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Russian language in Lithuania | True Lithuania
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LANGUAGES IN LITHUANIA
The sole official language in Lithuania, as well as the language you will hear
the most, is Lithuanian (native to some 85% of the population and spoken by
96%). With millennia-old history and struggles for its survival, Lithuanian
language is very much a part of national identity.
MINORITY LANGUAGES IN LITHUANIA
The largest minority languages are Russian and Polish, spoken natively by 8,2%
and 5,8% of the population respectively.
Russian native speakers live primarily in cities. They include not only ethnic
Russians but also many Belarusians, Ukrainians, Jews and other ethnicities
common in the former Soviet Union, collectively referred to as Russophones. Some
"Russophones" speak another language natively but still speak better Russian
than Lithuanian or don't speak Lithuanian at all. Not speaking Lithuanian is
common among the elder generation of Russophones. That's because during the
Soviet occupation (1940-1990) knowledge of Lithuanian was not required and
Russian was the lingua franca (unlike Latvia or Estonia, Lithuania gave its
citizenship to every person who resided in Lithuania at the time of the collapse
of the USSR, regardless of their knowledge of the official language).
Polish is spoken mostly by the ethnic Polish minority in the southeast Lithuania
(including Vilnius). In some towns there Polish is actually the majority
language.
While there are other minorities in Lithuania it is very rare to hear any other
language than Lithuanian, Russian or Polish spoken in Lithuania by locals in
their own conversations (rather than when talking to foreigners).
Minority languages are used extensively by the minorities in question and this
is promoted by the government. For instance, there are many public schools where
either Russian or Polish are used as the medium of instruction. However, any
official government texts (e.g. laws or street names) are Lithuanian-only.
Christmas greetings projected under Vilnius castle tower alternates Lithuanian,
English, Polish and Russian languages. ©Augustinas Žemaitis.
FOREIGN LANGUAGES IN LITHUANIA
Spoken by some 70% of the population, Russian is still the most popular second
language in Lithuania, although this is declining. The Russian language was both
mandatory and ubiquitous during the Soviet occupation (1940-1990), making
virtually everybody in the older generations (i.e. those born ~1980 and before)
fluent in it. Nowadays, however, many ethnic Lithuanians regard the Russian
language as a "colonial leftover". Only some 40% of the kids learn it. Likewise,
Russian public inscriptions have been gradually removed or replaced by English
ones (although the Russian language may still be seen on an occasional old
plaque or in unrenovated museums). On the other hand, private hotels and
restaurants have Russian menus and employ Russian-speakers to cater for numerous
Russian tourists. While to some ethnic Lithuanians any use of Russian is a
reminder of the tragic history, some others enjoy Russian music and media,
claiming that "culture and politics should not be mixed".
English is the most popular foreign language to learn today. It is spoken by 30%
of total population and 80% of the youth. The older generations are unlikely to
speak English, however, as very few schools taught it seriously under the Soviet
occupation. Today English is the language Lithuanians expect foreigners to know,
so it is widely used in modern museums, hotels, tourist signs and city/resort
restaurant menus. As the "top language" of the "prestigious West", it also
became fashionable for some key local trademarks and popular songs.
It is relatively rare for non-Poles to learn Polish as a foreign language. It is
not taught as such in schools. However, non-Polish people from areas with strong
Polish presence may have some knowledge of Polish acquired in day-to-day life,
making 14% of Lithuania's citizens fluent in Polish. Polish signs for tourists
are available in the areas most visited by the Polish tourists, namely the
Vilnius region and the borderland. Polish-inhabited areas have Polish cultural
events and media, although they are mostly aimed at the local Poles.
German (spoken by 8% of the population) held popularity as a 2nd foreign
language (after Russian, instead of English) under the Soviet occupation as the
Soviet Union had close ties to East Germany (but no close ties to any
English-speaking country). Today German usually competes with Russian for the
place of second foreign language in school (after English). In the formerly
German-ruled Klaipėda region, restaurant menus and other information in German
are more common due to catering for numerous German tourists there. In terms of
cultural impact, German is far behind English, Russian and Polish, however:
there is no local German media, few cultural events, few books for sale and so
on.
