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Submitted URL: https://labs.sentinelone.com/how-trickbot-hooking-engine-targets-windows-10-browsers/
Effective URL: https://www.sentinelone.com/labs/how-trickbot-malware-hooking-engine-targets-windows-10-browsers/
Submission: On October 05 via api from SI — Scanned from DE

Form analysis 6 forms found in the DOM

GET https://www.sentinelone.com

<form autocomplete="off" method="get" action="https://www.sentinelone.com">
  <fieldset>
    <input type="search" name="s" placeholder="Search ..." value="">
    <button class="search" type="submit">
      <span class="light">
        <img class="icon-search" src="https://www.sentinelone.com/wp-content/themes/sentinelone/carbine/assets/svg/search-icon-white.svg">
        <img class="icon-down" src="https://www.sentinelone.com/wp-content/themes/sentinelone/carbine/assets/svg/navigation-close.svg">
      </span>
      <span class="dark">
        <img class="icon-search" src="https://www.sentinelone.com/wp-content/themes/sentinelone/carbine/assets/svg/search-icon.svg">
        <img class="icon-down" src="https://www.sentinelone.com/wp-content/themes/sentinelone/carbine/assets/svg/navigation-close-dark.svg">
      </span>
    </button>
  </fieldset>
</form>

GET https://www.sentinelone.com/

<form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://www.sentinelone.com/">
  <label>
    <span class="screen-reader-text">Search ...</span>
    <input type="search" class="search-field" placeholder="Search ..." value="" name="s">
  </label>
  <input type="submit" class="search-submit" value="Search">
</form>

