www.faganfinder.com
Open in
urlscan Pro
208.97.148.242
Public Scan
URL:
https://www.faganfinder.com/
Submission: On June 29 via manual from BR — Scanned from DE
Submission: On June 29 via manual from BR — Scanned from DE
Form analysis 2 forms found in the DOM
POST https://www.faganfinder.com/search.php
<form tabindex="-1" id="search" role="search" action="https://www.faganfinder.com/search.php" target="_blank" method="post" data-post="false" data-s="https://www.google.com/search?q={q}" data-section="Search engines" data-tool="Google"
data-submitvia="button">
<div class="highlight" id="inp">
<div>
<h2 class="sr-only">Search</h2> <input type="search" name="q" dir="auto"> <button type="submit" name="u" value="https://www.google.com/search?q={q}">search<span> Google</span></button>
<div id="switch"><button><b>«</b> <span>set </span>previous tool</button><button value="true"><span>set </span>next tool <b>»</b></button><a href="#search"><b>↑</b> show all<span> tools<!--</a--></span></a></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="inner">
<p id="newwin">Results open in a new window.</p>
<h2 style="margin-top:1em">Change search tool</h2>
</div>
<ul class="inner" id="tools">
<li>
<div class="active">
<h3><a href="#search_engines">Search engines</a></h3>
<ul>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.google.com/search?q={q}" class="activeb">Google</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=li:1&q={q}">Google — verbatim</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="http://www.bing.com/search?q={q}">Bing</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.yandex.com/search/?text={q}">Yandex</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.qwant.com/?q={q}">Qwant</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="http://www.exalead.com/search/web/results/?q={q}">Exalead</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="http://www.gigablast.com/search?q={q}">Gigablast</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.mojeek.com/search?q={q}">Mojeek</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://iseek.com/#/search/web?q={q}">iseek.ai</button> </li>
</ul> <a href="#search_engines">About these</a>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div>
<h3><a href="#alternative_engines">Alternative <abbr title="search engines">engines</abbr></a></h3>
<ul>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://duckduckgo.com/?q={q}">DuckDuckGo</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.ecosia.org/search?q={q}">Ecosia</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.etools.ch/searchSubmit.do?query={q}">eTools.ch</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="query=|x|https://www.startpage.com/sp/search">Startpage</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://peekier.com/#!{q}">Peekier</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://swisscows.com/web?&query={q}">Swisscows</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.yippy.com/search?query={q}">Yippy</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://millionshort.com/search?remove=10000&keywords={q}">Million Short</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://millionshort.com/search?shopping=y&keywords={q}"><abbr title="Million Short">M.S.</abbr> non-commercial</button> </li>
</ul> <a href="#alternative_engines">About these</a>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div>
<h3><a href="#non_english_engines">Non-English <abbr title="search engines">engines</abbr></a></h3>
<ul>
<li> <button name="u" value="http://www.baidu.com/s?wd={q}">Baidu — China</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.sogou.com/web?query={q}">Sogou — China</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.so.com/s?q={q}">Haosou — China</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://go.mail.ru/search?q={q}">Mail.ru — Russia</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="http://parsijoo.ir/web?q={q}">Parsijoo — Iran</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://search.naver.com/search.naver?query={q}">Naver — South Korea</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://search.daum.net/search?q={q}">Daum — South Korea</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://coccoc.com/search?query={q}"><span lang="vi">Cốc Cốc</span> — Vietnam</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.pipilika.com/search?q={q}">Pipilika — Bangladesh</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://search.seznam.cz/?q={q}">Seznam — Czechia</button> </li>
</ul> <a href="#non_english_engines">About these</a>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div>
<h3><a href="#utilities">Utilities</a></h3>
<ul>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i={q}">Wolfram|Alpha</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://translate.google.com/#view=home&op=translate&sl=auto&tl=en&text={q}">Google Translate</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="http://google.com/maps?q={q}">Google Maps</button> </li>
</ul> <a href="#utilities">About these</a>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div>