Fifth and sixth foreign languages by the number of speakers in Lithuania are
French and Spanish, but they are spoken only by some 2% and 1% of the population
respectively.
2011 census results on the correlation between age and what foreign languages a
person can speak. Native languages are excluded (therefore total numbers of
Russian and Polish speakers are larger by 6%-8%). Diagram by Lithuanian
department of statistics.
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1. Jennifer
September 24th, 2016 - 06:55
Great article, aciu. I do wish however that Yiddish had been mentioned.
Although it is probably no longer spoken in Lithuania, except in the
Yiddish course at Vilnius University and perhaps by a few remaining Jews,
Vilnius and Lithuania were centers of Yiddish. Yiddish was a very large
minority language before the Holocaust, in some cities including Vilnius
possibly spoken more widely than Lithuanian. However, it died an unnatural
death – if not for the Holocaust and the destruction of Lithuania’s Jews,
Yiddish might very well land very high in this list. Perhaps worth
mentioning in some way. A major piece of the heritage of our ancestral
homeland was destroyed and at the very least it’s memory should not be
erased. Aciu.
( REPLY )
* Augustinas Žemaitis
September 25th, 2016 - 07:21
The article is about languages currently spoken in Lithuania.
Indeed, there were several languages that were once spoken natively by
relatively many Lithuanian citizens but are no longer so (Yiddish, German
and Latvian).
You are correct that Yiddish was once an important language in Lithuanian
cities and towns, spoken by most local Jews. Barely anybody speaks it
today however – in fact, even less than 10% of Lithuania’s Jews know
Yiddish, most of them elderly.
There were actually three reasons that led to the demise of Yiddish,
Holocaust being just one of them.
Another reason, that continued from late 19th century until today, was a
massive emigration of Jews. In fact, far more Jews emigrated from
Lithuania in this period than were killed during Holocaust, mostly to the
USA, Russia, South Africa and Palestine/Israel. For example, between 1898
and 1923 alone the Jewish population of Lithuania declined by 150
thousand, despite its natural growth. While some emigrated Litvaks
continued to speak Yiddish there or some time, eventually most have
dropped the language in favor of English (USA/South Africa), Russian
(Russia) or Hebrew (Palestine/Israel).
The third and final reason that sealed the fate of Yiddish in Lithuania
itself was however a linguistic drift among Lithuania’s Jews themselves.
Even after the Holocaust Lithuania still had some 25-35 thousand Jews
(including those who returned after being evacuated), most of them likely
Yiddish-speaking. However, by 1970s most Lithuania’s Jews were already
Russian speaking. The majority of Litvaks ceased to teach Yiddish or even
talk in Yiddish to their kids, choosing the more “politically beneficial”
Russian language instead (it was the time of Soviet occupation and
Russian was the main language of the government and science). Currently,
the young generation of Lithuania’s Jews often speaks Lithuanian as their
main language, which is more beneficial in independent Lithuania.
It should be noted that similar decline of Yiddish / linguistic shift was
recorded globally. Even in Israel, where most people likely had
Yiddish-speakers up to their parents, grandparents or great grandparents
generations, only a small minority regularly speak Yiddish today. That
was because global Zionism decided to adopt Hebrew as the main language
for Jews rather than Yiddish.
By the way, Yiddish is not the only once-prominent native language in
Lithuania that has faced a decline. Another language that similarly
suffered was German, which used to be the native language for some 5% of
Lithuania’s population before World War 2. Like with Yiddish, the
majority of its speakers were killed or forced to flee by a Genocide (in
that case, Soviet-perpetrated) while the remainder switched to Russian or
Lithuanian languages, often in fear of persecution as German
language/culture was commonly equated to nazism in post-WW2 Soviet Union.
German thus remained spoken in Lithuania only as a foreign language
rather than native.
Latvian language too was once of greater importance in the borderland
areas, while the Curonian Spit had a unique Latvian-like language before
WW2 that also suffered a similar fate to German.
