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 2. References


FACTS ABOUT RED PANDAS

By Alina Bradford published December 23, 2016



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Primarily a bamboo eater, this charismatic mammal is covered in fur the color of
cinnamon, which keeps it warm in cooler climates. Found in parts of Asia, red
pandas are losing ground due to their specific habitat needs for their food
staple, bamboo, that grows in areas becoming more and more disturbed by human
activity. (Image credit: Julie Larsen Maher/Copyright WCS)


Red pandas are small mammals with long, fluffy tails and red and white markings.
Though they share a name with the more famous giant panda, they are not closely
related. In fact, the name 'panda' was first applied to these animals, and not
to the larger black-and-white bear. 



According to the San Diego Zoo, Frédéric Cuvier, a French zoologist, first
described the red panda in 1825, about 48 years before the giant panda was
cataloged. He called it the most beautiful animal he had ever seen and named it
Ailurus fulgens, meaning fire-colored, or shining, cat. The common name, panda,
may be derived from a Nepalese name for these animals, nigalya ponya, which may
have meant 'bamboo footed.' The giant panda was given its name later because of
similarities to the red panda.



Other names for the red panda include lesser panda, cat-bear, bear-cat,
Himalayan raccoon, fox bear and firefox, according to the San Diego Zoo. The
mascot of the Firefox Web browser is a red panda, according to Mozilla. 




Red pandas were at first classified as relatives of raccoons in the Procyonidae
family, because of physical similarities, such as the head, teeth and ringed
tail, according to the Smithsonian National Zoo. Later, because of some DNA
similarities, they were classified as bears in the Ursidae family. Recent
genetic research now places them in their own family, Ailuridae. They have no
living relatives, and their nearest fossil ancestors lived 3 million to 4
million years ago.

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SIZE AND DESCRIPTION

Red pandas are similar in size to the common house cat. They are 20 to 26 inches
(51 to 66 centimeters) long from head to rump, and their tail adds another 10 to
20 inches (25.4 to 51 cm). They weigh from 10 to 20 lbs. (4.5 to 9 kilograms). 



Red pandas have large round heads and short snouts with large, pointed ears.
Their coats are reddish-brown, although their faces are mostly white with
reddish 'tear tracks' extending from their eyes to the corner of their mouths.
These markings may help keep the sun out of their eyes, according to the
National Zoo. 

They have long, bushy tails with alternating red and white rings. The tail helps
them maintain their balance as they climb trees. Long, sharp claws help them
climb to the highest branches to sunbathe or escape from predators, according to
the San Diego Zoo.

One feature that red pandas do share with giant pandas is a modified wrist bone
that acts like a thumb, helping them grasp bamboo when feeding, according to the
National Zoo.


HABITAT AND DIET

Red pandas live in the mountains of Nepal, central China and northern Myanmar in
rainy, high-altitude temperate forests and tropical forests, according to the
National Zoo. 

One important factor to their habitat is bamboo. The forest must have a bamboo
understory for it to be viable for the red panda. Bamboo consists of 85 to 95
percent of their diet, according to the National Zoo. Red pandas eat bamboo
shoots and bamboo leaf tips, stripping them off the stems with their mouths.
They may also forage for roots, grasses and fallen fruits. Sometimes, they will
eat eggs, insects, birds and small mammals as well, but they mostly stick to
bamboo.

While it is a big part of their diet, red pandas can digest only about 24
percent of the bamboo they eat. They need to consume 20 to 30 percent of their
body weight, or about 2 to 4 lbs. (1 to 2 kg) of bamboo shoots and leaves per
day. One study found that female red pandas eat about 20,000 bamboo leaves a
single day, according to the San Diego Zoo.


HABITS 

Red pandas are primarily crepuscular — active at dawn or dusk — but they can be
active any time of the day, according to the National Zoo. They are solitary
creatures; males are territorial and will mark their territory with strong odor
from the scent gland at the base of their tail. Like skunks, red pandas can
unleash the smell when they are scared to fend off a predator. If that doesn't
work, they stand on their back feet and strike out with the claws on their front
feet, according to the San Diego Zoo.

