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THROWING AN “AXION BOMB” INTO A BLACK HOLE COULD BREAK A FUNDAMENTAL LAW OF
PHYSICS

By Imperial College London on Jul 01, 2021Jul 03, 2021

This artist’s conception illustrates one of the most primitive supermassive
black holes known (central black dot) at the core of a young, star-rich galaxy.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech



New research shows how the fundamental law of conservation of charge could break
down near a black hole.

Singularities, such as those at the centre of black holes, where density becomes
infinite, are often said to be places where physics ‘breaks down’. However, this
doesn’t mean that ‘anything’ could happen, and physicists are interested in
which laws could break down, and how.

Now, a research team from Imperial College London, the Cockcroft Institute and
Lancaster University have proposed a way that singularities could violate the
law of conservation of charge. Their theory is published in Annalen der Physik.



Co-author Professor Martin McCall, from the Department of Physics at Imperial,
said: “’Physics breaks down at a singularity’ is one of the most famous
statements in pop-physics. But by showing how this might actually happen, we
take aim at one of the most cherished laws of physics: the conservation of
charge.”

DESTROYING CHARGE

The conservation of charge says that the total electric charge of any isolated
system – including the Universe as a whole – never changes. This means that if
negatively or positively charged particles move into one area, the same amount
of respectively charged particles must move out.

This has been shown at the very smallest scales: when different particles are
created or eliminated in experiments such as the Large Hadron Collider, the same
amount of negatively and positively charged particles are always produced or
destroyed, respectively.

Coupled axion and electromagnetic field. Credit: Imperial College London

Now, by modifying classic physics equations to include axions, a candidate for
dark matter, the team has been able to show that temporary singularities – such
as black holes that appear and then later evaporate – could destroy charge when
they come to the end of their life.



Axions are hypothetical particles that may explain dark matter – the ‘missing’
85 percent of the matter of the Universe. Their predicted properties could form
a field that would interact with the kind of fields physicists have known about
for centuries – electromagnetic fields, which are described by a set of
equations called Maxwell’s equations.

Using a branch of mathematics called differential geometry, the team found out
how to create or destroy charge, violating the charge conservation of the
Universe.

PHILOSOPHICAL IMPLICATIONS

Co-author Dr. Jonathan Gratus, from the Department of Physics at Lancaster
University, said: “You can imagine creating an ‘axion bomb’ that holds charge by
combining coupled axion and electromagnetic fields; and then dropping it into an
evaporating black hole. As the construction shrinks and disappears into the
singularity, it takes electrical charge with it.   It is the combination of a
temporary singularity and a newly proposed type of axion field that is crucial
to its success.”

Co-author Dr. Paul Kinsler, from the Department of Physics at Imperial, said:
“There are also philosophical implications. Although people often like to say
that physics ‘breaks down’, here we show that although exotic phenomena might
occur, what actually happens is nevertheless constrained by the still-working
laws of physics around the singularity.”

The team say the axion phenomenon would only occur under extreme conditions that
currently cannot be created in a lab, but that future advances in intense laser
fields might allow the theory to be tested in a terrestrial environment.

Reference: “Temporary Singularities and Axions: An Analytic Solution that
Challenges Charge Conservation” by Jonathan Gratus, Paul Kinsler and Martin W.
McCall, 5 May 2021, Annalen der Physik.
DOI: 10.1002/andp.202000565



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Comments ( 43 )
Add Comment
 * xABBAAA 5 months
   
   … oh, my God, you are rally humans, but don’t prove how human you are!
   The math and physics don’t blend good, couldn’t you stop your need for
   creation and study of another artefact…
   
   
   * TotallyNotAGreifer 5 months
     
     Sci-fi expansion when?
     Also- Nerf comically large spoon melee.
     Thanks.
     