Should this article be written before World War 2, the languages would be
as such (censae did not ask for language but rather for ethnicity at the
time, and these not always coincided so there is a need to make some
presumptions):
Lithuanian – 82%
Yiddish – 6%
German – 5%
Polish – 4%
Russian – 2%
Latvian – 1%
( REPLY )
* Andris
December 2nd, 2020 - 22:56
German “used to be the native language for some 5% of Lithuania’s
population before World War 2.”
Please clarify – does 5% include German speakers in Klaipeda (Memel)?
( REPLY )
* Augustinas Žemaitis
December 3rd, 2020 - 23:43
Yes, it does, as Klaipėda Region was an integral part of Lithuania
from 1923 to 1939. However, German language was also common in some
other regions, e.g. Sudovia.
At that time, ethnic Germans made up 4,1% of Lithuania’s population:
41,9% in the Klaipėda Region and 1,4% elsewhere (spread unevenly).
See article here: http://www.truelithuania.com/germans-126
Some ethnic Lithuanians also spoke German natively at the time,
however, mainly in the Klaipėda region (due to the Germanization
process there prior to 1923), thus 5% may be a more likely number
than 4,1% if we count people by native language rather than
ethnicity.
( REPLY )
2. Al Kalnins
September 26th, 2016 - 09:11
My heritage is Latvian Kurshu (Curonian). My wife was born in Lithuania.I
read somewher in Marija Gimbutas’writings that the Kurshi inhabited the
coast of Latvia and Lithuania with their cultural centre being at or near
Palanga. She also said that the southern Kurshi were never conquered and
assimilated with the Samogitians. Your comment about the language spoken
pre WW2 on the Curonian Spit interests me. Who were these people?Also,has
your research found any trace of the Old Prussian language?
( REPLY )
* Augustinas Žemaitis
September 26th, 2016 - 10:12
It may be hard to understand easily, as there were many different
population groups that are called the same in English. I’ll try to
explain.
1.The original Curonians were a Baltic tribe living on the Baltic Sea
coast. It was one of many such Baltic tribes that eisted ~11th century.
In late Medieval era however they converged to Lithuanian and Latvian
nations. I think nobody would be able to trace one’s heritage to these
Curonians now, as there are no records so far back into history. These
are however likely the “Kurshi” taked about by Marija Gimbutas. The
Lithuanian name for them is “kuršiai”.
2.The name of Curonians, namely Courland (Lithuanian: “Kuršas”), was
adopted in 16th century for a German-ruled Latvian-inhabitted fief of
Lithuania in modern day Latvia (“Duchy of Courland and Semigallia”). It
stretched far beyond the original Curonian area, it even established
colonies in Gambia and Tobago. There was no ethnicity “Curonian” at this
time however, as Courland was inhabitted mainly by Latvians (the
countryside) and Germans (the cities). But it is indeed possible to be a
known descendent of somebody who lived in Courland as the Duchy was
disestablished by Russian occupation only by 1795, when records were
already available. Furthermore, part of Latvia is still informally known
as “Courland” to this day.
3.There was also an ethnic group I spoke about in previous comment. In
Lithuanian it is called “kuršininkai”, but may also be called “Curonians”
in English. It existed until World War 2. They were mostly fishermen who
inhabitted the villages of Curonian Spit. Their terriotrial extent was
limited to that small and unique peninsula, they did not live in Palanga.
They spoke a Baltic language that was closer to Latvian than Lithuanian.
They probably developed their own language/culture because of the
isolation of the Curonian Spit and the unique lifestyle there (however,
they likely never truly understood themselves as a nation). Their origins
are not entirely clear, with a common version being that they originate
from Latvians who migrated from Courland; there are however also claims
that these migrants may have intermixed with the “remnants of the
original Curonians”. Gradually, many of these kuršininkai Germanized
(their villages were up to half German-speaking by WW2) and those who
remained suffered Soviet Genocide. However, it may be possible to trace
one’s ancestry to these people.
As for Baltic Prussians, they disappeared long ago (because of German
crusader onslaught), and their language died out. However, just like with
Courland, the name “Prussia” was adopted for a German-ruled state that
later existed the same place. This state also included Baltic speaking
areas, but the prevailing language there was already Lithuanian rather
than Prussian (see the article about Lithuania Minor). Also, Curonian
Spit was too ruled by Prussia for long.