<h3><a href="#encyclopedias">Encyclopedias</a></h3>
<ul>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&fulltext=1&search={q}">Wikipedia</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="http://www.wikiwand.com/en/{q}?fullSearch=true">Wikiwand (Wikipedia)</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.britannica.com/search?query={q}"><span title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Britannica</span></button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://search.credoreference.com/search/all?searchPhrase={q}">Credo <abbr title="Reference">Ref.</abbr> — paid</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.oxfordreference.com/search?q={q}">Oxford <abbr title="Reference">Ref.</abbr> — paid</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://go.scholastic.com/search.html?q={q}">Scholastic GO! — paid</button> </li>
</ul> <a href="#encyclopedias">About these</a>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div>
<h3><a href="#encyclopedias_asia">Encyclopedias — Asia</a></h3>
<ul>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://baike.baidu.com/search/word?word={q}">Baidu Baike — Chinese</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.baike.com/search?keyword={q}">Baike.com — Chinese</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&fulltext=1&search={q}">Wikipedia — Chinese</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&fulltext=1&search={q}">Wikipedia — Japanese</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&fulltext=1&search={q}">Wikipedia — Vietnamese</button> </li>
</ul> <a href="#encyclopedias_asia">About these</a>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div>
<h3><a href="#encyclopedias_other">Encyclopedias — Other</a></h3>
<ul>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&fulltext=1&search={q}">Wikipedia — Spanish</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&fulltext=1&search={q}">Wikipedia — Portuguese</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&fulltext=1&search={q}">Wikipedia — Italian</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&fulltext=1&search={q}">Wikipedia — French</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.universalis.fr/recherche/q/{q}/"><span lang="fr"><abbr title="Encyclopédie">E.</abbr> Universalis</span> — <abbr title="French">FR</abbr></button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&fulltext=1&search={q}">Wikipedia — German</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&fulltext=1&search={q}">Wikipedia — Dutch</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&fulltext=1&search={q}">Wikipedia — Swedish</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&fulltext=1&search={q}">Wikipedia — Russian</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://bigenc.ru/search?q={q}">Great Russian Encyclopedia</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&fulltext=1&search={q}">Wikipedia — Polish</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&fulltext=1&search={q}">Wikipedia — Arabic</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://mawdoo3.com/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%AB_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%B9?q={q}">Mawdoo3 — Arabic</button> </li>
</ul> <a href="#encyclopedias_other">About these</a>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div>
<h3><a href="#miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</a></h3>
<ul>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://search.wikileaks.org/?q={q}">WikiLeaks</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://github.com/search?type=Code&q={q}">GitHub files</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://aleph.occrp.org/search?q={q}"><abbr title="Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project">OCCRP</abbr> Aleph</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/search/applicationrecordsearch?term={q}"><abbr title="Guinness World Records">Guinness Records</abbr></button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://iseek.com/#/search/education?q={q}">iseek.ai Education</button> </li>
</ul> <a href="#miscellaneous">About these</a>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div>
<h3><a href="#social_media">Social media</a></h3>
<ul>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.facebook.com/search/top/?q={q}">Facebook</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://twitter.com/search?q={q}">Twitter</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.reddit.com/search?q={q}">Reddit</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.linkedin.com/search/results/index/?keywords={q}">LinkedIn</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.pinterest.com/search/pins/?q={q}">Pinterest</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.tumblr.com/search/{q}">Tumblr</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://groups.google.com/forum/#!search/{q}">Google Groups</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="http://boardreader.com/s/{q}.html">BoardReader</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.social-searcher.com/social-buzz/?q5={q}">Social Searcher</button> </li>
