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AMAZON RELATIONAL DATABASE SERVICE
USER GUIDE
* What is Amazon RDS?
* DB instances
* DB instance classes
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* Supported Amazon RDS features by Region and engine
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* Multi-AZ DB instance deployments
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* Tutorial: Restore a DB instance from a DB snapshot
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* MariaDB on Amazon RDS
* MariaDB feature support
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* Securing MariaDB connections
* MariaDB security
* Encrypting with SSL/TLS
* Using new SSL/TLS certificates
* Improving query performance with RDS Optimized Reads
* Improving write performance with RDS Optimized Writes for MariaDB
* Upgrading the MariaDB DB engine
* Importing data into a MariaDB DB instance
* Importing data from an external database
* Importing data to a DB instance with reduced downtime
* Importing data from any source
* Working with MariaDB replication
* Working with MariaDB read replicas
* Configuring GTID-based replication with an external source instance
* Configuring binary log file position replication with an external
source instance
* Options for MariaDB
* Parameters for MariaDB
* Migrating data from a MySQL DB snapshot to a MariaDB DB instance
* MariaDB on Amazon RDS SQL reference
* mysql.rds_replica_status
* mysql.rds_set_external_master_gtid
* mysql.rds_kill_query_id
* Local time zone
* Known issues and limitations for MariaDB
* Microsoft SQL Server on Amazon RDS
* Licensing SQL Server on Amazon RDS
* Connecting to a DB instance running SQL Server
* Working with Active Directory with RDS for SQL Server
* Working with Self Managed Active Directory with a SQL Server DB
instance
* Working with AWS Managed Active Directory with RDS for SQL Server
* Updating applications for new SSL/TLS certificates
* Upgrading the SQL Server DB engine
* Importing and exporting SQL Server databases
* Importing and exporting SQL Server data using other methods
* Working with SQL Server read replicas
* Multi-AZ for RDS for SQL Server
* Additional features for SQL Server
* Using SSL with a SQL Server DB instance
* Configuring security protocols and ciphers
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* Options for SQL Server
* Linked Servers with Oracle OLEDB
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* SQL Server Audit
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* Common DBA tasks for SQL Server
* Accessing the tempdb database
* Analyzing database workload with Database Engine Tuning Advisor
* Changing the db_owner to the rdsa account for your database
* Collations and character sets
* Creating a database user
* Determining a recovery model
* Determining the last failover time
* Disabling fast inserts
* Dropping a SQL Server database
* Renaming a Multi-AZ database
* Resetting the db_owner role password
* Restoring license-terminated DB instances
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* Using CDC
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* MySQL on Amazon RDS
* MySQL feature support
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* Connecting to a DB instance running MySQL
* Securing MySQL connections
* MySQL security
* Password Validation Plugin
* Encrypting with SSL/TLS
* Using new SSL/TLS certificates
* Using Kerberos authentication for MySQL
* Improving query performance with RDS Optimized Reads
* Improving write performance with RDS Optimized Writes for MySQL
* Upgrading the MySQL DB engine
* Importing data into a MySQL DB instance
* Restoring a backup into a MySQL DB instance
* Importing data from an external database
* Importing data with reduced downtime
* Importing data from any source
* Working with MySQL replication
* Working with MySQL read replicas
* Using GTID-based replication
* Configuring binary log file position replication with an external
source instance
* Exporting data from a MySQL DB instance
* Options for MySQL
* MariaDB Audit Plugin
* memcached
* Parameters for MySQL
* Common DBA tasks for MySQL
* Local time zone
* Known issues and limitations
* RDS for MySQL stored procedures
* Configuring
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* Oracle on Amazon RDS
* Oracle overview
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* Using new SSL/TLS certificates
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* Transporting tablespaces
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* Overview of Oracle replicas
* Requirements and considerations for Oracle replicas
* Preparing to create an Oracle replica
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* Working with Oracle replica backups
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* Overview of Oracle DB options
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instance
* Importing data from Amazon S3 into RDS for PostgreSQL
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* Lambda function reference
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* Collations supported in RDS for PostgreSQL
* Understanding PostgreSQL roles and permissions
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Rotating your SSL/TLS certificate - Amazon Relational Database Service
AWSDocumentationAmazon RDSUser Guide
Updating your CA certificate by modifying your DB instanceUpdating your CA
certificate by applying maintenanceServer certificate rotationSample script for
importing certificates
ROTATING YOUR SSL/TLS CERTIFICATE
PDFRSS
Amazon RDS Certificate Authority certificates rds-ca-2019 are set to expire in
August, 2024. If you use or plan to use Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) or Transport
Layer Security (TLS) with certificate verification to connect to your RDS DB
instances, you should consider using one of the new CA certificates
rds-ca-rsa2048-g1, rds-ca-rsa4096-g1 or rds-ca-ecc384-g1 . If you currently do
not use SSL/TLS with certificate verification, you might still have an expired
CA certificate and must update them to a new CA certificate if you plan to use
SSL/TLS with certificate verification to connect to your RDS databases.
