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APT & Targeted Attacks


EARTH FREYBUG USES UNAPIMON FOR UNHOOKING CRITICAL APIS

This article provides an in-depth look into two techniques used by Earth Freybug
actors: dynamic-link library (DLL) hijacking and application programming
interface (API) unhooking to prevent child processes from being monitored via a
new malware we’ve discovered and dubbed UNAPIMON.

By: Christopher So April 02, 2024 Read time: 6 min (1633 words)

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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

In the past month, we investigated a cyberespionage attack that we have
attributed to Earth Freybug (also known as a subset of APT41). Earth Freybug is
a cyberthreat group that has been active since at least 2012 that focuses on
espionage and financially motivated activities. It has been observed to target
organizations from various sectors across different countries. Earth Freybug
actors use a diverse range of tools and techniques, including LOLBins and custom
malware. This article provides an in-depth look into two techniques used by
Earth Freybug actors: dynamic-link library (DLL) hijacking and application
programming interface (API) unhooking to prevent child processes from being
monitored via a new malware we’ve discovered and dubbed UNAPIMON.


BACKGROUND OF THE ATTACK FLOW

The tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) used in this campaign are similar
to the ones from a campaign described in an article published by Cybereason. In
this incident, we observed a vmtoolsd.exe process that creates a remote
scheduled task using schtasks.exe. Once executed, this launches a pre-deployed
cc.bat in the remote machine.

Figure 1. Earth Freybug attack chain
download

vmtoolsd.exe is a component of VMware Tools called VMware user process, which is
installed and run inside a guest virtual machine to facilitate communication
with the host machine. Meanwhile, schtasks.exe is a component of Windows called
Task Scheduler Configuration Tool, which is used to manage tasks in a local or
remote machine. Based on the behavior we observed from our telemetry, a code of
unknown origin was injected in vmtoolsd.exe that started schtasks.exe. It’s
important to note that both vmtoolsd.exe and schtasks.exe are legitimate files.
Although the origin of the malicious code in vmtoolsd.exe in this incident is
unknown, there have been documented infections wherein vulnerabilities in
legitimate applications were exploited via vulnerable external-facing servers.

Figure 2. Command line for executing the Task Scheduler Configuration Tool.
download

First cc.bat for reconnaissance

Once the scheduled task is triggered, a previously deployed batch file,
%System%\cc.bat, is executed in the remote machine. Based on our telemetry, this
batch file launches commands to gather system information. Among the commands
executed are:

 * powershell.exe  -command "Get-NetAdapter |select InterfaceGuid"
 * arp  -a
 * ipconfig  /all
 * fsutil  fsinfo drives
 * query  user
 * net  localgroup administrators
 * systeminfo
 * whoami
 * netstat  -anb -p tcp
 * net  start
 * tasklist  /v
 * net  session
 * net  share
 * net  accounts
 * net  use
 * net  user
 * net  view
 * net  view /domain
 * net  time \\127.0.0.1
 * net  localgroup administrators /domain
 * wmic  nic get "guid"

The system information gathered via these commands is gathered in a text file
called %System%\res.txt.

Once this is done, another scheduled task is set up to execute
%Windows%\Installer\cc.bat in the target machine, which launches a backdoor.

Second cc.bat hijacking for DLL side-loading

The second cc.bat is notable for leveraging a service that loads a nonexistent
library to side-load a malicious DLL. In this case, the service is SessionEnv. A
detailed technical description of how this technique works can be found here. In
this technique, this second cc.bat first copies a previously dropped
%Windows%\Installer\hdr.bin to %System%\TSMSISrv.DLL. It then stops the
SessionEnv service, waits for a few seconds, then restarts the service. This
will make the service load and execute the file %System%\TSMSISrv.DLL.

Two actions of interest done by TSMSISrv.DLL are dropping and loading a file
named Windows%\_{5 to 9 random alphabetic characters}.dll and starting a cmd.exe
process in which the same dropped DLL is also injected. Based on telemetry data,
we noticed that this instance of cmd.exe is used to execute commands coming from
another machine, thus turning it into a backdoor. We dubbed the dropped DLL
loaded in both the service and cmd.exe as UNAPIMON.

Introducing UNAPIMON for defense evasion

An interesting thing that we observed in this attack is the use of a peculiar
malware that we named UNAPIMON. In its essence, UNAPIMON employs defense evasion
techniques to prevent child processes from being monitored, which we detail in
the succeeding sections.

Malware analysis

UNAPIMON itself is straightforward: It is a DLL malware written in C++ and is
neither packed nor obfuscated; it is not encrypted save for a single string.

At the DllMain function, it first checks whether it is being loaded or unloaded.
When the DLL is being loaded, it creates an event object for synchronization,
and starts the hooking thread.