</ul> <a href="#social_media">About these</a>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div>
<h3><a href="#non_eng_social_media"><abbr title="Non-English">Non-Eng.</abbr> social media</a></h3>
<ul>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://s.weibo.com/weibo/{q}">Sina Weibo — Chinese</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="http://tieba.baidu.com/f/search/res?ie=utf-8&qw={q}">Baidu Tieba — Chinese</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.douban.com/search?q={q}">Douban — Chinese</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://vk.com/search?c%5Bsection%5D=auto&c%5Bq%5D={q}">VK — Russian+</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.taringa.net/search/story?q={q}">Taringa! — Spanish</button> </li>
</ul> <a href="#non_eng_social_media">About these</a>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div>
<h3><a href="#questions_and_answers">Questions and answers</a></h3>
<ul>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.quora.com/search?q={q}">Quora</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://stackexchange.com/search?q={q}">StackExchange</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://brainly.com/app/ask?q={q}">Brainly</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://answers.search.yahoo.com/search?p={q}">Yahoo Answers</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.answers.com/search?q={q}">Answers.com</button> </li>
</ul> <a href="#questions_and_answers">About these</a>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div>
<h3><a href="#non_english_q_a">Non-English <abbr title="questions and answers">Q&A</abbr></a></h3>
<ul>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.zhihu.com/search?type=content&q={q}">Zhihu — Chinese</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://zhidao.baidu.com/search?word={q}">Baidu Knows — Chinese</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://otvet.mail.ru/search/{q}">Ответы Mail.ru</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://yandex.ru/q/search/?text={q}">Yandex.Q — Russian</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/search/?flg=3&p={q}">Yahoo! Chiebukuro — <abbr title="Japanese">Ja.</abbr></button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://oshiete.goo.ne.jp/search_goo/result/?code=utf8&MT={q}">Oshiete! goo — Japanese</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://okwave.jp/searchkeyword?word={q}">OKWAVE — Japanese</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.gutefrage.net/search?query={q}">Gutefrage — German</button> </li>
</ul> <a href="#non_english_q_a">About these</a>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div>
<h3><a href="#web_hosts">Web hosts</a></h3>
<ul>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://en.search.wordpress.com/?q={q}">Wordpress.com</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://medium.com/search?q={q}">Medium</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="http://www.wikidot.com/search:all/a/pf/q/{q}">Wikidot</button> </li>
</ul> <a href="#web_hosts">About these</a>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div>
<h3><a href="#how_tos_and_checklists">How tos and checklists</a></h3>
<ul>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.wikihow.com/wikiHowTo?search={q}">wikiHow</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.checkli.com/checklists/search?q={q}">Checkli</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u"
value="https://www.google.com/search?q={q}%20site%3Awikihow.com%20OR%20site%3Areddit.com%2Fr%2Fhowto%20OR%20site%3Ainstructables.com%20OR%20site%3Aehow.com%20OR%20site%3Ahowcast.com%20OR%20site%3Avisihow.com%20OR%20site%3Ahowtodothings.com%20OR%20site%3Acheckli.com%20OR%20site%3Achecklist.com%20OR%20site%3Aprintabletodolist.com%20OR%20site%3Achecklists.com">Google
how-to sites</button> </li>
</ul> <a href="#how_tos_and_checklists">About these</a>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div>
<h3><a href="#find_databases">Find databases</a></h3>
<ul>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.google.com/search?q={q}+database+OR+directory+OR+%22search+engine%22+OR+catalogue+OR+archive+OR+library+OR+warehouse+OR+repository">Google with keywords</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.re3data.org/search?query={q}">re3data.org</button> </li>
</ul> <a href="#find_databases">About these</a>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div>
<h3><a href="#books">Books</a></h3>
