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Submission: On May 23 via manual from US — Scanned from US
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<div class="tc-ns f7 silver mv2"><time>May 17, 2023</time></div>
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<h1 class="doc_name f2-ns f3 mv0">The Supreme Court Unanimously Rejects Broad Interpretation of Wire Fraud Statute</h1><!--Title-->
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<p><img alt="Foley Hoag LLP - White Collar Law & Investigations" class="html-img-header" src="/img/client_headers/FoleyHoag/WhiteCollarLawInvestigations.jpg"></p>
<p><u>Key Takeaways</u></p>
<ul>
<li>Courts are showing continued skepticism of broad use of federal fraud statutes. Last week, two decisions repudiated creative government interpretations of wire fraud’s “property” requirement.</li>
<li>In <em>United States v. Ciminelli</em>, the Supreme Court unanimously rejected the “right to control” theory, holding that only “traditional property interests” can support a federal wire fraud conviction, and the right to accurate
information to make an informed economic decision is not such an interest.</li>
<li>In <em>United States v.</em> <em>Abdelaziz</em>, the First Circuit overturned convictions in the “Varsity Blues” college admissions scandal, rejecting prosecutors’ argument that admissions slots per se qualified as property.</li>
</ul>
<p>On May 11, the Supreme Court issued its <a href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/21-1170_b97d.pdf">decision</a> in <em>Ciminelli v. United States</em>, its latest in a series of recent rulings reinforcing a narrow
interpretation of wire fraud under federal law.<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">[1]</a></p>
<p><em>Ciminelli</em> presented the Court with a question regarding the scope of what constitutes “property” under the wire fraud statute.<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2">[2]</a> (For more information regarding the facts of the
<em>Ciminelli </em>case, please see our <a href="https://www.whitecollarlawandinvestigations.com/2022/08/31/supreme-court-preview-the-supreme-court-poised-to-address-key-federal-wire-fraud-issue/">Supreme Court Preview</a> from last
August.)</p>
<p>For decades, the Second Circuit has followed a “right-to-control” property theory, which contemplates that “property” under federal fraud statutes includes certain “intangible” property rights, including an entity’s right to control the
use of its assets. The theory is rooted in the notion that “a defining feature of most property is the right to control the asset in question.” <em>United States v. Lebedev</em>, 932 F.3d 40, 48 (2d Cir. 2019). Accordingly, a
showing that a defendant, through withholding or inaccurate reporting of information, deprived an entity of information necessary to make discretionary economic decisions pertaining to its assets amounts to a “cognizable harm” under the
theory. <em>See United States v. Binday</em>, 804 F.3d 558, 570 (2d Cir. 2015).</p>
<p>Last Thursday, however, the Court rejected the “right-to-control” theory altogether. In a unanimous decision authored by Justice Thomas, the Court held that “the wire fraud statute reaches <em>only traditional property
interests</em>,” and the “right to control” is no such interest. While acknowledging that “the right to information necessary to make informed economic decisions” may be “useful for protecting and making use of one’s property,”
the Court rejected the notion that the “right to control” itself constitutes a property interest as traditionally understood. The Court also expressed concern about the scope of what the “right-to-control” theory would criminalize,
warning that acknowledging a right to accurate information would bring “almost any deceptive act” within its purview.</p>
<p>Coincidentally, the Supreme Court was not the only court to reject a creative “property” theory last week. On Wednesday, the First Circuit issued its <a href="http://media.ca1.uscourts.gov/pdf.opinions/22-1129P-01A.pdf">ruling</a>
in <em>United States v. Abdelaziz</em>, addressing appeals from the convictions of two parents in the “Varsity Blues” prosecution. There, the “property” underlying defendants’ mail and wire fraud convictions were “admissions
slots.” In a somewhat prescient 156-page opinion by Judge Lynch, the court rejected the “categorical assertion” that admissions slots qualify as property under the statutes. The First Circuit cited the Supreme Court’s historic
emphasis on “traditional notions of property,” and noted that multiple circuit courts—including Sixth and Ninth Circuit opinions cited with approval in <em>Ciminelli </em>the next day—have rejected intangible interests in property.</p>
<p>The First Circuit did not go so far, however, as to hold that admissions slots can <em>never </em>be property. Rather, the court explained that the government must prove (using dictionaries, treatises, and case law) that that
admissions slots have “historically been treated as property” or bear the “traditional hallmarks” of property. The court recognized that its ruling “leaves considerable uncertainty as to how district courts should apply the mail and