<form id="mktoForm_1985" novalidate="novalidate" class="mktoForm mktoHasWidth mktoLayoutLeft bf_form_init" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); width: 1601px;" bf_offer_id="217853538">
  <style type="text/css"></style>
  <div class="mktoFormRow">
    <div class="mktoFieldDescriptor mktoFormCol" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
      <div class="mktoOffset" style="width: 5px;"></div>
      <div class="mktoFieldWrap mktoRequiredField"><label for="Email" id="LblEmail" class="mktoLabel mktoHasWidth" style="width: 0px;">
          <div class="mktoAsterix">*</div>
        </label>
        <div class="mktoGutter mktoHasWidth" style="width: 5px;"></div><input id="Email" name="Email" placeholder="Business Email" maxlength="255" aria-labelledby="LblEmail InstructEmail" type="email"
          class="mktoField mktoEmailField mktoHasWidth mktoRequired" aria-required="true" style="width: 150px;"><span id="InstructEmail" tabindex="-1" class="mktoInstruction"></span>
        <div class="mktoClear"></div>
      </div>
      <div class="mktoClear"></div>
    </div>
    <div class="mktoClear"></div>
  </div>
  <div class="mktoFormRow"><input type="hidden" name="Employees__c" class="mktoField mktoFieldDescriptor mktoFormCol" value="" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
    <div class="mktoClear"></div>
  </div>
  <div class="mktoFormRow"><input type="hidden" name="Industry" class="mktoField mktoFieldDescriptor mktoFormCol" value="" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
    <div class="mktoClear"></div>
  </div>
  <div class="mktoFormRow"><input type="hidden" name="AnnualRevenue" class="mktoField mktoFieldDescriptor mktoFormCol" value="" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
    <div class="mktoClear"></div>
  </div>
  <div class="mktoFormRow"><input type="hidden" name="Address" class="mktoField mktoFieldDescriptor mktoFormCol" value="" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
    <div class="mktoClear"></div>
  </div>
  <div class="mktoFormRow"><input type="hidden" name="City" class="mktoField mktoFieldDescriptor mktoFormCol" value="" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
    <div class="mktoClear"></div>
  </div>
  <div class="mktoFormRow"><input type="hidden" name="PostalCode" class="mktoField mktoFieldDescriptor mktoFormCol" value="" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
    <div class="mktoClear"></div>
  </div>
  <div class="mktoFormRow"><input type="hidden" name="SIC_Code2__c" class="mktoField mktoFieldDescriptor mktoFormCol" value="" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
    <div class="mktoClear"></div>
  </div>
  <div class="mktoFormRow"><input type="hidden" name="Website" class="mktoField mktoFieldDescriptor mktoFormCol" value="" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
    <div class="mktoClear"></div>
  </div>
  <div class="mktoFormRow"><input type="hidden" name="demandbaseSID" class="mktoField mktoFieldDescriptor mktoFormCol" value="" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
    <div class="mktoClear"></div>
  </div>
  <div class="mktoFormRow"><input type="hidden" name="Phone" class="mktoField mktoFieldDescriptor mktoFormCol" value="" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
    <div class="mktoClear"></div>
  </div>
  <div class="mktoFormRow"><input type="hidden" name="demandbaseCompany" class="mktoField mktoFieldDescriptor mktoFormCol" value="" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
    <div class="mktoClear"></div>
  </div>
  <div class="mktoFormRow"><input type="hidden" name="demandbaseCountry" class="mktoField mktoFieldDescriptor mktoFormCol" value="" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
    <div class="mktoClear"></div>
  </div>
  <div class="mktoFormRow"><input type="hidden" name="demandbaseState" class="mktoField mktoFieldDescriptor mktoFormCol" value="" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
    <div class="mktoClear"></div>
  </div>
  <div class="mktoFormRow"><input type="hidden" name="demandbaseEmployeeRange" class="mktoField mktoFieldDescriptor mktoFormCol" value="" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
    <div class="mktoClear"></div>
  </div>
  <div class="mktoFormRow"><input type="hidden" name="subIndustry" class="mktoField mktoFieldDescriptor mktoFormCol" value="" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
    <div class="mktoClear"></div>
  </div>
  <div class="mktoFormRow"><input type="hidden" name="dataSource" class="mktoField mktoFieldDescriptor mktoFormCol" value="" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
    <div class="mktoClear"></div>
  </div>
  <div class="mktoFormRow"><input type="hidden" name="watchListAccountType" class="mktoField mktoFieldDescriptor mktoFormCol" value="" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
    <div class="mktoClear"></div>
  </div>
  <div class="mktoFormRow"><input type="hidden" name="watchListAccountOwner" class="mktoField mktoFieldDescriptor mktoFormCol" value="" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
    <div class="mktoClear"></div>
  </div>
  <div class="mktoFormRow"><input type="hidden" name="watchListAccountStatus" class="mktoField mktoFieldDescriptor mktoFormCol" value="" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
    <div class="mktoClear"></div>
  </div>
  <div class="mktoFormRow"><input type="hidden" name="watchListCampaignCode" class="mktoField mktoFieldDescriptor mktoFormCol" value="" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
    <div class="mktoClear"></div>
  </div>
  <div class="mktoButtonRow"><span class="mktoButtonWrap mktoNative" style="margin-left: 110px;"><button type="submit" class="mktoButton">Subscribe</button></span></div>
  <div class="marketo-legal">By clicking Subscribe, I agree to the use of my personal data in accordance with SentinelOne <a href="/legal/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a>. SentinelOne will not sell, trade, lease, or rent your personal data to
    third parties.</div><input type="hidden" name="formid" class="mktoField mktoFieldDescriptor" value="1985"><input type="hidden" name="munchkinId" class="mktoField mktoFieldDescriptor" value="327-MNM-087">
</form>