<ul>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&tbs=bkv:f&q={q}">Google Books free books</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&tbs=bkt:b&q={q}">Google Books books</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/ls?field1=ocr;q1={q};a=srchls">Hathi Trust</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://archive.org/search.php?and[]=collection:%22texts%22&sin=TXT&query={q}">Internet Archive books</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://openlibrary.org/search/inside?q={q}">Open Library</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&search={q}">Wikisource</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://b-ok.cc/fulltext/{q}/?type=words">Z-Library books</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://archiveofourown.org/works/search?work_search%5Bquery%5D={q}"><abbr title="Archive of Our Own">AO3</abbr></button> </li>
</ul> <a href="#books">About these</a>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div>
<h3><a href="#publications_and_docs">Publications and <abbr title="documents">docs</abbr></a></h3>
<ul>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.pdfdrive.com/search?q={q}">PDF Drive</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.scribd.com/search?query={q}">Scribd — paid</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://issuu.com/search?q={q}">issuu</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.yumpu.com/en/{q}">Yumpu</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.edocr.com/search?q={q}">edocr</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u"
value="https://www.google.com/search?q={q}%20filetype%3Apdf%20OR%20filetype%3Adocx%20OR%20filetype%3Adoc%20OR%20filetype%3Aodt%20OR%20filetype%3Artf%20OR%20filetype%3Aps%20OR%20filetype%3Atex%20OR%20filetype%3Awpd">Google by
format</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u"
value="https://www.google.com/search?q={q}%20site%3Adocs.google.com%2Fdocument%20OR%20site%3Aissuu.com%20OR%20site%3Apublitas.com%20OR%20site%3Ayumpu.com%20OR%20site%3Ajoomag.com%20OR%20site%3Aflipsnack.com%20OR%20site%3Apdfdrive.com%20OR%20site%3Aedocr.com%20OR%20site%3Afoleon.com">Google
by site</button> </li>
</ul> <a href="#publications_and_docs">About these</a>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div>
<h3><a href="#presentations">Presentations</a></h3>
<ul>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.slideshare.net/search/slideshow?q={q}">SlideShare</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://prezi.com/explore/search/?search={q}">Prezi</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://slides.com/explore?search={q}">Slides</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="http://www.authorstream.com/tag/{q}">authorSTREAM</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u"
value="https://www.google.com/search?q={q}%20filetype%3Appt%20OR%20filetype%3Apptx%20OR%20filetype:pps%20OR%20filetype:ppsx%20OR%20site%3Adocs.google.com%2Fpresentation%20OR%20site%3Aslideshare.net%20OR%20site%3Aauthorstream.com%2Fpresentation%20OR%20site%3Aspeakerdeck.com%20OR%20site%3Aslides.com%20OR%20filetype%3Aodp%20OR%20filetype%3Akey%20OR%20site%3Aprezi.com%20OR%20site%3Anoti.st">Google
by format & site</button> </li>
</ul> <a href="#presentations">About these</a>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div>
<h3><a href="#academic_engines">Academic <abbr title="search engines">engines</abbr></a></h3>
<ul>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q={q}">Google Scholar</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://academic.microsoft.com/search?q={q}">Microsoft Academic</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.lens.org/lens/scholar/search/results?q={q}">The Lens</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.semanticscholar.org/search?q={q}">Semantic Scholar</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.base-search.net/Search/Results?lookfor={q}">BASE</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.scilit.net/articles/search?globalSearch={q}">Scilit</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.researchgate.net/search/publication?q={q}">ResearchGate</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://app.dimensions.ai/discover/publication?search_text={q}">Dimensions</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://1findr.1science.com/search?query={q}">1findr</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.mysciencework.com/search/publications?query={q}">MyScienceWork</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://share.osf.io/discover?q={q}">SHARE</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://xueshu.baidu.com/s?wd={q}">Baidu Scholar — Chinese</button> </li>
</ul> <a href="#academic_engines">About these</a>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div>
<h3><a href="#open_access_academic">Open access academic</a></h3>
<ul>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://core.ac.uk/search?q={q}">CORE</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://paperity.org/search/?q={q}">Paperity</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="http://www.jurn.org/#gsc.q={q}">JURN</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="http://www.freefullpdf.com/#gsc.q={q}">FreeFullPDF</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://doaj.org/search?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22{q}%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%7D%7D%7D"><abbr