Follow these instructions to complete your updates. Before you update your DB
instances to use the new CA certificate, make sure that you update your clients
or applications connecting to your RDS databases.
Amazon RDS provides new CA certificates as an AWS security best practice. For
information about the new certificates and the supported AWS Regions, see Using
SSL/TLS to encrypt a connection to a DB instance.
NOTE
Amazon RDS Proxy uses certificates from the AWS Certificate Manager (ACM). If
you are using RDS Proxy, when you rotate your SSL/TLS certificate, you don't
need to update applications that use RDS Proxy connections. For more information
about using TLS/SSL with RDS Proxy, see Using TLS/SSL with RDS Proxy.
NOTE
If you are using a Go version 1.15 application with a DB instance that was
created or updated to the rds-ca-2019 certificate prior to July 28, 2020, you
must update the certificate again. Update the certificate to rds-ca-rsa2048-g1,
rds-ca-rsa4096-g1, or rds-ca-ecc384-g1 depending on your engine . Run the
modify-db-instance command shown in the AWS CLI section using the new CA
certificate identifier. You can find the CAs that are available for a specific
DB engine and DB engine version using the describe-db-engine-versions command.
If you created your DB instance or updated its certificate after July 28, 2020,
no action is required. For more information, see Go GitHub issue #39568.
TOPICS
* Updating your CA certificate by modifying your DB instance
* Updating your CA certificate by applying DB instance maintenance
* Automatic server certificate rotation
* Sample script for importing certificates into your trust store
UPDATING YOUR CA CERTIFICATE BY MODIFYING YOUR DB INSTANCE
The following example updates your CA certificate from rds-ca-2019 to
rds-ca-rsa2048-g1. You can choose a different certificate. For more information,
see Certificate authorities.
TO UPDATE YOUR CA CERTIFICATE BY MODIFYING YOUR DB INSTANCE
1. Download the new SSL/TLS certificate as described in Using SSL/TLS to
encrypt a connection to a DB instance.
2. Update your applications to use the new SSL/TLS certificate.
The methods for updating applications for new SSL/TLS certificates depend on
your specific applications. Work with your application developers to update
the SSL/TLS certificates for your applications.
For information about checking for SSL/TLS connections and updating
applications for each DB engine, see the following topics:
* Updating applications to connect to MariaDB instances using new SSL/TLS
certificates
* Updating applications to connect to Microsoft SQL Server DB instances
using new SSL/TLS certificates
* Updating applications to connect to MySQL DB instances using new SSL/TLS
certificates
* Updating applications to connect to Oracle DB instances using new SSL/TLS
certificates
* Updating applications to connect to PostgreSQL DB instances using new
SSL/TLS certificates
For a sample script that updates a trust store for a Linux operating system,
see Sample script for importing certificates into your trust store.
NOTE
The certificate bundle contains certificates for both the old and new CA, so
you can upgrade your application safely and maintain connectivity during the
transition period. If you are using the AWS Database Migration Service to
migrate a database to a DB instance, we recommend using the certificate
bundle to ensure connectivity during the migration.
3. Modify the DB instance to change the CA from rds-ca-2019 to
rds-ca-rsa2048-g1. To check if your database requires a restart to update
the CA certificates, use the describe-db-engine-versions command and check
the SupportsCertificateRotationWithoutRestart flag.
IMPORTANT
If you are experiencing connectivity issues after certificate expiry, use
the apply immediately option by specifying Apply immediately in the console
or by specifying the --apply-immediately option using the AWS CLI. By
default, this operation is scheduled to run during your next maintenance
window.
To set an override for your instance CA that's different from the default
RDS CA, use the modify-certificates CLI command.
You can use the AWS Management Console or the AWS CLI to change the CA
certificate from rds-ca-2019 to rds-ca-rsa2048-g1 for a DB instance.
1. Sign in to the AWS Management Console and open the Amazon RDS console at
https://console.aws.amazon.com/rds/.
2. In the navigation pane, choose Databases, and then choose the DB instance
that you want to modify.
3. Choose Modify.
The Modify DB Instance page appears.
