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RIGHTS, RULES, RESPONSIBILITIES

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Rights, Rules, Responsibilities


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SECTION MENU

 * 2.1 Rights and Responsibilities of Students
 * 2.2 Regulations Concerning Specific Aspects of Student Life
 * 2.3 The Undergraduate Honor System
 * 2.4 Academic Regulations, (current page)
 * 2.5 University Discipline
 * 2.6 The Graduate School
 * 2.7 Student Privacy Rights under Federal Law


2.4 ACADEMIC REGULATIONS


2.4.1 INTRODUCTION

A student is in good standing if the student is making normal progress toward a
degree and has a satisfactory record in scholarship and conduct. Scholastic
regulations for undergraduates pertaining to choice of studies, completion of
course requirements, and academic standing are published online in the
Undergraduate Announcement (https://ua.princeton.edu(Link is external)), and
graduate student regulations also are online.


2.4.2 JURISDICTION OVER UNDERGRADUATES FOR VIOLATIONS OF ACADEMIC RULES AND
REGULATIONS

Jurisdiction over violations of academic rules and regulations rests with two
distinct committees at Princeton. All in-class undergraduate written
examinations and tests are conducted under the honor system. All violations of
the honor system are the concern of the Undergraduate Honor Committee.
Violations of rules and regulations pertaining to all other academic work,
including essays, term papers, laboratory reports, and take-home and remotely
taken examinations fall under the jurisdiction of the Faculty-Student Committee
on Discipline. Should there be any uncertainty regarding which body is
responsible for the adjudication of a particular case, clarification should be
requested from the Office of the Dean of Undergraduate Students or the chair of
the Honor Committee.


2.4.3 STUDENT ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF ORIGINAL WORK

At the end of an essay, laboratory report, or any other requirement,
undergraduates must write the following sentence and sign their name: “This
paper represents my own work in accordance with University regulations.”


2.4.4 TRANSCRIPTION OR PUBLICATION OF COURSE-RELATED MATERIALS

Students may not engage in the publication, sale, or distribution—online or by
any other means—of syllabi, assignments, examinations, abstracts, or notes or
transcriptions of the lectures and other course-related materials or required
reading in any course of instruction in the University.

This regulation is not intended to preclude situations in which students may act
as assistants to instructors who are themselves preparing lectures or other
course-related materials, either for informal distribution (without sale) to
members of a particular course or department, or for formal publication and sale
by a publisher.


2.4.5 TUTORING AND ONLINE SOLUTIONS

An undergraduate is subject to disciplinary action if that student makes use of
any paid or unpaid tutor, tutoring service, AI tutoring bot, or facility other
than that regularly authorized by the Office of the Dean of the College. Also,
no undergraduate may accept compensation for tutoring in Princeton courses
except as authorized by the Office of the Dean of the College. Graduate students
should consult the Office of the Dean of the Graduate School.

The use of solutions to specific questions or problems on any websites or online
services (regardless of whether they require a paid subscription) when
completing any work submitted to fulfill an academic requirement (such as
homework assignments, problem sets, quizzes, tests, or examinations of any kind)
is prohibited.

Also, students are prohibited from representing output generated by or derived
from generative artificial intelligence (AI) as their own on any work submitted
to fulfill an academic requirement. Any student violating this provision is
subject to disciplinary action.


2.4.6 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR THE ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF SOURCES IN ACADEMIC WORK

The academic departments of the University have varying requirements for the
acknowledgment of sources, but certain fundamental principles apply to all
levels of work. In order to prevent any misunderstanding, students are expected
to study and comply with the following basic requirements. If you have any
questions about when and how to cite your sources, ask the course instructor. An
important general rule is this: if you are unsure whether or not to acknowledge
a source, always err on the side of caution and completeness by citing rather
than not citing.


QUOTATIONS

Any quotations, however small, must be placed in quotation marks or clearly
indented beyond the regular margin. Any quotation must be accompanied (either
within the text or in a footnote) by a precise indication of the
source—identifying the author, title, place and date of publication (where
relevant), and page numbers. Any sentence or phrase which is not the original
work of the student must be acknowledged.