title="Directory of Open Access Journals">DOAJ</abbr></button> </li>
</ul> <a href="#open_access_academic">About these</a>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div>
<h3><a href="#paid_databases">Paid databases</a></h3>
<ul>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://victoria.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/search?vid=64VUW_INST:VUWNUI&pcAvailability=true&query=any,contains,{q}">ProQuest + Gale etc.</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="http://ryerson.summon.serialssolutions.com/#!/search?ho=f&l=en&q={q}">ProQuest</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.questia.com/searchglobal#!/?mediaType=primarySources&keywords={q}">Questia</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=WEB&SrcAuth=HSB&DestApp=UA&DestLinkType=GeneralSearchSummary&btnWS=Search&topic={q}">Web of Science</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.scopus.com/results/results.uri?src=s&sot=b&s=TITLE-ABS-KEY%28{q}%29">Scopus</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.deepdyve.com/search?query={q}">DeepDyve</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query={q}">JSTOR</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.universitypressscholarship.com/search?q={q}"><abbr title="University">Univ.</abbr> Press Scholarship</button> </li>
</ul> <a href="#paid_databases">About these</a>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div>
<h3><a href="#libraries_and_archives">Libraries and archives</a></h3>
<ul>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.worldcat.org/search?q={q}">WorldCat</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://researchworks.oclc.org/archivegrid/?q={q}">ArchiveGrid</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://archive.org/search.php?sin=TXT&query={q}">Internet Archive</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q={q}">Google Books</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.wdl.org/en/search/?q={q}">World Digital Library</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://artsandculture.google.com/search?q={q}">Google Arts & Culture</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="http://www.aodl.org/search.php?currSearches={q}"><abbr title="African Online Digital Library">AODL</abbr> — Africa</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.aruc.org/en/search?searchBy=search_text&source=both&tabId=GeneralTab&referer=MainSearch&keyword={q}">Arabic Union Catalog</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://dlmenetwork.org/library/catalog?exhibit_id=library&search_field=all_fields&q={q}"><abbr title="Digital Library of the Middle East">DLME</abbr> — Middle East</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="text=&field=todos&languageView=en|x|http://www.iberoamericadigital.net/BDPI/Search.do"><abbr title="Biblioteca Digital del Patrimonio Iberoamericano">BDPI</abbr> — Ibero-America</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/controladores/busqueda_contenido.php?queryType=token&searchText={q}"><abbr title="Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes">BVMC</abbr> — Ibero-America</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://bdlb.bn.gov.br/acervo/handle/20.500.12156.3/17/discover?query={q}"><abbr title="Biblioteca digital Luso-Brasileira" lang="pt">Luso-Brasileira</abbr></button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://trove.nla.gov.au/result?q={q}">Trove — Australia</button> </li>
</ul> <a href="#libraries_and_archives">About these</a>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div>
<h3><a href="#libraries_europe"><abbr title="Libraries and archives">Libraries+</abbr> Europe</a></h3>
<ul>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.europeana.eu/en/search?query={q}">Europeana</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="term=|x|https://www.archivesportaleurope.net/search/-/s/n">Archives Portal Europe</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.osmikon.de/metaopac/search?View=osmikon&q={q}">Osmikon</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/results/r?_q={q}"><abbr title="National">Nat.</abbr> Archives — <abbr>UK</abbr></button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/dlSearch.do?vid=BLVU1&institution=BL&search_scope=LSCOP-ALL&query=any,contains,{q}">British Library</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://discover.libraryhub.jisc.ac.uk/search?q={q}"><abbr title="Jisc Library Hub Discover">Jisc Lib. Hub</abbr> — <abbr>UK</abbr></button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/?field=all&terms={q}">Archives Hub — <abbr>UK</abbr></button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://gallica.bnf.fr/services/engine/search/sru?operation=searchRetrieve&version=1.2&query=%28gallica%20all%20%22{q}%22%29&lang=en&suggest=0">Gallica — France</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.siv.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr/siv/rechercheconsultation/recherche/ir/rechercheGeneralisteResultat.action?formCaller=GENERALISTE&searchText={q}"><abbr title="Archives Nationales">Arch.