     
 * Stanislav Glazkov 5 months
   
   Well, the charge still can be preserved while the corresponding field
   collapses into singularity. As far as I understand it, charge is a quantum
   property of a dot-like object which interacts with the EM field through
   exchange of virtual photons existing everywhere while photons are
   momentum-particles in a way. When charge is an intrinsic property of a
   particle the sea of photons are just intetacting with because they are all
   entangled since the big bang there is a possibility of creating “pure” charge
   by destroying the entanglement through collaps into a black hole. The
   question is what happens when this “pure” charge (probably mass-less) since
   most particles get their masses from interactions with fields or virtual
   particles or other particles happens to get outside of the black hole. If the
   particle of “pure” charge does not connect back to the fields because this
   may happen only at big bang (or very high energy event) we might get a rather
   peculiar thing. A charge without corresponding forces since the particle can
   not excert them without proper entanglement to the sea of virtual photons.
   Universe may be full with such “forceless” particles from evaporated
   primordial black holes and our particle accelerators dont even create
   electrons/positrons on particle accelerators they just give the energy
   threshhold needed for a charge-“particle” to get entangled back with its
   surroundings and assuming this process goes on just like “before” with the
   whole universe itself (it must have happened once since the universe is
   expanding which means the procces of entanglement once started will go on
   further at the speed of light from the point where it began.
   
   
 * Stanislav Glazkov 5 months
   
   My idea is that black holes never ever destroy particles, only the means
   particles interact with each other. The problem is, as far as our science
   goes, we still dont know or dont really have the means to deduce which
   particles are particles and which are congregations of particles and need
   space because of that. Assuming black holes really “destroy” space leaving
   particles without any means to interact with each other, assuming particles
   leaving black holes do not reentangle themselves back spontaniously like
   nothing happened and require energy and conditions similar to big bang (or at
   least far from our energy levels/conditions, assuming particles will
   reentangle themselves given enough energy, assuming universe was indeed full
   or primordial black holes which evaporeted, assuming too much actually… we
   could tell what was before the universe by analysing what happens today by
   giving enough energy to get the particles back to interact with our universe.
   
   Well, assuming all this I’d say that the universe is strange as …
   
   and probably there are many more ways for particles to organise themselves as
   we know of since since sometimes we get sh..t like heavy electrons (myons)…
   or even heavier electrons… or electrons hiding in a proton (neutron). We dont
   know shit about particles…
   
   
 * Stanislav Glazkov 5 months
   
   The proble is, our understanding of physics and the universe is encased
   between experimental data (which is never precise) and the need to assume as
   little as possible to be scientific and our ability to create models or
   simulations. While experiments leave us with data which is NEVER satisfyinly
   presice and we can mathemathicly tackle only the simplest cases (point like
   particles, featureless space) and our simulations take ages even at
   chromodynamics simulations we cant even make more assumtions (besides the
   fact it would be unscientific).
   
   Standart model assumes our physics being somewhat of a bottom of the sea
   where only simplest interactions and concepts take space but gravity destroys
   it all giving fermions masses which spread in a way we can not predict.
   Chances are, we are not at the bottom at all, but somewhere in between
   without any means to prove it. Worst case: what we observe is simply what we
   observe and has nothing to do with the universe itself. Somewhat bad case: we
   observe the observable. Everything besides the observable gets destroyed by
   the observation.
   Mind-blown case: atoms, molecules and everything below just happen to allign
   themselves with our every-day objects AND be observable and we are not made
   of atoms at all. Quarks and gluons may happen to allign themselves with atoms
   and atoms are not made of quarks and gluons at all. And it may go like this
   just a smidge less than forever.
   
   
 * Caleigh Fisher 5 months
   
   And throwing a pokemon ball is pretty cool too. Right now they are about
   equally real
   
   
 * Kathy O 5 months
   
   If putting an axiom bomb into a black hole, which consists of black matter,
   and that black matter makes up most of the universe, then would it be
   thought, that it could blow up the whole Universe? Especially, being that
   Physics states that the black hole may turn around and basically destroy the
   bomb when it was detonated at time of impact? And if it destroys the bomb,
   does that not still mean that it could explode inside the black hole/black
   matter/part of the Universe?
   
   Think about it.
   
   How else could one justify, what would happen if the bomb exploded inside the
   black hole. No one knows what is on the other side of the opening. Could it
   be a time warp? That can swollen one object, on one side of the Universe and
   spit it out on the other side? And if so, what kind of condition would it
   leave that said object in, or what would be left of that said object?
   
   This may sound far fetched, but could it also be a possibility? Does one
   actually know?
   
   And if so, then why would someone want to drop an axiom bomb into the black
   hole, made up of black particles/dark mass/Part of what the Universe is made
   up of? Or, how the Universe is constructed, together?
   