PARAPHRASING

Any material which is paraphrased or summarized must also be specifically
acknowledged in a footnote or in the text. A thorough rewording or rearrangement
of an author’s text does not relieve one of this responsibility. Occasionally,
students maintain that they have read a source long before they wrote their
papers and have unwittingly duplicated some of its phrases or ideas. This is not
a valid excuse. The student is responsible for taking adequate notes so that
debts of phrasing may be acknowledged where they are due.


IDEAS AND FACTS

Any ideas or facts which are borrowed should be specifically acknowledged in a
footnote or in the text, even if the idea or fact has been further elaborated by
the student. Some ideas, facts, formulas, and other kinds of information which
are widely known and considered to be in the “public domain” of common knowledge
do not always require citation. The criteria for common knowledge vary among
disciplines; students in doubt should consult a member of the faculty.

Occasionally, a student in preparing any work submitted to fulfill an academic
requirement has consulted an essay or body of notes on a similar subject by
another student. If the student has done so, the student must state that fact
and indicate clearly the nature and extent of their indebtedness to the other
source. The name and class of the author of an essay or notes which are
consulted should be given, and the student should be prepared to show the work
consulted to the instructor, if requested to do so.


FOOTNOTES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

All the sources that have been consulted in the preparation of an essay or
report should be listed in a bibliography, unless specific guidelines (from the
academic department or instructor) request that only works cited be so included.
However, the mere listing of a source in a bibliography shall not be considered
a “proper acknowledgment” for specific use of that source within the essay or
report; a footnote or endnote must also appear after the information or
quotation from that source. Neither shall the use of a footnote at the end of a
sentence or paragraph in which only minor word changes have been made from the
original source be considered “proper acknowledgment.” The extent of
indebtedness to the author must be made clear.


NONPRINT AND ELECTRONIC SOURCES

The requirement to acknowledge sources is not limited to printed material such
as books or journal articles. You may need to acknowledge information that
you’ve found in graphical form, sources that are works of visual or musical art,
handwritten notes from a lecture or a laboratory, or even personal
conversations. You should find out the disciplinary protocols for citing such
nonprint sources by consulting a citation style manual, such as the MLA Handbook
or The Chicago Manual of Style.

Electronic information through the internet, email, e-media, and e-publication
has had a significant impact on the way we conduct research. An electronic
source is any source that exists primarily in electronic form and is accessed
primarily through electronic means. Websites, electronic periodicals, electronic
books, emails and social media postings, and even streaming audio are all forms
of electronic sources. Information and quotations from any electronic sources
must be properly acknowledged. The protocols for citing electronic sources are
well-established and you should consult a citation style manual for particular
examples. At a minimum, cite the name and author of the electronic source,
publisher information, the DOI (director object identifier) or the URL if the
DOI is not available, and the date you accessed the material.


GENERATIVE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

As defined in section 2.4.7, generative artificial intelligence (AI) is not a
source, since its output is not produced by a person. If generative AI is
permitted by the instructor (for brainstorming, outlining, etc.), students
must disclose its use rather than cite or acknowledge the use, since it is an
algorithm rather than a source.  Students are responsible for familiarizing
themselves with and adhering to course and departmental policies regarding the
use of generative AI. Inappropriate uses of the results of generative AI on any
work submitted to fulfill an academic requirement, such as directly copying the
output, representing output generated by or derived from generative AI as their
own, exceeding the parameters specified by the instructor, or failing to
disclose its use, would constitute violations of academic integrity.


LABORATORY WORK, PROBLEM SETS, COMPUTER PROGRAMS, AND HOMEWORK

The organization of laboratory and computational courses varies throughout the
University. In many courses, students work in pairs or in larger groups. In
those cases where individual reports are submitted based on work involving
collaboration, proper acknowledgment of the extent of the collaboration must
appear in the report. In those cases where there are two or more signatories to
a submitted report, each student’s signature is taken to mean that the student
has contributed fairly to the work involved and understands and endorses the
content of the report. If for any reason, a set of observations or calculations
has been invalidated or left incomplete, permission must be granted by the
instructor to obtain the data from other sources and those sources must be
specifically acknowledged in the report. Make sure you understand the rules of
collaboration in any course by asking the instructor.