<form id="mktoForm_2673" novalidate="novalidate" class="mktoForm mktoHasWidth mktoLayoutLeft" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); width: 1601px;">
  <style type="text/css"></style>
  <div class="mktoFormRow">
    <div class="mktoFieldDescriptor mktoFormCol" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
      <div class="mktoOffset" style="width: 5px;"></div>
      <div class="mktoFieldWrap mktoRequiredField"><label for="Email" id="LblEmail" class="mktoLabel mktoHasWidth" style="width: 0px;">
          <div class="mktoAsterix">*</div>
        </label>
        <div class="mktoGutter mktoHasWidth" style="width: 5px;"></div><input id="Email" name="Email" placeholder="Business Email" maxlength="255" aria-labelledby="LblEmail InstructEmail" type="email"
          class="mktoField mktoEmailField mktoHasWidth mktoRequired" aria-required="true" style="width: 150px;"><span id="InstructEmail" tabindex="-1" class="mktoInstruction"></span>
        <div class="mktoClear"></div>
      </div>
      <div class="mktoClear"></div>
    </div>
    <div class="mktoClear"></div>
  </div>
  <div class="mktoFormRow"><input type="hidden" name="Employees__c" class="mktoField mktoFieldDescriptor mktoFormCol" value="" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
    <div class="mktoClear"></div>
  </div>
  <div class="mktoFormRow"><input type="hidden" name="Industry" class="mktoField mktoFieldDescriptor mktoFormCol" value="" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
    <div class="mktoClear"></div>
  </div>
  <div class="mktoFormRow"><input type="hidden" name="AnnualRevenue" class="mktoField mktoFieldDescriptor mktoFormCol" value="" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
    <div class="mktoClear"></div>
  </div>
  <div class="mktoFormRow"><input type="hidden" name="Address" class="mktoField mktoFieldDescriptor mktoFormCol" value="" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
    <div class="mktoClear"></div>
  </div>
  <div class="mktoFormRow"><input type="hidden" name="City" class="mktoField mktoFieldDescriptor mktoFormCol" value="" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
    <div class="mktoClear"></div>
  </div>
  <div class="mktoFormRow"><input type="hidden" name="PostalCode" class="mktoField mktoFieldDescriptor mktoFormCol" value="" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
    <div class="mktoClear"></div>
  </div>
  <div class="mktoFormRow"><input type="hidden" name="SIC_Code2__c" class="mktoField mktoFieldDescriptor mktoFormCol" value="" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
    <div class="mktoClear"></div>
  </div>
  <div class="mktoFormRow"><input type="hidden" name="Website" class="mktoField mktoFieldDescriptor mktoFormCol" value="" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
    <div class="mktoClear"></div>
  </div>
  <div class="mktoFormRow"><input type="hidden" name="demandbaseSID" class="mktoField mktoFieldDescriptor mktoFormCol" value="" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
    <div class="mktoClear"></div>
  </div>
  <div class="mktoFormRow"><input type="hidden" name="Phone" class="mktoField mktoFieldDescriptor mktoFormCol" value="" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
    <div class="mktoClear"></div>
  </div>
  <div class="mktoFormRow"><input type="hidden" name="demandbaseCompany" class="mktoField mktoFieldDescriptor mktoFormCol" value="" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
    <div class="mktoClear"></div>
  </div>
  <div class="mktoFormRow"><input type="hidden" name="demandbaseCountry" class="mktoField mktoFieldDescriptor mktoFormCol" value="" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
    <div class="mktoClear"></div>
  </div>
  <div class="mktoFormRow"><input type="hidden" name="demandbaseState" class="mktoField mktoFieldDescriptor mktoFormCol" value="" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
    <div class="mktoClear"></div>
  </div>
  <div class="mktoFormRow"><input type="hidden" name="demandbaseEmployeeRange" class="mktoField mktoFieldDescriptor mktoFormCol" value="" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
    <div class="mktoClear"></div>
  </div>
  <div class="mktoFormRow"><input type="hidden" name="subIndustry" class="mktoField mktoFieldDescriptor mktoFormCol" value="" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
    <div class="mktoClear"></div>
  </div>
  <div class="mktoFormRow"><input type="hidden" name="dataSource" class="mktoField mktoFieldDescriptor mktoFormCol" value="" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
    <div class="mktoClear"></div>
  </div>
  <div class="mktoFormRow"><input type="hidden" name="watchListAccountType" class="mktoField mktoFieldDescriptor mktoFormCol" value="" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
    <div class="mktoClear"></div>
  </div>
  <div class="mktoFormRow"><input type="hidden" name="watchListAccountOwner" class="mktoField mktoFieldDescriptor mktoFormCol" value="" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
    <div class="mktoClear"></div>
  </div>
  <div class="mktoFormRow"><input type="hidden" name="watchListAccountStatus" class="mktoField mktoFieldDescriptor mktoFormCol" value="" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
    <div class="mktoClear"></div>
  </div>
  <div class="mktoFormRow"><input type="hidden" name="watchListCampaignCode" class="mktoField mktoFieldDescriptor mktoFormCol" value="" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
    <div class="mktoClear"></div>
  </div>
  <div class="mktoButtonRow"><span class="mktoButtonWrap mktoNative" style="margin-left: 110px;"><button type="submit" class="mktoButton">Subscribe</button></span></div>
  <div class="marketo-legal">By clicking Subscribe, I agree to the use of my personal data in accordance with SentinelOne <a href="/legal/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a>. SentinelOne will not sell, trade, lease, or rent your personal data to
    third parties.</div><input type="hidden" name="formid" class="mktoField mktoFieldDescriptor" value="2673"><input type="hidden" name="munchkinId" class="mktoField mktoFieldDescriptor" value="327-MNM-087">
</form>

