the same method or some augmented method,” says Brent Seales, a
computer scientist at the University of Kentucky who’s been trying to decode the
Herculaneum scrolls for the last 20 years and leads the university’s Digital
Restoration Initiative, said in October. “We are now proving not just to
ourselves but to the entire global community that the scrolls are readable.”

As they progress in deciphering the Herculaneum scrolls, researchers suspect
they’ll find many more Epicurean reflections. One scholar likened the villa’s
Epicurean-obsessed owner to “the sort of guy who collects every album of one
band and every cover of that band, but nothing else.”

But, beyond that, all scholars can do is make educated guesses—and draft their
wishlists. Perhaps the scrolls will contain other kinds of Greek philosophy,
such as works by Aristotle or Stoic texts. Or, maybe, some Latin literature or
the long-lost writings of authors like Sappho, Homer, and Sophocles.The scrolls
might also offer fresh insights about early Christianity, some researchers
suggest. But only time—and more virtual unwrapping and transcribing—will tell. 

A view of Herculaneum, a wealthy resort town on the western flank of Vesuvius,
was destroyed along with Pompeii in the A.D. 79 eruption.
Photograph by Ivan Romano, Getty Images
Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.



READING THE HERCULANEUM SCROLLS

Since the mid-1700s, people have made various attempts at reading some of the
less damaged scrolls from Herculaneum. One method involved cutting the scrolls
in half and scraping away layers one at a time to see the text inside; another
involved slowly unwinding the scrolls with a specially built machine. Though
these 18th and 19th century efforts did allow conservators to copy down some of
the words inside, they often damaged—or, worse, totally destroyed—many of the
scrolls in the process.

Between 500 and 600 carbonized scrolls from Herculaneum—kept in museum,
university and national collections in England, France and Italy—remain
unopened, though the exact figure is hard to estimate because many are
fragmented. The remaining scrolls are extremely brittle, which means physically
unrolling them is not a viable option. “If you drop one, it would shatter like
glass,” Seales explains.

Technological advancements since the early 2000s have helped researchers
overcome this hurdle, including using CT scans to make 3D images of ancient
scrolls. From there, Seales’ Digital Restoration Initiative team developed
software that could “virtually unwrap” the 3D images to produce flattened
segments. This method enabled them to read previously hidden text from the Ein
Gedi scroll, a charred and fragmented scroll from the Middle East dated to the
third or fourth century A.D.

When researchers tried to use this method to read the scrolls carbonized by
Vesuvius, however, they ran into another roadblock. The ink used on the Ein Gedi
scroll contained metal, which meant the letters were visible on the CT scan. The
Herculaneum scrolls, by contrast, were written with carbon-based ink, which, to
the human eye, makes the symbols indistinguishable from the carbonized papyrus
on the CT scans.

Undeterred, researchers wondered if higher-resolution scans of the scrolls
produced by a particle accelerator could provide an even more detailed view of
the carbonized papyrus. Sure enough, at very high resolutions, the scans
revealed visible areas where the ink slightly altered the shape and texture of
the papyrus fibers. “The carbon-based ink sort of fills in the holes that are
the grid of the papyrus—it coats them and makes them a little thicker,” says
Seales.



Seales and his Digital Restoration Initiative colleagues then developed and
trained a machine learning model to detect these subtle differences in the
carbonized papyrus surfaces. But to take the project any further, they needed
human beings to help. That’s where the Vesuvius Challenge comes in. Hoping to
harness the collective power of citizen scientists around the world, Seales
teamed up with Silicon Valley investors and put his team’s data, code, and
methods online for anyone to access. The challenge’s pitch? After 275 years, the
puzzle of the Herculaneum scrolls has been reduced to a software problem—one
that anyone, anywhere with access to a computer could, in theory, contribute to
solving.


CITIZEN SCIENCE

In March 2023, the Vesuvius Challenge team released thousands of 3D images of
two rolled-up scrolls from Herculaneum, as well as a machine-learning algorithm
trained to detect the invisible letters and symbols written on the layers of
carbonized papyrus. They also offered $1 million in prize money to incentivize
participants to build upon the AI technology and, ultimately, speed up the
deciphering.

Herculaneum scroll with red laser lines being 3D scanned at Institut de France
by Brent Seales and his team. The Herculaneum scrolls are among the most iconic
and inaccessible of the world’s vast collection of damaged manuscripts.
Photograph by EduceLab
Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.