Nat.</abbr> — France</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/searchresults?query={q}"><abbr title="Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek">DDB</abbr> — Germany</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://search.rsl.ru/en/search#q={q}">Russian State Library</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://rusneb.ru/search/?access=all&q={q}"><abbr title="National Electronic Library">NEB</abbr> — Russia</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://primo.nlr.ru/primo-explore/search?tab=default_tab&vid=07NLR_VU1&lang=en_US&query=any,contains,{q}"><abbr title="National">Nat.</abbr> <abbr title="Library">Lib.</abbr> of Russia</button>
</li>
<li> <button name="u" value="http://elib.shpl.ru/ru/nodes/search?search_in_metadata=on&search_in_texts=on&query={q}"><abbr title="State Public Historical Library of Russia">GPIB</abbr> — Russia</button> </li>
</ul> <a href="#libraries_europe">About these</a>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div>
<h3><a href="#libraries_americas"><abbr title="Libraries and archives">Libraries+</abbr> Americas</a></h3>
<ul>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://dp.la/search?q={q}"><abbr title="Digital Public Library of America">DPLA</abbr> — <abbr>USA</abbr></button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.loc.gov/search/?all=true&q={q}">Library of Congress</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://catalog.archives.gov/search?q={q}"><abbr title="National">Nat.</abbr> Archives — <abbr>USA</abbr></button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/collectionsearch/Pages/collectionsearch.aspx?q={q}"><abbr title="Library and Archives">Lib. and Arch.</abbr> Canada</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="http://www.canadiana.ca/search/?q0.0={q}">Canadiana Online</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="http://heritage.canadiana.ca/search/?q0.0={q}">Héritage — Canada</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://archivescanada.accesstomemory.ca/informationobject/browse?topLod=0&query={q}">ARCHIVESCANADA.ca</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://dloc.com/results/?text={q}"><abbr title="Digital Library of the Caribbean">dLOC</abbr> — Caribbean</button> </li>
</ul> <a href="#libraries_americas">About these</a>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div>
<h3><a href="#libraries_asia"><abbr title="Libraries and archives">Libraries+</abbr> Asia</a></h3>
<ul>
<li> <button name="u" value="tx_sbbcrossasiaadditions_pazpar2search[query]=|x|https://crossasia.org/en/resources/crossasia-search/?tx_sbbcrossasiaadditions_pazpar2search%5Bcontroller%5D=Pazpar2Search">CrossAsia</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://crossasia.org/service/crossasia-lab/crossasia-itr/fulltext-search-b/?query={q}">CrossAsia full text</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="searchContent=|x|http://cadal.zju.edu.cn/cadalinfo/search"><abbr title="China Academic Digital Associative Library">CADAL</abbr> — China</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://ctext.org/pre-qin-and-han?searchu={q}">Chinese Text Project</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u"
value="SE_KEY_1=&GF_STYPE=Simple&GF_SID=0&GF_SKEY=0&GF_ACTION=SCHSUMMARY&GF_ADDCONFLG=0&GF_OUTPUTXSLT=XsltResultDB&GF_NUMBER=1&GF_CLASS=gf_U9999999_s2009112400358&GF_START=1&GF_ELEM=B&LANG=eng&GF_CHGFLG=1&MAP_VERIFY=0&allCheckBox=on&GRP=gf_U9999999_g2009112400293&GRP=gf_U9999999_g2009112400294&GF_DATABASE=gf_U9999999_d2009121600511&GF_DATABASE=gf_U9999999_SRW_srw_jacar&GF_DATABASE=gf_U9999999_d2009121600513&GF_DATABASE=gf_U9999999_d2009121600514&GF_DATABASE=gf_U9999999_d2009121600515&SE_USE_1=1016&SE_LGC_1=and|x|https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/gf/cgi/zway">Japan
Cross Search</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u" value="https://iss.ndl.go.jp/books?ar=4e1f&trans=en_ja_jserver&op_id=1&any={q}"><abbr title="National">Nat.</abbr> Diet <abbr title="Library">Lib.</abbr> — Japan</button> </li>
<li> <button name="u"