These creatures spend most of their time in trees, eating and sleeping without
the need to step foot on soil. They also like to lie on branches to sunbathe as
they sleep. It can get a bit chilly at night where the red pandas live, so to
keep warm, they wrap themselves in their fluffy tails, according to National
Geographic (opens in new tab). When temperatures drop significantly, red pandas
can become dormant. Their metabolic rate gets lower and increases only every few
hours to wake them up so they can look for food, according to the National Zoo.

When they wake up, red pandas groom themselves like cats, according to the San
Diego Zoo. They lick their front paws and use them to wipe down their fur
instead of a full tongue-to-fur bath, though. 



Red pandas like to stretch out on tree branches and warm themselves in the sun.
(Image credit: Karel Gallas Shutterstock)


OFFSPRING 

Female red pandas give birth during the spring and summer after a gestation
period of 114 to 145 days, according to the National Zoo, although it may be as
short as 90 days and as long as 158 days. Females build birthing dens in stumps,
hollow trees or rock crevices. Dens are lined with grass, leaves, twigs, moss
and small branches.

Females can have one to four young, though they usually have twins, according to
the San Diego Zoo. The baby red pandas are called cubs. Cubs' eyes and ears are
sealed until they are around 2 to 3 weeks of age. They nurse until they are 13
to 22 weeks old. They stay with their mothers in their birthing dens for about
90 days and reach maturity at 18 to 20 months. A typical life span for a red
panda is 8 to 10 years in the wild and 15 years in zoos.


CLASSIFICATION 

Here is the taxonomy of the red panda, according to the Integrated Taxonomic
Information System (ITIS):

Kingdom: Animalia Subkingdom: Bilateria Infrakingdom: Deuterostomia Phylum:
Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Infraphylum: Gnathostomata Superclass: Tetrapoda
Class: Mammalia Subclass: Theria Infraclass: Eutheria Order: Carnivora Suborder:
Caniformia Family: Ailuridae Genus and species: Ailurus fulgens Subspecies:
Ailurus fulgens fulgens (found in the Himalayas), Ailurus fulgens refulgens
(found in China)

Some taxonomists, as well as the ITIS and the International Union for
Conservation of Nature (IUCN), recognize two subspecies, while others argue for
two separate species: the Himalayan red panda (Ailurus fulgens) and the Chinese
red panda (Ailurus stanyi). 


CONSERVATION STATUS

The red panda is considered endangered and is on the IUCN's Red List of
Threatened Species. It is believed that the population has decreased by 50
percent over the past 18 years, and the decline is projected to continue and
perhaps intensify in the next three generations. The number of adults in the
wild is probably about 10,000 animals, according to the San Diego Zoo, although
some estimates put the number at only 2,500. 

The population decline is almost solely due to deforestation. Hunting also seems
to be increasing, the IUCN says, perhaps partly in response to the increasing
number of 'cute' images on social media. There are now worldwide efforts to
protect the red panda, according to the San Diego Zoo. In China, there are 35
protected areas; in India, there are 20. There are eight in Nepal and five in
Bhutan. 

Additional Resources

 * World Wildlife Federation: Red Panda
 * The Red Panda Network: About the Red Panda
 * Scientific American: 7 Things You Didn't Know About Red Pandas

Alina Bradford

Live Science Contributor
Alina Bradford is a contributing writer for Live Science. Over the past 16
years, Alina has covered everything from Ebola to androids while writing health,
science and tech articles for major publications. She has multiple health,
safety and lifesaving certifications from Oklahoma State University. Alina's
goal in life is to try as many experiences as possible. To date, she has been a
volunteer firefighter, a dispatcher, substitute teacher, artist, janitor,
children's book author, pizza maker, event coordinator and much more.







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