As shown in Figure 3, the hooking thread first obtains the address of the
function CreateProcessW from kernel32.dll, which it saves for later use.
CreateProcessW is one of the Windows API functions that can be used to create a
process. It then installs a hook on it using Microsoft Detours, an open-source
software package developed by Microsoft for monitoring and instrumenting API
calls on Windows.

Figure 3. Hooking thread disassembly
download

This mechanism redirects any calls made to CreateProcessW from a process where
this DLL is loaded to the hook.

The hook function calls the original CreateProcessW using the previously saved
address to create the actual process but with the value CREATE_SUSPENDED (4) in
the creation flags parameter. This effectively creates the process, but whose
main thread is suspended.

Figure 4. Calling “CreateProcessW” with “CREATE_SUSPENDED”
download

It then walks through a list of hardcoded DLL names as shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5. List of DLL names
download

For each DLL in the list that is loaded in the child process, it creates a copy
of the DLL file to %User Temp%\_{5 to 9 random alphabetic characters}.dll
(hereafter to be referred to as the local copy), which it then loads using the
API function LoadLibraryEx with the parameter DONT_RESOLVE_DLL_REFERENCES (1).
It does this to prevent a loading error as described in this article.

Figure 6. Copy and load DLL
download

After the local copy of the DLL has been loaded, it then proceeds to create a
local memory copy of the loaded DLL image with the same name in the child
process. To ensure that the two DLLs are the same, it compares both the values
of the checksum field in the headers and the values of the number of name
pointers in the export table.

Once verified to be identical, it walks through all exported addresses in the
export table. For each exported address, it checks to ensure that the address
points to a code in an executable memory page, and that the starting code has
been modified. Specifically, it checks if the memory page protection has the
values PAGE_EXECUTE (0x10), PAGE_EXECUTE_READ (0x20), or PAGE_EXECUTE_READWRITE
(0x40). Modifications are detected if the first byte in the exported address is
either 0xE8 (CALL), 0xE9 (JMP), or if its first two bytes are not equal to the
corresponding first two bytes in the loaded local copy. Additionally, it also
verifies that the name of the exported address is not RtlNtdllName, which
contains data instead of executable code.

Figure 7. Exported address checking
download

If an exported address passes these tests, it is added to a list for unpatching.

Once all the DLL names in the list have been processed, it walks through each of
the addresses in the unpatching list. For each address, it copies 8 bytes from
the loaded local copy (the original) to the remote address, which has been
previously modified. This effectively removes any code patches applied to an
exported address.

Figure 8. Unpatching loop
download

Finally, it unloads and deletes the randomly named local copy of the DLL and
resumes the main thread. When the malware is unloaded, it removes the hook from
CreateProcessW.

Impact

Looking at the behavior of UNAPIMON and how it was used in the attack, we can
infer that its primary purpose is to unhook critical API functions in any child
process. For environments that implement API monitoring through hooking such as
sandboxing systems, UNAPIMON will prevent child processes from being monitored.
Thus, this malware can allow any malicious child process to be executed with its
behavior undetected.

A unique and notable feature of this malware is its simplicity and originality.
Its use of existing technologies, such as Microsoft Detours, shows that any
simple and off-the-shelf library can be used maliciously if used creatively.
This also displayed the coding prowess and creativity of the malware writer. In
typical scenarios, it is the malware that does the hooking. However, it is the
opposite in this case.


SECURITY RECOMMENDATIONS

In this specific Earth Freybug attack, the threat actor used administrator
accounts, which means that the threat actors knew the admin credentials,
rendering group policies useless. The only way to prevent this from happening in
an environment is good housekeeping, which involves frequent password rotation,
limiting access to admin accounts to actual admins, and activity logging.

In this incident, data exfiltration was done using a third-party collaborative
software platform over which we do not have control. Even if the write
permissions were revoked for affected folders that could be accessed through the
collaborative software, the threat actor could just simply override it, since
the threat actor is the admin from the system’s point of view.

Users should restrict admin privileges and follow the principle of least
privilege. The fewer people with admin privileges, the fewer loopholes in the
system malicious actors can take advantage of.

Conclusion


Earth Freybug has been around for quite some time, and their methods have been
seen to evolve through time. This was evident from what we observed from this
attack: We concluded that they are still actively finding ways to improve their
techniques to successfully achieve their goals.

This attack also demonstrates that even simple techniques can be used
effectively when applied correctly. Implementing these techniques to an existing
attack pattern makes the attack more difficult to discover. Security researchers
and SOCs must keep a watchful eye not only on malicious actors’ advanced
techniques, but also the simple ones that are easily overlooked.


INDICATOR OF COMPROMISE

Hash Detection name
62ad0407a9cce34afb428dee972292d2aa23c78cbc1a44627cb2e8b945195bc2
Trojan.Win64.UNAPIMON.ZTLB

Tags
APT & Targeted Attacks | Endpoints | Research | Articles, News, Reports


AUTHORS

 * Christopher So
   
   Threat Researcher

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