   
   * Obedient Beast Spawn 4 months
     
     I bet your man came up with this idea just like them to want to blow up
     things they don’t understand who’s to say they’re putting a bomb in a black
     hole calls the entire universe to suck inside itself .. Think of outer
     space like an ocean yes it’s black but it’s thick dark matter it’s not
     nothing it’s a lot of something which creates ripples And riffs It’s like
     when you go scuba diving and you wear a scuba mask you can see all the
     particles and things with the fish and as you move through the water you
     don’t actually touch a lot of it because it pushes it away from you so we
     don’t know a lot about around the ocean what business is it of ours to go
     and explore outside of our own bubble.. my opinion is don’t throw a bomb
     inside of anything ever what if it totally throws earth off the safe spot
     of perfect heat and cool I really don’t want to burn to death or freeze to
     death just because some monster wants to see what will happen…
     
     
 * Kathy O 5 months
   
   If putting an axiom bomb into a black hole, which consists of black matter,
   and that black matter makes up most of the universe, then would it not be
   thought, that it could blow up the whole Universe? Especially, being that
   Physics states that the black hole may turn around and basically destroy the
   bomb when it was detonated at time of impact? And if it destroys the bomb,
   then does that not still mean, that the axiom bomb could explode inside the
   black hole/black matter/part of the Universe?
   
   Think about it.
   
   How else could one justify, what would happen if the bomb exploded inside the
   black hole. No one knows what is on the other side of the opening. Could it
   be a time warp? That can swollen one object, on one side of the Universe, and
   spit it out on the other side? And if so, what kind of condition would it
   leave that said object in, or what would be left of that said object?
   
   This may sound far fetched, but could it also be a possibility? Does one
   actually know?
   
   And if so, then why would someone want to drop an axiom bomb into the black
   hole, made up of black particles/dark mass, and part of the Universe? Or, how
   part of the Universe is constructed, together?
   
   
   * SanJuan Elias 5 months
     
     This is as beautifully put as one of those beautiful math models by
     Hawkings, which turned out to be nothing more than well
     constructed/educated rubbish…yet yours makes much more sense, if only in
     its parsimony …
     
     
 * SanJuan Elias 5 months
   
   Only God is really in command of ALL laws and in charge (like He told
   Pilatus) of those temporarily in charge now. Some might say that what is
   axiomatic indeed is the existence of self deceived, mere mortals who
   foolishly think so highly of themselves as to believe they are the ones in
   charge…A small brain fart like Capablanca had and puff, dark they all
   inmediately go…Shema!!!
   
   
 * YMP 5 months
   
   The dhali llama once said to a guy “look, bitchtits, how much brisket are you
   going to eat!!?”. After that, the fella took a break from power eating and
   started having more salads. The point being, shut up. Nobody cares. Blow the
   bitch up with an axium bomb. Its due time
   
   
 * kingrocker 5 months
   
   Several things here:
   1. “the total electric charge of any isolated system – including the Universe
   as a whole – never changes” for all we know, the law may not break down and
   instead “the Universe a is a whole” may not be an isolated system – why isn’t
   this discussed?
   2. language could be better – “temporary singularity” used to address an
   evaporating black hole… when in fact they all evaporate and they are all
   temporary… cmon
   
   
 * Heh 5 months
   
   Ferb, i know what we’re gonna do today
   
   
 * Ronald langbauer 5 months
   
   The reason why they are here it’s because we are so close to achieving
   sustainable fusion power which will be used in the wrong way and it will
   destroy the Earth. You think we’re going to figure out what it took another
   civilization millions of years to figure out
   
   
 * Unmovableobject 5 months
   
   People like to play, and attempted to understand what is not yet ready to be
   understood, or not yet understandable.
   
   
 * Lee 5 months
   
   Hahaha, how ridiculous! The entire theory persists because of how common
   interaction is “where we reside, or where we conduct our experiments.” It’s
   not this difficult, “singularities” do not exist, it is the limit of
   repetition, your are breaking down constituent parts to the point that they
   reconstitute whole parts and that is it. That is what “infinite” means. I
   can’t believe the scientific community is that stupid… Is this subterfuge?
   What happens when a puddle of rain evaporates? You cannot and will not
   experience the infinitum of the universe, but the fact that you experience it
   at all tells you, you always will.
   