<form novalidate="novalidate" class="mktoForm mktoHasWidth mktoLayoutLeft" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); visibility: hidden; position: absolute; top: -500px; left: -1000px; width: 1600px;"></form>

<form novalidate="novalidate" class="mktoForm mktoHasWidth mktoLayoutLeft" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); visibility: hidden; position: absolute; top: -500px; left: -1000px; width: 1600px;"></form>

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Crimeware


HOW TRICKBOT MALWARE HOOKING ENGINE TARGETS WINDOWS 10 BROWSERS

Vitali Kremez / October 24, 2019

Vitali Kremez revealing how TrickBot’s hooking engine targets Chrome, Firefox,
Explorer and Edge in Windows 10.


WHAT IS TRICKBOT MALWARE? BACKGROUND & SUMMARY

TrickBot banking malware remains one of the more interesting and continually
developing malware on the financial crimeware landscape. It employs multiple
means and methods to exploit compromised machines of interest. The focus of this
post is to cover in-depth some of its Windows 10 Microsoft Edge and other
browser hooking engine functionality. We will focus on the internals, and how
TrickBot leverages these browsers to set up hooks for API calls of interest. The
ultimate goal of the malware browser hooking is predominantly to intercept
online banking credentials before they become SSL encrypted. The stolen
credentials can subsequently be used for account takeover (ATO) fraud.



Since Windows 10 came with a new browser, “Microsoft Edge”, TrickBot operators
needed their banking malware to operate on that software. To implement
form-grabbing and web injections in the Windows 10 Edge browser, TrickBot’s
rogue rtlbroker hooks the microsoftedgecp.exe process. Normally,
runtimebroker.exe is the parent process of the Microsoft Edge browser on Windows
10 machines. 


TRICKBOT BROWSER PROCESS INJECTION TECHNIQUE “REFLECTIVE LOADER”

In order to hook browser functions, TrickBot malware injects the payload into
the browser of choice via the so-called “ReflectiveLoader” methodology. 

The TrickBot process injection function targets four browsers from Microsoft
Edge to Google Chrome and one Microsoft Edge related process.



TrickBot injects the malware targeting the following processes:

 * chrome.exe
 * iexplore.exe
 * firefox.exe
 * microsoftedgecp.exe
 * runtimebroker.exe

The malware also “relaxes” browser security and write changes files locally
before injection occurs.



TrickBot’s reflective injection works as follows:

 * Open target process and allocate memory address in remote process via
   VirtualAllocEx
 * Copy function WriteProcessMemory into the allocated memory space
 * Copy shellcode WriteProcessMemory into the allocated memory space
 * Call FlushInstructionCache API to make sure our changes are written right
   away
 * Call inject RemoteThread function call
 * Call ResumeThread
 * Else, call undocumented API function RtlCreateUserThread to start execution
   in the remote process, using the offset address of the reflective loader
   function as the entry point.


TRICKBOT MALWARE HOOKING ENGINE

When the TrickBot banker hooks the API function, it enters the new hooked one
and checks to make sure the process is microsoftedgecp.exe while passing control
to the original one when the hooked function concludes.



The basic TrickBot banking API hooking template is as follows:

"CreateHook_API" Function Template ->

{ int CreateHook_API(LPCSTR DLL_name, int original_function_name,

	int myHook_function,	int address_of_original_function) }


By and large, TrickBot hooking engine works via overwriting the basic API with
the redirect functions with the 0xe9 opcode, which is the call for a jump with
32-bit relative offset. TrickBot uses a trampoline function and the write hook
call with the VirtualProtectEx API to make sure that the function has the 0x40
(PAGE_EXECUTE_READWRITE) property. Additionally, it attempts to conceal
detection of this hooking technique via prepending NOP and/or RETN.

