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Prof. Berna Özkale Edelmann and PhD candidate Philipp Harder discuss scientific
results in the Microrobotic Bioengineering Lab.

Image source: Astrid Eckert/TUM

NEWS • NAVIGATING BETWEEN CELLS


MICROROBOTS OFFER NEW OPPORTUNITIES FOR CANCER TREATMENT AND WOUND HEALING


A GROUP OF RESEARCHERS AT THE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH (TUM) HAS DEVELOPED
THE WORLD’S FIRST MICROROBOT (“MICROBOT”) CAPABLE OF NAVIGATING WITHIN GROUPS OF
CELLS AND STIMULATING INDIVIDUAL CELLS.

Berna Özkale Edelmann, a professor of Nano- and Microrobotics, sees potential
for new treatments of human diseases. The researchers present the new technology
in the journal Advanced Healthcare Materials. 

They are round, half as thick as a human hair, contain gold nanorods and
fluorescent dye, and are surrounded by a biomaterial obtained from algae. They
can be driven by laser light to move between cells. These tiny robots were
invented by Prof. Berna Özkale Edelmann. To be exact, the bioengineer and
director of the Microrobotic Bioengineering Lab has worked with her team of
researchers to develop a technological platform for the large-scale production
of these vehicles. They are currently being used in vitro, outside the human
body.

Prof. Berna Özkale Edelmann specialises in nano- and microrobotics

Image source: Astrid Eckert/TUM 

The TACSI microbots differ from classical humanoid robots or robotic arms as
seen in factories. The entire system requires a microscope to enlarge the
small-scale worlds, a computer and a laser to drive the 30-micrometer (µm),
human-controlled microbots. Another special aspect: not only can the robots be
heated. They also continually indicate their temperature. This is important
because, along with the ability to find their way to individual cells, they are
also designed to heat the locations of individual cells or cell groups. 

TACSI stands for Thermally Activated Cell-Signal Imaging. In simple terms, it is
an image-based system that is capable of heating cells in order to activate
them. TACSI is a “taxi” in every sense of the word: in the future, the tiny
robot will “drive” directly to the location where researchers wish to study
cellular processes. “In a worldwide first, we have developed a system that not
only enables microbots to navigate through groups of cells. It can even
stimulate individual cells through temperature changes,” says Prof. Özkale
Edelmann. 

The production of microbots is based on ‘microfluidic chips’ that model the
manufacturing process. Biomaterial is injected through a channel on the
left-hand side of the chip. An oil with specific components is then added from
above and below through 15–60 µm channels. The finished robots emerge on the
right. In the case of the TACSI microbot, the following components are added:  
 

 * A fluorescent dye: in this case the orange rhodamine B dye is used that loses
   color intensity with increasing temperature. This makes the microbot an
   effective thermometer for the observer.

The dye rhodamine-B gives the microrobot its orange colour. The warmer it gets,
the more intense the colour becomes.

Image source: Astrid Eckert/TUM 

 * Gold nanorods: the 25–90 nanometer (nm) precious metal rods have the property
   of heating rapidly (and cooling down again) when bombarded with laser light.
   It takes only a few microseconds to raise the temperature of the robot by
   5°C. The nanorods can be heated to 60°C. Through the automatic temperature
   balancing process of the nanorods (known as convection), the robots are set
   in motion at a maximum speed of 65 µm per second.  

“This makes it possible to make up to 10,000 microbots in a single production
run,” explains Philipp Harder, a member of the research team.

PhD student Philipp Harder produces thousands of new microrobots in the lab.

Image source: Astrid Eckert/TUM 

Small temperature changes are sometimes enough to influence cell processes.
“When the skin is injured, for example through a cut, the body temperature rises
slightly, causing the immune system to be activated,” explains Prof. Özkale
Edelmann. She wants to learn more about whether this “thermal stimulation” can
be used to heal wounds. There is also a lack of research on whether cancer cells
become more aggressive when stimulated. Current studies show that cancer cells
die off at high temperatures (60°C). This effect can also be used to treat heart
arrhythmia and depression. 

Researchers in Prof. Özkale Edelmann’s team used kidney cells to demonstrate
that cellular ion channels can be influenced. To do this, they steered the TACSI
microbots to the cells. “We used the infrared laser to raise the temperature. To
measure the increase, we measured the intensity of the rhodamine B dye color”
explains Philipp Harder. The team observed that the ion channels of the cells
opened at certain temperatures, for example to allow calcium to enter the cell.
“Using this concrete example, we showed that heat causes changes in the cell,
even with slight temperature increases,” says Prof. Özkale Edelmann. She hopes
that further research will point the way to new treatments – for example by
making it possible to channel drugs into individual cells. 




Source: Technical University of Munich

10.09.2023

More on the subject:
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 * cells (210)
 * research (3012)
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