Three competitors extracted the new columns of text working collaboratively:
Luke Farritor, an  undergraduate at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Youssef
Nader, a doctoral student at Freie Universität Berlin; and Julian Schilliger,
who recently earned his master’s degree in robotics from ETH Zürich. They split
the 2023 grand prize of $700,000 for being the first competitors to reveal at
least four separate passages of 140 characters each, with no more than 15
percent of the characters missing or illegible, by the end of 2023.

All three had won earlier prizes in the contest. Farritor and Nader shared the
$50,000 “first letters” prize for separately revealing πορφύραc (Farritor got
$40,000 for being first, while Nader got the remaining $10,000). Schilliger,
meanwhile, won three smaller progress prizes totaling $14,500.

Though the 2023 grand prize has been awarded, the contest is far from over.
Organizers have announced new incentives for 2024, including $100,000 for the
first person or team who can reveal 90 percent of the text in each of four
scrolls provided by the Challenge. This, organizers believe, will lay the
groundwork for eventually being able to read all of the ancient texts.

Citizen scientists can find everything they need online, from the history of the
scrolls themselves to downloadable data, algorithms, and tutorials. And while
the contest is open to anyone, it’s technical work that’s so far mostly
attracted computer scientists who are already well-versed in machine learning.
Competitors are helping advance the project forward by virtually unwrapping
additional sections of scrolls via software and methods developed by Seales;
they’re also working to improve the machine learning model by providing it with
additional training examples from the newly unwrapped digital segments of
papyrus.


CURIOSITY AND PRESTIGE

The competitors—an estimated 1,500 to 2,000 of them in total, according to
Seales—have done their part. In less than a year, they’ve made huge strides
toward solving a puzzle that has stymied people for centuries. “We’ve seen 10 or
20 person-years of work from these competitors,” says Seales.



So, what’s motivating the contestants to volunteer hours and hours of their time
toward the project? The prize money is a big factor but, on top of that, some
competitors are simply intrigued by the scrolls themselves. “When things were a
bit frustrating and things were not working, I felt like I was unable to give up
because I was just too curious—I really need to know what’s going on here,” says
Nader.

There’s also the allure of working on a project backed by Silicon Valley
entrepreneurs and investors. Former GitHub CEO Nat Friedman launched the
contest, along with venture capitalist Daniel Gross; other startup founders and
investors also chipped in prize money. “There’s kind of this Silicon Valley
prestige,” says Farritor, who spent last summer interning at SpaceX.

From here, the machine learning model should continue to improve even more and
reveal additional letters until, ideally, researchers will be able to decipher
all of the Herculaneum scrolls. These efforts could pave the way for future
excavation work at Herculaneum, where experts believe even more scrolls are
still buried—and more lost texts from ancient writers await.

“Some people might think, ‘What are you going to all that trouble for?’ but I
don’t believe that,” says Seales. “This is an amazing period in human history.
We’re talking about more works from that period. Yeah, I want more, I want it
all.”

This article was originally published on October 12, 2023 and has been updated
to reflect the latest prize awarded by the Vesuvius Challenge.

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   facilitate the transmission of the content or ad to your device.
   
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 * MATCH AND COMBINE DATA FROM OTHER DATA SOURCES 331 PARTNERS CAN USE THIS
   PURPOSE
   
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   Information about your activity on this service may be matched and combined
   with other information relating to you and originating from various sources
   (for instance your activity on a separate online service, your use of a
   loyalty card in-store, or your answers to a survey), in support of the
   purposes explained in this notice.

 * LINK DIFFERENT DEVICES 313 PARTNERS CAN USE THIS PURPOSE
   
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   In support of the purposes explained in this notice, your device might be
   considered as likely linked to other devices that belong to you or your
   household (for instance because you are logged in to the same service on both
   your phone and your computer, or because you may use the same Internet
   connection on both devices).

 * IDENTIFY DEVICES BASED ON INFORMATION TRANSMITTED AUTOMATICALLY 457 PARTNERS
   CAN USE THIS PURPOSE
   
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   Your device might be distinguished from other devices based on information it
   automatically sends when accessing the Internet (for instance, the IP address
   of your Internet connection or the type of browser you are using) in support
   of the purposes exposed in this notice.

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