( REPLY )
3. Tom
March 18th, 2017 - 20:58
Hello there,
I am wondering if English is taught at school on Lithuanian?
If so, please could you let me know from what age and what age children
stop learning it? How well is it taught? Is it taught by native English
students?
Many thanks in advance
Tom
( REPLY )
* Augustinas Žemaitis
March 19th, 2017 - 01:59
In Lithuanian schools, there are typically two foreign languages taught.
The first foreign language lessons generally begin at the 5th grade (kids
~11 years old) and the second foreign language at the 7th grade (kids ~13
years old). The lessons of first foreign language generally continue
throughout the school years (until 12th grade / 18 years old) and then in
university (regardless of study program) while the second foreign
language may be dropped at the 11th grade / 17 years old (as an
alternative, a 3rd foreign language might then be chosen).
These days, the first foreign language is typically English while the
second foreign language is typically a choice between German and Russian.
That said, there are various exceptions depending on schools as schools
may have the teaching of some subjects “strenghtened” (i.e. it begins
earlier or more lessons are scheduled). In my school, for instance,
English was taught from the second grade (8 years old).
Likewise, some schools may have another first foreign language, e.g.
German, in which case English is only a second foreign language, perhaps
optional. This is rare, however.
Almost invariably, the English language (and other foreign languages) is
taught by Lithuanian citizens who (typically) completed their English
university studies in Lithuania.
In Lithuania, it is highly unusual that a native speaker (presumably a
foreigner) would be invited to teach a language in public schools. It is
generally believed that it is important that the person would have a
great command of Lithuanian as well, and very few native speakers of
other languages speak Lithuanian well (except for the native speakers of
Russian and Polish). Explanations by teachers in Lithuanian have an
important role in the classrooms.
The quality of teaching depends on the school and the teacher. Teachers
are quite free in Lithuania to alter programs (in my time at least, there
was no “official” English textbook but each teacher would choose their
own). That said, these days many kids pick up some English words/phrases
before they learn them in school, e.g. through PC games, trademarks, etc.
( REPLY )
4. Maurice
June 17th, 2017 - 01:43
What a great website. Thank you for this wonderful introduction to
Lithuania. Very civilized discussion too. That is refreshing these days.
( REPLY )
* Augustinas Žemaitis
June 17th, 2017 - 06:25
Thank you, I hope you’ve learned what you sought to about the languages
of Lithuania 🙂 .
( REPLY )
5. Giedre
November 20th, 2017 - 10:53
What a great and helpful article!Aciu!
I am a student from China now studying Lithuanian language.And I was
wondering that if anyone answer my questions: what about Chinese in
Lithuania?Is there any school that teaches Chinese?And what’s Lithuanians’
opinion towards Chinese,etc.
Thanks a lot!
( REPLY )
* Augustinas Žemaitis
November 20th, 2017 - 22:22
There are some Chinese people living in Lithuania, who arrived in the
1990s or 2000s. See this article:
http://www.truelithuania.com/new-immigrants-122 . Many of these Chinese
people are businessmen (e.g. they have Chinese restaurants). While there
are a few schools that teach Chinese language, this happens not at the
early classes and is optional, thus the actual level of Chinese
proficiency achieved there is limited. As Lithuanian is not a tonal
language and no popular foreign language is tonal, Chinese is very
difficult to Lithuanians (I tried to learn some words, however, people in
China usually don’t understand my pronunciation as I do not distinguish
the tones).
Vilnius University though has Sinology as a possible study subject, which
includes both the Chinese language and culture. There is also the
China-funded Confucius institute that offers some courses in Chinese.
Lithuanian opinions towards Chinese are various. Chinese are often seen
as laborious people, although sometimes as producers of low-quality
items. I assume this will change as China is improving economically and
the quality of the Chinese goods improves. There are no popular negative
attitudes regarding Chinese (i.e. no past disputes between China and
Lithuania that would have given rise to such attitudes). China is also
seen as a rising power and there is a belief that the knowledge of the
Chinese language will become more important in the future.