   
 * Marec Huber 5 months
   
   One of the dumbest ideas !
   I compare the thought to dropping a bomb in a place where we know nothing
   about,only to find out there was life there and as of a result ,caused great
   destruction.Such ideas arent constructive, or productive.There are much
   better approaches than to wrecklessly set off a bomb just to see what happens
   in such a situation without understanding the reason affects towards an
   outcome.
   
   
 * jls 5 months
   
   Wouldn’t time also slow down to a near infinite but also non-zero at the
   center of a black hole? Meaning matter never reaches the center until I guess
   space-time outside has to dissolve somehow, maybe through a combination of
   universe expansion for further mass and consumption for closer mass. Then it
   would just rebound. Anyone with me on this?
   
   
 * Jeffrey Allen heerdt 5 months
   
   Getting rid of a black hole by use of a “axiom bomb”…if one was ever created
   in the far distant future…would probably have negative if not universal
   apocalyptic reaction….in other words the whole universe could possibly be
   annihilated. Man is NOT meant to change the universe,the universe changes on
   it’s own terms.
   
   
 * Patrick R Gomez 5 months
   
   Supernerd bait tricky post , it sounds like destroying a galaxy maybe the
   universe with a reverse big bang. Proves even morons can be good at math.
   
   
 * Naseer 5 months
   
   Could laws of Physics and Mathematic be just “man made attempt at providing
   explanations” to satisfy the inquisitiveness of our senses (at least 5,
   perhaps many more more).
   So is it the laws or just an attempt at pacifying our senses?
   Evolution of self awareness and intelligence + collective resonance may be
   all what it is, just like quantum mechanics!
   If for a moment we were shift our focus from ourself (which is driven by our
   senses) or simply turn off all our senses then the whole perspective about
   universe, it’s creation by Big Bang and so forth would become a question and
   laws of physics and mathematics may fail or evolve!
   Such a change may either explain things that we do not understand or it may
   get us closer to a black hole!
   
   
 * Thomas Anthony Errico 5 months
   
   What if dog was really spelled C A T!
   
   
 * Jay Rocurionium 5 months
   
   Well folks seeing that the closest black hole Sagittarius A is pretty far
   away I’d say don’t git your panties in a knot…no axiom bombs gonna be bombing
   any time soon.
   On the home front an extremely ” charged” burrito bomb was put into a
   clockwise swirling water closet , with one of the exact same specifications
   being delivered in the southern hemisphere in a counter clockwise swirling
   water closet.
   Net effect neighbours in both vicintities : saved by zero.
   
   
 * Rick Myers 5 months
   
   They say everything on earth can be condensed into a table spoon if it was
   black hole matter. BREAKING NEWS. Particles will be destroyed
   
   
 * Louie 5 months
   
   Having to return your Doctorate should be a very real possiblity.
   
   
 * Kg 5 months
   
   There is no force in the universe that can stop a woman from charging
   
   
 * UAP 5 months
   
   Dark matter is like an imaginary number.
   
   Anyway, humans are minds connected to brains that force us to “focus” our
   gaze in three particular dimensions. Our scientific understandings are built
   with this focus. We can make useful working models with theories that are
   combined with facts.
   
   We need to experience the universe by disconnecting our brain almost
   completely from our mind. And then learn to focus again as we did right after
   birth.
   
   
 * jason clayton 5 months
   
   Drop an axion bomb into a black hole? that statement alone stops this
   hypothesis dead in its tracks as it would never even make it to the event
   horizon let alone inside to where the singularity is occurring,if its even a
   singularity at all and not a plank star to begin with…its very weird to me
   that math might bear this out hypothetically but it doesnt take into account
   the actual reality of the impossablitity of said experiment to begin with as
   you are short cutting what ifs because of the large hadron collided allows
   you to skip past the entry point of solving the intense gravity that would
   keep said experiment from ever happening
   
   
 * Anthony Garnett 4 months
   
   So quantum fluctuations in spacetime cause pairs of particles to constantly
   pop in to existence only to instantly annihilate each other, except in the
   presence of a black hole when one half of the pair topples in causing an
   apparent emission of radiation from a ‘black’ hole. And we have to assume
   then that none of these pairs of spontaneously-created particles consist of
   oppositly charged pairs? Because – sans black hole – such an event and
   subsequent annihilation would not constitute a violation of the conservation
   of charge… But in the presence of a black hole?
   