value="https://ndl.iitkgp.ac.in/result?q={%22t%22:%22search%22,%22k%22:%22{q}%22,%22s%22:[],%22b%22:{%22filters%22:[]}}"><abbr title="National Digital Library">NDL</abbr> — India</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/jspui/simple-search?query={q}">Abhilekh Patal — India</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://granthsanjeevani.com/jspui/simple-search?query={q}">Granth Sanjeevani — India</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://www.aseanlibrary.org/search/index/query?keyword={q}"><abbr title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Asean</abbr> Digital Library</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="query1=&field1=any&action=Search&digital=1|x|http://www.elib.gov.ph/results.php">Philippine eLib</button> </li> </ul> <a href="#libraries_asia">About these</a> </div></li> <li><div> <h3><a href="#engines_by_recency"><abbr title="Search engines">Engines</abbr> by recency</a></h3> <ul> <li> <button name="u" value="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=qdr:h&q={q}">Past hour — Google</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=qdr:d&q={q}">Past day — Google</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="http://www.bing.com/search?filters=ex1%3a%22ez1%22&q={q}">Past day — Bing</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=qdr:w&q={q}">Past week — Google</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="http://www.bing.com/search?filters=ex1%3a%22ez2%22&q={q}">Past week — Bing</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=qdr:m&q={q}">Past month — Google</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="http://www.bing.com/search?filters=ex1%3a%22ez3%22&q={q}">Past month — Bing</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=qdr:y&q={q}">Past year — Google</button> </li> </ul> <a href="#engines_by_recency">About these</a> </div></li> <li><div> <h3><a href="#news_search_engines">News search engines</a></h3> <ul> <li> <button name="u" value="https://news.google.com/search?q={q}">Google News</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://news.search.yahoo.com/search?p={q}">Yahoo News</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://newslookup.com/results?q={q}">Newslookup.com</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://www.newsnow.co.uk/h/?search={q}">NewsNow</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://emm.newsbrief.eu/NewsBrief/dynamic?edition=searchresults&atLeast={q}"><abbr title="Europe Media Monitor">EMM</abbr> NewsBrief</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://www.bing.com/news/search?q={q}">Bing News</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://www.pressreader.com/search?languages=en&groupBy=Language&hideSimilar=0&type=1&state=1&query={q}">PressReader</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://knewz.com/search/{q}">Knewz</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://search.wn.com/?results_type=news&action=search&search_type=boolean&sort_type=relevance&search_string={q}">WN.com</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="http://www.rssmicro.com/?q={q}">RSSMicro</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="http://news-explorer.mybluemix.net/?type=unconstrained&query={q}">Watson News Explorer</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://factualsearch.news/#?fns.type=center-only&gsc.q={q}">Factual News Search</button> </li> </ul> <a href="#news_search_engines">About these</a> </div></li> <li><div> <h3><a href="#news_sources">News sources</a></h3> <ul> <li> <button name="u" value="https://www.reuters.com/search/news?blob={q}">Reuters</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://www.bbc.co.uk/search?filter=news&q={q}"><abbr title="British Broadcasting Corporation">BBC</abbr> News</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://www.nytimes.com/search?query={q}">New York Times</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://www.cnn.com/search?q={q}"><abbr title="Cable News Network">CNN</abbr></button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://www.washingtonpost.com/newssearch/?query={q}">Washington Post</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/{q}">Times of India</button> </li> </ul> <a href="#news_sources">About these</a> </div></li> <li><div> <h3><a href="#fact_checking">Fact-checking</a></h3> <ul> <li> <button name="u" value="http://untrue.news/search?q={q}">Untrue News</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://factualsearch.news/#?fns.type=fact-checking&gsc.q={q}">FNS fact check sites</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://www.snopes.com/?s={q}">Snopes</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://www.politifact.com/search/?q={q}">PolitiFact</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://www.truthorfiction.com/?s={q}">TruthOrFiction.com</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://www.hoax-slayer.net/?s={q}">Hoax-Slayer</button> </li> </ul> <a href="#fact_checking">About these</a> </div></li> <li><div> <h3><a href="#press_releases">Press releases</a></h3> <ul> <li> <button name="u" value="https://www.prweb.com/search.aspx?search-releases={q}">PRWeb</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://www.businesswire.com/portal/site/home/search/?searchType=news&searchPage=1&searchTerm={q}">Business