The exact TrickBot hook pseudo-code is as follows:

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/////////////// TrickBot Hook Install Function ///////////////////////
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
signed int __cdecl TrickBot_Hook_Install(int myHook_function, int *function_address)
{
	char *original_function;
	char *current_func_id_thread;
	int v5;
	char jump_len;
	signed int result;
	SIZE_T v8;
	void *trampoline_lpvoid;
	int v10;
	int v11;
	unsigned __int8 jmp_32_bit_relative_offset_opcode;
	int relative_offset;
	DWORD flOldProtect;
	original_function = func_name;
	current_func_id_thread = func_name + 0x24;
	iter_func(func_name + 0x24, 0x90, 0x23);
	if ( function_address )		// Attempts to prepend "0x90" (nop) or "0xC3" (retn) to jump length to avoid basic hooking detect
		jump_len = walker_byte_0(*(_BYTE **)(original_function + 1), (int)current_func_id_thread, v5);
	else
		jump_len = 5;		// jump_length_trampoline -> 5

	original_function[5] = jump_len;

	if ( !jump_len )
		goto LABEL_12;		// Setting up the trampoline buffer
		write_hook_iter((int)(original_function + 6), *(_BYTE **)(original_function + 1), (unsigned __int8)jump_len);

	if ( function_address )
		*function_address = (int)current_func_id_thread;
	
	relative_offset = myHook_function - *(_DWORD *)(original_function + 1) - 5;
	v8 = (unsigned __int8)original_function[5];
	trampoline_lpvoid = *(void **)(original_function + 1);
	jmp_32_bit_relative_offset_opcode = 0xE9u;		// "0xE9" -> opcode for a jump with a 32bit relative offset

	if ( VirtualProtectEx((HANDLE)0xFFFFFFFF, trampoline_lpvoid, v8, 0x40u, &flOldProtect) )	// Set up the function for "PAGE_EXECUTE_READWRITE" w/ VirtualProtectEx
	{
		v10 = *(_DWORD *)(original_function + 1);
		v11 = (unsigned __int8)original_function[5] - (_DWORD)original_function - 0x47;
		original_function[66] = 0xE9u;
		*(_DWORD *)(original_function + 0x43) = v10 + v11;
		write_hook_iter(v10, &jmp_32_bit_relative_offset_opcode, 5); // -> Manually write the hook
		VirtualProtectEx(		// Return to original protect state
			(HANDLE)0xFFFFFFFF,
			*(LPVOID *)(original_function + 1),
			(unsigned __int8)original_function[5],
			flOldProtect,
			&flOldProtect);
	result = 1;


For instance, TrickBot malware sets up its own custom myCreateProcessA function
prototype after the hook on CreateProcessA. The idea is to catch any instance of
microsoftedgecp.exe execution to intercept it for subsequent injection. This
function ultimately returns the flow back to CreateProcessA after intercepting
and collecting necessary process execution information.



The following four API calls being hooked are in the child Microsoft Edge via
rogue rtlbroker.dll, allowing TrickBot operators to intercept and manipulate
Microsoft Edge calls:

 * CreateProcess
 * CreateProcessW
 * CreateProcessAsUserA
 * CreateProcessAsUserW

TrickBot hooks Internet Explorer and Microsoft Edge in wininet.dll library API
calls:

 * HttpSendRequestA
 * HttpSendRequestW
 * HttpSendRequestExA
 * HttpSendRequestExW
 * InternetCloseHandle
 * InternetReadFile
 * InternetReadFileExA
 * InternetQueryDataAvailable
 * HttpQueryInfoA
 * InternetWriteFile
 * HttpEndRequestA
 * HttpEndRequestW
 * InternetQueryOptionA
 * InternetQueryOptionW
 * InternetSetOptionA
 * InternetSetOptionW
 * HttpOpenRequestA
 * HttpOpenRequestW
 * InternetConnectA
 * InternetConnectW 

The malware hooks Mozilla Firefox Browser in nspr4.dll library API calls:

 * PR_OpenTCPSocket
 * PR_Connect
 * PR_Close
 * PR_Write
 * PR_Read 

It hooks Chrome in chrome.dll library API calls:

 * ssl_read
 * ssl_write

REFERENCE

injectDll32.dll C546D40D411D0F0BB7A1C9986878F231342CDF8B rtlbrokerDll.dll
0785D0C5600D9C096B75CC4465BE79D456F60594 testnewinj32Dll.dll
D5F98BFF5E33A86B213E05344BD402350FC5F7CD

reverse engineeering
trickbot
Zero2Hero


SHARE



VITALI KREMEZ

Vitali Kremez is a strategic advisor for SentinelLabs. He specializes in
researching and investigating complex cyberattacks, network intrusions, data
breaches, and hacking incidents mainly emanating from the Eastern European
cybercriminal ecosystem. He has earned the majority of major certifications
available in information technology, information security, and digital forensics
fields.

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