   
 * Tim 4 months
   
   Who cares!! I mean really!! U can’t get there in our lifetime or even
   grandchildrens… who cares and why
   
   
 * Eric 4 months
   
   May I ask why was this even published? Seems kind of like a waste of real
   research. All these prestigious people who wrote this could have been doing
   the same thing on something more useful. I understand trying to figure out
   how to change charge is important. But this while article was mostly science
   fiction. Why would you even try to blow up something that’s infinite with
   something that is at this point and time imaginary.
   
   
 * Chelsie Daniel 4 months
   
   Madness….A + FOR TRYING TO EXPAND THE LAWS OF PHYSICS. MY QUESTION IS…HOW IS
   THIS FOR GREATER GOOD? IF THERE IS NO ALGORITHM TO SHOW US A CLEAR ANSWER OF
   WHAT TO EXPECT THEN WHY PLAY? THIS THEORY AND SOME OF THE COMMENTS I READ
   SOUND SUICIDAL/ HOMICIDAL! I DONT BELIEVE A BLACK WHOLE HAS EVER HURT EARTH.
   THE ONLY THING THAT IS HURTING OUR UNIVERSE IS MAN ITSELF. MAN HAS STEPPED
   AWAY FROM KIND. WE LITTER, POLUTE, LIE AND SUGGEST CRAZY THINGS LIKE BOMBING
   A BLACK HOLE! FIND SOMETHING BETTER TO DO SO WE CAN ALL GO BACK TO STABILITY
   ON ALL LEVELS PLEASE.
   
   
 * Sub80IQGreenpeaceactivist 4 months
   
   I don’t have the intelligence to understand the science behind this, but I
   can see a way to profit. I’m going to start the first black hole conservation
   fund.
   
   SAVE THE BLACK HOLES
   
   
 * Mike Gard 4 months
   
   Pretty impressive but I still prefer South Melbourne Dim Sims to fill my
   void.
   
   
 * Mike Gard 4 months
   
   Pretty impressive but I still prefer South Melbourne Dim Sims to fill my
   void.
   
   
 * BlackHolePreservationSociety 4 months
   
   I don’t think that’s a good idea.
   
   
 * Sir Grandmaster Adler von Chase 4 months
   
   I say we put a “SUPER NOVA” into a super massive black hole! TOP THAT! (Mic
   drop!)
   
   
 * Ohio2Montana 4 months
   
   This as with most science puts me in awe of the universe and Mans abilities.
   As a young person, I would ask how, does God not have a beginning, no one
   could give me a satisfactory answer. It’s simply stated in the Bible that
   Gods ways and thoughts are higher than Mankind. That is a statement even a
   child can understand. We can keep trying to learn, however we will never
   learn all there is to know about Jehovah God and his ways. Let’s have fun
   trying, no bombs please.
   
   
 * Vivek 4 months
   
   Whoso ever u r I suggest u to please readmission in school and please this
   time focus more on physics
   
   
 * vikas 4 months
   
   “This means that if negatively or positively charged particles move into one
   area, the same amount of respectively charged particles must move out.” Is
   that statement accurate ? If charged particles “move into an area”, it seems
   to me that the area is no longer an isolated system.
   
   
 * Rich 4 months
   
   You people’s curiosity and scientific wonderment is going to yield the end of
   mankind and many other unseen realms. Stop attacking destiny or it will take
   a forever turn for the worse. An end to earth as we are a pebble in the grand
   scheme of the universe. That can be prompted to self destruction. Please stop
   now so you don’t unleash demonic irreversible aliens that eat humans. Work on
   something more constructive Please. My kids thank you.
   
   
 * Life. 4 months
   
   Some things in life are simple and not complicated. While it’s fun to think
   about the possibilities it’s safe to say we all agree that black holes
   swallow and eat everything. Axions are hypothetical particles in an attempt
   to explain dark matter. Throw them in front of a black hole and they will
   cease to exist and that’s if they even existed in the 1st place. A theory
   holds less value when there is no way to disprove or confirm it.
   
   

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