MULTIPLE SUBMISSION

Under certain conditions, the student may be permitted to rewrite an earlier
work or to satisfy two academic requirements by producing a single piece of work
more extensive than that which would satisfy either requirement on its own. In
such cases however, the student must secure in writing, prior permission of each
instructor. In cases where a previously submitted work, or a portion of it, is
submitted in its original or revised form to another instructor, the student
must also submit the original work with the revised version. If a single
extended work has been written for more than one course, that fact must be
clearly indicated at the beginning of the essay.


ORAL REPORTS

Students required to submit written notes for oral reports must clearly
acknowledge any work that is not original, in accordance with the requirements
stated above.


STANDARD FORMS OF REFERENCE

For standard forms of quotations, footnotes, and bibliographies, the student may
consult one of the following: The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research
Papers (Modern Language Association of America, 4th edition, 1995); A Manual for
Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (Kate L. Turabian, John
Grossman, and Alice Bennett, 6th revised edition, l996); or a style sheet
provided by a department of the University.


2.4.7 DEFINITIONS OF ACADEMIC VIOLATIONS UNDER THE JURISDICTION OF THE
FACULTY-STUDENT COMMITTEE ON DISCIPLINE AND THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON STUDENT LIFE AND
DISCIPLINE OF THE FACULTY COMMITTEE ON THE GRADUATE SCHOOL

With regard to essays, laboratory reports, take-home examinations, or any other
work submitted to fulfill an official academic requirement (including work
submitted in draft form for an instructor’s review, where the instructor would
reasonably assume adequate citations and/or true data), the following are
considered academic infractions:


PLAGIARISM

The use of any outside source without proper acknowledgment. “Outside source”
means any work, published or unpublished, by any person other than the student
(see section 2.4.6 and section 2.4.9).


UNAUTHORIZED MULTIPLE SUBMISSION

The failure to obtain prior written permission of the relevant instructors to
submit any work that has been submitted in identical or similar form in
fulfillment of any other academic requirement at any institution.


FALSE CITATION

The attribution to, or citation of, a source from which the material in question
was not, in fact, obtained.


FALSE DATA

The submission of data or information that has been deliberately altered or
contrived by the student or with the student’s knowledge.


GAINING OR ATTEMPTING TO GAIN AN UNFAIR ADVANTAGE

The gaining or attempting to gain unauthorized advantage over fellow students in
any work in fulfillment of an academic requirement. This may include but is not
limited to a failure to follow the instructor’s policies or instructions for an
assignment or exam in such a way that provides an advantage to the student or
the misrepresentation—explicit or implicit—of information regarding the
preparation, presentation, or submission of work in fulfillment of an academic
requirement, where such misrepresentation is made to an instructor in an attempt
to gain an unfair advantage, including the submission for re-grading of any
academic work under the jurisdiction of the Faculty-Student Committee on
Discipline.


VIOLATION OF EXAMINATION PROCEDURES

During the course of an examination, the failure to follow examination
procedures as set forth by the faculty member(s) who oversee that examination.
(For in-class examination violations by undergraduate students,
see section 2.3 of the Undergraduate Honor System.) Graduate students see also
section 2.6.7 (“research integrity”).


AIDING PLAGIARISM OR ANY OTHER ACADEMIC VIOLATION

Any aid knowingly given to another in committing any of the infractions
described above, or aid given contrary to instructions provided by the course
instructor, will also be considered a violation.


2.4.8 VIOLATIONS


JURISDICTION

Violations of these regulations are under the jurisdiction of the
Faculty-Student Committee on Discipline or the Office of the Dean of the
Graduate School.


STUDENT’S DEFENSE

The only adequate defense for a student accused of an academic violation is that
the work in question does not, in fact, constitute a violation.