wire fraud statutes’ property requirement in cases involving admission to educational institutions,” but it explained “[t]here are sound reasons to be prudent and cautious about criminalizing conduct, even unethical conduct, in this
complicated area affecting so many students and parents.” As with Supreme Court in <em>Ciminelli</em>, the First Circuit expressed concern about the potential breadth of conduct the government’s theory would criminalize, which in
the case of admissions slots could include “embellishments in a kindergarten application.”</p>
<p>Both cases provide a cautionary tale for prosecutors seeking to use federal fraud statutes to fill in gaps to address novel forms of misconduct. While the government may be able to show that conduct was improper or dishonest, that
does not make it a federal crime.</p>
<p>–</p>
<p><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">[1]</a> In 2020, the Court <a href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/19pdf/18-1059_e2p3.pdf">rejected</a> the notion that conduct that deprives victims of property only incidentally—rather than as
its <em>object</em>—could constitute wire fraud under the statute.</p>
<p><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2">[2]</a> The federal wire fraud statute prohibits a person from “obtaining money or property by means of false or fraudulent pretenses.” 18 U.S.C. § 1343.</p>
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Menu News & Insights * Popular * Labor & Employment * Finance & Banking * Intellectual Property * Health & Healthcare * Environmental Issues * more… * Business * Insurance * Commercial Real Estate * Corporate Taxes * Immigration * Securities * more… * Personal * Residential Real Estate * Estate Planning * Civil Rights * Personal Taxes * Bankruptcy * more… Jump to: Latest Updates » Trending [7] 1. [Ongoing] Read Latest COVID-19 Guidance, All Aspects 2. [Hot Topic] Employer Liability Issues 3. [Trending] Artificial Intelligence 4. [Hot Topic] Environmental, Social & Governance 5. Stay Informed: Popular Reads on JD Supra 6. Meet JD Supra's Top Authors! 7. Build a Morning News Digest: Easy, Custom Content, Free! Browse All Law News Topics » Find Author * By Business Matters * Labor & Employment * Finance & Banking * Intellectual Property * Insurance * Taxes * By Personal Issues * Civil Rights * Family Matters * Personal Injury * Wills, Trusts, & Estate Planning * Worker’s Compensation * By Location * California * New York * Texas * Canada * United Kingdom Subscribe Custom Email Digests BUILD A CUSTOM EMAIL DIGEST BY FOLLOWING TOPICS, PEOPLE, AND FIRMS PUBLISHED ON JD SUPRA. Twitter RSS Feeds for Publishers For Reporters My Account Log In May 17, 2023 THE SUPREME COURT UNANIMOUSLY REJECTS BROAD INTERPRETATION OF WIRE FRAUD STATUTE Fernando Berdion-Del Valle, John Marston, Emily Nash Foley Hoag LLP - White Collar Law & Investigations + Follow x Following x Following - Unfollow Contact LinkedIn Facebook Twitter Send Embed To embed, copy and paste the code into your website or blog: <iframe src="//www.jdsupra.com/post/contentViewerEmbed.aspx?fid=d94bfdda-5e5c-4cd0-99a0-187031099b96" width="100%" height="620" frameborder="1" style="border: 2px solid #ccc; overflow-x:hidden !important; overflow:hidden;" scrolling="auto"></iframe> Key Takeaways * Courts are showing continued skepticism of broad use of federal fraud statutes. Last week, two decisions repudiated creative government interpretations of wire fraud’s “property” requirement. * In United States v. Ciminelli, the Supreme Court unanimously rejected the “right to control” theory, holding that only “traditional property interests” can support a federal wire fraud conviction, and the right to accurate information to make an informed economic decision is not such an interest. * In United States v. Abdelaziz, the First Circuit overturned convictions in the “Varsity Blues” college admissions scandal, rejecting prosecutors’ argument that admissions slots per se qualified as property. On May 11, the Supreme Court issued its decision in Ciminelli v. United States, its latest in a series of recent rulings reinforcing a narrow interpretation of wire fraud under federal law.[1] Ciminelli presented the Court with a question regarding the scope of what constitutes “property” under the wire fraud statute.[2] (For more information regarding the facts of the Ciminelli case, please see our Supreme Court Preview from last August.) For decades, the Second Circuit has followed a “right-to-control” property theory, which contemplates that “property” under federal fraud statutes includes certain “intangible” property rights, including an entity’s right to control the use of its assets. The theory is rooted in the notion that “a defining feature of most property is the right to control the asset in question.” United States v. Lebedev, 932 F.3d 40, 48 (2d Cir. 2019). Accordingly, a showing that a defendant, through withholding or inaccurate reporting of information, deprived an entity of information necessary to make discretionary economic decisions pertaining to its assets amounts to a “cognizable harm” under the theory. See United States v. Binday, 804 F.3d 558, 570 (2d Cir. 2015). Last Thursday, however, the Court rejected