( REPLY )
* Giedre
November 27th, 2017 - 05:10
Thanks a lot!My teacher who has been to Lithuania to study for several
years told me that Lithuanian people think Chinese is quite easy
because Lithuanian language is very difficult by contrast……Well,it’s a
fun to know your opinion:) Labai aciu!
( REPLY )
* Augustinas Žemaitis
November 27th, 2017 - 07:41
Indeed, many Lithuanians think Lithuanian is a difficult language,
however, Chinese has the image of being, perhaps, the most difficult
language of them all (especially, likely, due to its writing system,
which is often the only Chinese many Lithuanians who don’t visit
China encounter). If compared to English, German, etc. most
Lithuanians tend to think Lithuanian is more difficult indeed.
( REPLY )
6. alby
September 28th, 2018 - 23:40
Is Italian studied in your country?
Thanks in advance!
( REPLY )
* Augustinas Žemaitis
September 28th, 2018 - 23:46
Some people study it and it is available in a few schools. However, it is
more of a niche: less than 1% of the population could speak it.
( REPLY )
7. Duncan
March 25th, 2019 - 22:14
Thank you so much! As another correspondent noted, the discussion here is
refreshingly civilized – and informative, without bias. Hats off to you!
May I ask you to send a brief message (email) so we may correspond?
( REPLY )
8. Richard
September 5th, 2019 - 09:56
Just a note to thank you for a very interesting and well written article,
and useful comments and replies. I am preparing for a trip to Vilnius and
was interested to learn about the languages spoken and taught in schools.
( REPLY )
9. william perry
May 13th, 2020 - 19:14
why is the lithuanian words I know not in lithuanian to englidh tranlations
( REPLY )
10. manry
September 11th, 2020 - 06:55
i would like point that english is a world colonization language too. It
was installed with force by british empire on their colonies
( REPLY )
* Augustinas Žemaitis
May 3rd, 2022 - 02:07
You are correct.
However, English language did not reach Lithuania through colonialism as
Lithuania was never a British colony nor invaded by Britain.
As such, Lithuanian attitudes towards it are generally more positive than
the Lithuanian attitudes towards Russian language.
( REPLY )
11. Erwin Kilotat
April 24th, 2022 - 03:58
Can a resident of Lithuania get government services in
Russian?
( REPLY )
* Augustinas Žemaitis
May 3rd, 2022 - 02:06
By law, Lithuanian is the sole official language of Lithuania.
What that means in practice, however, is that when somebody addresses a
public institution in Lithuanian, he must be also talked to in
Lithuanian.
In practice, when a public institution employee is able to speak another
language, he/she also provides services in that language when the client
talks to them in that language. Most often these two languages are
Russian (olders employees often are able to speak it) and English
(younger employees often are able to speak it).
Typically, Russian services are sought for by older local Russians (born
before 1980s who never learned Lithuanian), tourists from Russia, and now
also some new immigrants fromm ex-USSR. English services are sought for
by tourists and new immigrants, especially from beyond ex-USSR.
That said, neither knowledge of English nor Russian is universal (the
knowledge of English increases over the time while the knowledge of
Russian declines). If a public employee is unable to talk in Russian,
he/she won‘t be able to provide any services or consulations in that
language nor is he/she required to by law.
There are also places where Russian is expressly / exclusively used in
state-owned institutions, e.g. Russian schools, Russian theater (but
those are few and typically aimed at the Russian minority).
Morever, in some other institutions, while Lithuanian is used, the law
requires to provide translation if somebody needs it (including into
Russian) – e.g. in the courts of law.
In some institutions that encounter very many Russian-speakers, Russian
language knowledge may be an employment requirement (e.g. this is often
the case in the consular services, even if serving outside
Russian-speaking territories).
In general, in Lithuania Russian language is not seen as such a danger as
it is in Estonia or Latvia, likely because the percentage of Russian
speakers is lower and save for a few towns like Visaginas Russian has no
hope of outcompeting Lithuanian.
We will see if/how those attitudes change with the Russian invasion in
Ukraine, however – now there tends to be a kind of backlash against
Russia that goes beyond its politics.
( REPLY )
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Foreign languages in Lithuania by age group - MLG $MOKER$
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