Neither the defense that the student was ignorant of the regulations concerning
academic violations nor the defense that the student was under pressure at the
time the violation was committed is considered an adequate defense or a
mitigating factor.

Students who require assistance fulfilling their academic obligations are
expected to seek such assistance on a prospective basis. Students with
disabilities should inquire about available academic accommodations at the
Office of Disability Services. All students are encouraged to avail themselves
of the resources at the McGraw Center for Teaching and Learning, the Writing
Center, and the residential colleges. When students come under time pressure,
they are encouraged to discuss the possibility of an extension with their
instructors and/or residential college dean or assistant dean for studies. A
known disability for which the student did not seek accommodations prospectively
will not be considered an adequate defense against an academic integrity charge
or a mitigating factor.


SERIOUSNESS OF THE OFFENSE

Academic infractions are always considered a serious matter, but will be
considered especially serious if:

 1. The student has submitted a paper prepared by another person or agency.
 2. The student has a record of a previous finding of responsibility for another
    serious violation.
 3. The infraction includes the theft of another student’s work—even if the
    paper or assignment is returned after use, or consulted without being
    removed from the other student’s room or from a public or private room or
    from an electronic online location such as a website where work has been
    placed.


PENALTIES

In determining the sanction, the Faculty-Student Committee on Discipline will
consider the seriousness of the violation and whether the student ought
reasonably to have understood that the actions were in violation of University
regulations. If the committee concludes the violation was serious enough to
warrant an immediate separation from the University, the sanction will be
suspension or suspension with conditions from the University. Egregious academic
integrity violations on the senior thesis may be grounds for expulsion. Students
who have previously been separated for an academic integrity violation should
expect to be expelled for a second such violation. While the failure to fulfill
the general requirements for acknowledgment of sources in academic work may not
be determined to reach this level of seriousness, any such failure will be
considered an academic infraction and will normally result in a disciplinary
sanction.

For further discussion of undergraduate academic violations, please see
section 2.3.


2.4.9 EXAMPLES OF PLAGIARISM

The following examples provide a range of plagiarism from verbatim copying to
thorough paraphrasing. The examples and comments offer clear guidance about how
a source may be used and when a source must be cited.


ORIGINAL SOURCE

From: Alvin Kernan, The Playwright as Magician. New Haven: Yale University
Press, 1979, pp.102–103.

From time to time this submerged or latent theater in Hamlet becomes almost
overt. It is close to the surface in Hamlet’s pretense of madness, the “antic
disposition” he puts on to protect himself and prevent his antagonists from
plucking out the heart of his mystery. It is even closer to the surface when
Hamlet enters his mother’s room and holds up, side by side, the pictures of the
two kings, Old Hamlet and Claudius, and proceeds to describe for her the true
nature of the choice she has made, presenting truth by means of a show.
Similarly, when he leaps into the open grave at Ophelia’s funeral, ranting in
high heroic terms, he is acting out for Laertes, and perhaps for himself as
well, the folly of excessive, melodramatic expressions of grief.

1. EXAMPLE OF VERBATIM PLAGIARISM, OR UNACKNOWLEDGED DIRECT QUOTATION (LIFTED
PASSAGES ARE BOLD):

Almost all of Shakespeare's Hamlet can be understood as a play about acting and
the theatre. For example, there is Hamlet’s pretense of madness, the “antic
disposition” that he puts on to protect himself and prevent his antagonists from
plucking out the heart of his mystery. When Hamlet enters his mother's room,
he holds up, side by side, the pictures of the two kings, Old Hamlet and
Claudius, and proceeds to describe for her the true nature of the choice she has
made, presenting truth by means of a show. Similarly, when he leaps into the
open grave at Ophelia's funeral, ranting in high heroic terms, he is acting out
for Laertes, and perhaps for himself as well, the folly of excessive,
melodramatic expressions of grief.