the “right-to-control” theory altogether. In a unanimous decision authored by Justice Thomas, the Court held that “the wire fraud statute reaches only traditional property interests,” and the “right to control” is no such interest. While acknowledging that “the right to information necessary to make informed economic decisions” may be “useful for protecting and making use of one’s property,” the Court rejected the notion that the “right to control” itself constitutes a property interest as traditionally understood. The Court also expressed concern about the scope of what the “right-to-control” theory would criminalize, warning that acknowledging a right to accurate information would bring “almost any deceptive act” within its purview. Coincidentally, the Supreme Court was not the only court to reject a creative “property” theory last week. On Wednesday, the First Circuit issued its ruling in United States v. Abdelaziz, addressing appeals from the convictions of two parents in the “Varsity Blues” prosecution. There, the “property” underlying defendants’ mail and wire fraud convictions were “admissions slots.” In a somewhat prescient 156-page opinion by Judge Lynch, the court rejected the “categorical assertion” that admissions slots qualify as property under the statutes. The First Circuit cited the Supreme Court’s historic emphasis on “traditional notions of property,” and noted that multiple circuit courts—including Sixth and Ninth Circuit opinions cited with approval in Ciminelli the next day—have rejected intangible interests in property. The First Circuit did not go so far, however, as to hold that admissions slots can never be property. Rather, the court explained that the government must prove (using dictionaries, treatises, and case law) that that admissions slots have “historically been treated as property” or bear the “traditional hallmarks” of property. The court recognized that its ruling “leaves considerable uncertainty as to how district courts should apply the mail and wire fraud statutes’ property requirement in cases involving admission to educational institutions,” but it explained “[t]here are sound reasons to be prudent and cautious about criminalizing conduct, even unethical conduct, in this complicated area affecting so many students and parents.” As with Supreme Court in Ciminelli, the First Circuit expressed concern about the potential breadth of conduct the government’s theory would criminalize, which in the case of admissions slots could include “embellishments in a kindergarten application.” Both cases provide a cautionary tale for prosecutors seeking to use federal fraud statutes to fill in gaps to address novel forms of misconduct. While the government may be able to show that conduct was improper or dishonest, that does not make it a federal crime. – [1] In 2020, the Court rejected the notion that conduct that deprives victims of property only incidentally—rather than as its object—could constitute wire fraud under the statute. [2] The federal wire fraud statute prohibits a person from “obtaining money or property by means of false or fraudulent pretenses.” 18 U.S.C. § 1343. Send Print Report LATEST POSTS * The Supreme Court Unanimously Rejects Broad Interpretation of Wire Fraud Statute * Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) | 2022 Year in Review and a Look Ahead * Federal Cryptocurrency Enforcement in 2023 * Andrea Campbell’s First Month in Office: A Review of the Attorney General’s Priorities * Will Stakeholder Objections and Legal Uncertainty Slow an ESG Revolution? See more » DISCLAIMER: Because of the generality of this update, the information provided herein may not be applicable in all situations and should not be acted upon without specific legal advice based on particular situations. © Foley Hoag LLP - White Collar Law & Investigations 2023 | Attorney Advertising Refine your interests » WRITTEN BY: Foley Hoag LLP - White Collar Law & Investigations Contact + Follow x Following x Following - Unfollow Fernando Berdion-Del Valle + Follow x Following x Following - Unfollow John Marston + Follow x Following x Following - Unfollow Emily Nash + Follow x Following x Following - Unfollow more less PUBLISHED IN: Criminal Convictions + Follow x Following x Following - Unfollow Federal-Program Fraud + Follow x Following x Following - Unfollow Intent to Obtain Money or Property + Follow x Following x Following - Unfollow Right to Control + Follow x Following x Following - Unfollow SCOTUS + Follow x Following x Following - Unfollow Wire Fraud + Follow x Following x Following - Unfollow Business Organization + Follow x Following x Following - Unfollow Civil Procedure + Follow x Following x Following - Unfollow Criminal + Follow x Following x Following - Unfollow more less FOLEY HOAG LLP - WHITE COLLAR LAW & INVESTIGATIONS ON: "MY BEST BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE, IN ONE EASY EMAIL…" Your first step to building a free, personalized, morning email brief covering pertinent authors and topics on JD Supra: Sign Up Log in *By using the service, you signify your acceptance of JD Supra's Privacy Policy. - hide - hide Back to Top Home What Is JD Supra? 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