4. In the Connectivity section, choose rds-ca-rsa2048-g1.
5. Choose Continue and check the summary of modifications.
6. To apply the changes immediately, choose Apply immediately.
7. On the confirmation page, review your changes. If they are correct, choose
Modify DB Instance to save your changes.
IMPORTANT
When you schedule this operation, make sure that you have updated your
client-side trust store beforehand.
Or choose Back to edit your changes or Cancel to cancel your changes.
CONSOLE
1. Sign in to the AWS Management Console and open the Amazon RDS console at
https://console.aws.amazon.com/rds/.
2. In the navigation pane, choose Databases, and then choose the DB instance
that you want to modify.
3. Choose Modify.
The Modify DB Instance page appears.
4. In the Connectivity section, choose rds-ca-rsa2048-g1.
5. Choose Continue and check the summary of modifications.
6. To apply the changes immediately, choose Apply immediately.
7. On the confirmation page, review your changes. If they are correct, choose
Modify DB Instance to save your changes.
IMPORTANT
When you schedule this operation, make sure that you have updated your
client-side trust store beforehand.
Or choose Back to edit your changes or Cancel to cancel your changes.
To use the AWS CLI to change the CA from rds-ca-2019 to rds-ca-rsa2048-g1 for a
DB instance, call the modify-db-instance command. Specify the DB instance
identifier and the --ca-certificate-identifier option.
IMPORTANT
When you schedule this operation, make sure that you have updated your
client-side trust store beforehand.
The following code modifies mydbinstance by setting the CA certificate to
rds-ca-rsa2048-g1.
IMPORTANT
Use --apply-immediately to apply the update immediately. By default, this
operation is scheduled to run during your next maintenance window.
For Linux, macOS, or Unix:
aws rds modify-db-instance \
--db-instance-identifier mydbinstance \
--ca-certificate-identifier rds-ca-rsa2048-g1
For Windows:
aws rds modify-db-instance ^
--db-instance-identifier mydbinstance ^
--ca-certificate-identifier rds-ca-rsa2048-g1
NOTE
If your instance requires reboot, you can use the modify-db-instance CLI command
and specify the --no-certificate-rotation-restart option.
AWS CLI
To use the AWS CLI to change the CA from rds-ca-2019 to rds-ca-rsa2048-g1 for a
DB instance, call the modify-db-instance command. Specify the DB instance
identifier and the --ca-certificate-identifier option.
IMPORTANT
When you schedule this operation, make sure that you have updated your
client-side trust store beforehand.
The following code modifies mydbinstance by setting the CA certificate to
rds-ca-rsa2048-g1.
IMPORTANT
Use --apply-immediately to apply the update immediately. By default, this
operation is scheduled to run during your next maintenance window.
For Linux, macOS, or Unix:
aws rds modify-db-instance \
--db-instance-identifier mydbinstance \
--ca-certificate-identifier rds-ca-rsa2048-g1
For Windows:
aws rds modify-db-instance ^
--db-instance-identifier mydbinstance ^
--ca-certificate-identifier rds-ca-rsa2048-g1
NOTE
If your instance requires reboot, you can use the modify-db-instance CLI command
and specify the --no-certificate-rotation-restart option.
UPDATING YOUR CA CERTIFICATE BY APPLYING DB INSTANCE MAINTENANCE
Complete the following steps to update your CA certificate by applying DB
instance instance maintenance.
TO UPDATE YOUR CA CERTIFICATE BY APPLYING DB INSTANCE MAINTENANCE
1. Sign in to the AWS Management Console and open the Amazon RDS console at
https://console.aws.amazon.com/rds/.
2. In the navigation pane, choose Databases.
In the navigation pane, there is a Certificate update option that shows the
total number of affected DB instance.
Choose Certificate update in the navigation pane.
The Databases requiring certificate update page appears.
NOTE
This page only shows the DB instances for the current AWS Region. If you
have DB instance in more than one AWS Region, check this page in each AWS
Region to see all DB instances with old SSL/TLS certificates.
3. Choose the DB instance you want to update.
You can schedule the certificate rotation for your next maintenance window
by choosing Schedule. Apply the rotation immediately by choosing Apply now.
IMPORTANT
If you experience connectivity issues after certificate expiry, use the
Apply now option.
4. 1. If you choose Schedule, you are prompted to confirm the CA certificate
rotation. This prompt also states the scheduled window for your update.
2. If you choose Apply now, you are prompted to confirm the CA certificate
rotation.
IMPORTANT
Before scheduling the CA certificate rotation on your database, update any
client applications that use SSL/TLS and the server certificate to connect.