Comment: Aside from an opening sentence loosely adapted from the original and
reworded more simply, this entire passage is taken almost word-for-word from the
source. The few small alterations of the source do not relieve the writer of the
responsibility to attribute these words to their original author. A passage from
a source may be worth quoting at length if it makes a point precisely or
elegantly. In such cases, copy the passage exactly, place it in quotation marks,
and cite the author.

2. EXAMPLE OF LIFTING SELECTED PASSAGES AND PHRASES WITHOUT PROPER
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT (LIFTED PASSAGES ARE BOLD):

Almost all of Shakespeare's Hamlet can be understood as a play about acting and
the theatre. For example, in Act 1, Hamlet adopts a pretense of madness that he
uses to protect himself and prevent his antagonists from discovering his mission
to revenge his father's murder. He also presents truth by means of a show when
he compares the portraits of Gertrude's two husbands in order to describe for
her the true nature of the choice she has made. And when he leaps in Ophelia’s
open grave ranting in high heroic terms, Hamlet is acting out the folly of
excessive, melodramatic expressions of grief.

Comment: This passage, in content and structure, is taken wholesale from the
source. Although the writer has rewritten much of the paragraph, and fewer
phrases are lifted verbatim from the source, this is a clear example of
plagiarism. Inserting even short phrases from the source into a new sentence
still requires placing quotations around the borrowed words and citing the
author. If even one phrase is good enough to borrow, it must be properly set off
by quotation marks. In the case above, if the writer had rewritten the entire
paragraph and only used Alvin Kernan’s phrase “high heroic terms” without
properly quoting and acknowledging its source, the writer would have
plagiarized.

3. EXAMPLE OF PARAPHRASING THE TEXT WHILE MAINTAINING THE BASIC PARAGRAPH AND
SENTENCE STRUCTURE:

Almost all of Shakespeare’s Hamlet can be understood as a play about acting and
the theatre. For example, in Act 1, Hamlet pretends to be insane in order to
make sure his enemies do not discover his mission to revenge his father’s
murder. The theme is even more obvious when Hamlet compares the pictures of his
mother’s two husbands to show her what a bad choice she has made, using their
images to reveal the truth. Also, when he jumps into Ophelia’s grave, hurling
his challenge to Laertes, Hamlet demonstrates the foolishness of exaggerated
expressions of emotion.

Comment: Almost nothing of Alvin Kernan’s original language remains in this
rewritten paragraph. However the key idea, the choice and order of the examples,
and even the basic structure of the original sentences are all taken from the
source. Although it would no longer be necessary to use quotation marks, it
would absolutely be necessary to place a citation at the end of this paragraph
to acknowledge that the content is not original. Better still would be to
acknowledge the author in the text by adding a second sentence such as—“Alvin
Kernan provides several examples from the play where these themes become more
obvious”—and then citing the source at the end of the paragraph. In the case
where the writer did not try to paraphrase the source’s sentences quite so
closely, but borrowed the main idea and examples from Kernan’s book, an
acknowledgment would still be necessary.


COLLABORATION

In many courses—particularly, but not exclusively, in the sciences or
engineering—instructors may permit or even encourage students to collaborate on
problem sets, programming assignments, laboratory reports, or other academic
projects. The standard for permissible collaboration varies from course to
course, even within a particular department. Some instructors permit pairs or
groups to turn in a single piece of work on behalf of all students in that
group; other instructors allow students to discuss assignments but require them
to write up their own unique answers; still others prohibit any collaboration at
all.

It is the student’s responsibility to understand where the line is between
permissible collaboration and independent work. To avoid confusion and possible
violations of academic regulations, students must be clear about exactly what
may be done collaboratively, and what must be done independently. If the
expectations and rules are unstated or unclear, the student must ask the
instructor for clarification. If a deadline is imminent and the course policy is
unclear, the student must err on the side of working independently.

Regardless, collaborating with another student without indicating the extent of
collaboration is considered plagiarism. Even in courses where collaboration is
permitted, the ideas, words, or other intellectual contribution of students with
whom one is collaborating are considered an “outside source” which must be
clearly acknowledged.




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