These updates are specific to your DB engine. After you have updated these
client applications, you can confirm the CA certificate rotation.
To continue, choose the check box, and then choose Confirm.
5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 for each DB instance that you want to update.
AUTOMATIC SERVER CERTIFICATE ROTATION
If your CA supports automatic server certificate rotation, RDS automatically
handles the rotation of the DB server certificate. RDS uses the same root CA for
this automatic rotation, so you don't need to download a new CA bundle. See
Certificate authorities.
The rotation and validity of your DB server certificate depend on your DB
engine:
* If your DB engine supports rotation without restart, RDS automatically
rotates the DB server certificate without requiring any action from you. RDS
attempts to rotate your DB server certificate in your preferred maintenance
window at the DB server certificate half life. The new DB server certificate
is valid for 12 months.
* If your DB engine doesn't support rotation without restart, RDS notifies you
about a maintenance event at least 6 months before the DB server certificate
expires. The new DB server certificate is valid for 36 months.
Use the describe-db-engine-versions command and inspect the
SupportsCertificateRotationWithoutRestart flag to identify whether the DB engine
version supports rotating the certificate without restart. For more information,
see Setting the CA for your database.
SAMPLE SCRIPT FOR IMPORTING CERTIFICATES INTO YOUR TRUST STORE
The following are sample shell scripts that import the certificate bundle into a
trust store.
Each sample shell script uses keytool, which is part of the Java Development Kit
(JDK). For information about installing the JDK, see JDK Installation Guide.
TOPICS
* Sample script for importing certificates on Linux
* Sample script for importing certificates on macOS
SAMPLE SCRIPT FOR IMPORTING CERTIFICATES ON LINUX
The following is a sample shell script that imports the certificate bundle into
a trust store on a Linux operating system.
mydir=tmp/certs
if [ ! -e "${mydir}" ]
then
mkdir -p "${mydir}"
fi
truststore=${mydir}/rds-truststore.jks
storepassword=changeit
curl -sS "https://truststore.pki.rds.amazonaws.com/global/global-bundle.pem" > ${mydir}/global-bundle.pem
awk 'split_after == 1 {n++;split_after=0} /-----END CERTIFICATE-----/ {split_after=1}{print > "rds-ca-" n ".pem"}' < ${mydir}/global-bundle.pem
for CERT in rds-ca-*; do
alias=$(openssl x509 -noout -text -in $CERT | perl -ne 'next unless /Subject:/; s/.*(CN=|CN = )//; print')
echo "Importing $alias"
keytool -import -file ${CERT} -alias "${alias}" -storepass ${storepassword} -keystore ${truststore} -noprompt
rm $CERT
done
rm ${mydir}/global-bundle.pem
echo "Trust store content is: "
keytool -list -v -keystore "$truststore" -storepass ${storepassword} | grep Alias | cut -d " " -f3- | while read alias
do
expiry=`keytool -list -v -keystore "$truststore" -storepass ${storepassword} -alias "${alias}" | grep Valid | perl -ne 'if(/until: (.*?)\n/) { print "$1\n"; }'`
echo " Certificate ${alias} expires in '$expiry'"
done
SAMPLE SCRIPT FOR IMPORTING CERTIFICATES ON MACOS
The following is a sample shell script that imports the certificate bundle into
a trust store on macOS.
mydir=tmp/certs
if [ ! -e "${mydir}" ]
then
mkdir -p "${mydir}"
fi
truststore=${mydir}/rds-truststore.jks
storepassword=changeit
curl -sS "https://truststore.pki.rds.amazonaws.com/global/global-bundle.pem" > ${mydir}/global-bundle.pem
split -p "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----" ${mydir}/global-bundle.pem rds-ca-
for CERT in rds-ca-*; do
alias=$(openssl x509 -noout -text -in $CERT | perl -ne 'next unless /Subject:/; s/.*(CN=|CN = )//; print')
echo "Importing $alias"
keytool -import -file ${CERT} -alias "${alias}" -storepass ${storepassword} -keystore ${truststore} -noprompt
rm $CERT
done
rm ${mydir}/global-bundle.pem
echo "Trust store content is: "
keytool -list -v -keystore "$truststore" -storepass ${storepassword} | grep Alias | cut -d " " -f3- | while read alias
do
expiry=`keytool -list -v -keystore "$truststore" -storepass ${storepassword} -alias "${alias}" | grep Valid | perl -ne 'if(/until: (.*?)\n/) { print "$1\n"; }'`
echo " Certificate ${alias} expires in '$expiry'"
done
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* Updating your CA certificate by modifying your DB instance
* Updating your CA certificate by applying maintenance
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