Wire</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="query=|x|https://www.einpresswire.com/search">EIN Presswire</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="http://www.releasewire.com/search/?q={q}">ReleaseWire</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://www.24-7pressrelease.com/search_press_releases?match_type=L&keywords={q}">24-7 Press Release</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://www.prnewswire.com/search/news/?keyword={q}">PR Newswire</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://www.google.com/search?q={q}%20site%3Abusinesswire.com%20OR%20site%3Aprnewswire.com%20OR%20site%3Aglobenewswire.com%20OR%20site%3Aprweb.com%20OR%20site%3Anewswire.ca%20OR%20site%3Aeinpresswire.com%20OR%20site%3Aprnewswire.co.uk%20OR%20site%3A24-7pressrelease.com%20OR%20site%3Areleasewire.com%20OR%20site%3Arealwire.com%20OR%20site%3Aprunderground.com%20OR%20site%3Apressat.co.uk">Google by site</button> </li> </ul> <a href="#press_releases">About these</a> </div></li> <li><div> <h3><a href="#newspaper_archives">Newspaper archives</a></h3> <ul> <li> <button name="u" value="https://elephind.com/?a=q&results=1&txq={q}">Elephind.com</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://www.europeana.eu/en/collections/topic/18-newspapers?query={q}">Europeana full text <abbr title="newspapers">news.</abbr></button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://www.europeana.eu/en/collections/topic/18-newspapers?api=metadata&query={q}">Europeana <abbr title="newspapers">news.</abbr> titles</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&tbs=bkt:s&q={q}">Google Books newspapers</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://archive.org/search.php?and[]=collection:%22newspapers%22&sin=TXT&query={q}">Internet Archive newspapers</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://www.loc.gov/newspapers/?all=true&dl=page&q={q}"><abbr title="Library">Lib.</abbr> of Congress newspapers</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://fultonsearch.org/?q={q}">FultonSearch — <abbr>USA</abbr></button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/search/pages/results/?proxtext={q}">Chronicling America</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="palabras=|x|http://www.hndm.unam.mx/consulta/busqueda/buscarPalabras"><abbr title="Hemeroteca Nacional" lang="es">Hemeroteca</abbr> — México</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/result?q={q}">Trove <abbr title="newspapers">news.</abbr> — <abbr title="Australia">AU</abbr></button> </li> </ul> <a href="#newspaper_archives">About these</a> </div></li> <li><div> <h3><a href="#paid_news_archives">Paid <abbr title="newspaper">news.</abbr> archives</a></h3> <ul> <li> <button name="u" value="https://newspaperarchive.com/tags/{q}">NewspaperArchive.com</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://go.newspapers.com/results.php?query={q}">Newspapers.com</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://www.google.com/search?q={q}+site%3Anewspapers.com+OR+site%3Anewspaperarchive.com">Google by site</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://www.ancestry.com/search/categories/np_newspapers/?keyword={q}">Ancestry</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?ty=bs&v=2.1&it=search&p=GPS&tabID=T004&qt=OQE~{q}">Gale newspapers</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/search/results?basicsearch={q}">British <abbr title="Newspaper">News.</abbr> Archive</button> </li> </ul> <a href="#paid_news_archives">About these</a> </div></li> <li><div> <h3><a href="#magazine_articles">Magazine articles</a></h3> <ul> <li> <button name="u" value="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&tbs=bkt:m&q={q}">Google Books <abbr title="magazines">mags</abbr></button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://archive.org/search.php?and[]=collection:%22magazine_rack%22&sin=TXT&query={q}">Internet Archive <abbr title="magazines">mags</abbr></button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?ty=bs&v=2.1&it=search&p=GPS&qt=OQE~{q}">Gale <abbr title="magazines">mags</abbr> — paid</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://longform.org/search?q={q}">Longform</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://longreads.com/?s={q}">Longreads</button> </li> </ul> <a href="#magazine_articles">About these</a> </div></li> <li><div> <h3><a href="#government">Government</a></h3> <ul> <li> <button name="u" value="https://search.usa.gov/search?affiliate=usagov&query={q}">USA.gov</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://metalib.gpo.gov/V/YN7D3U9CI1D7DLAB5EP851PP98QPLXHEC4P49JUAUG51218VHB-00682?func=quick-1-check1&mode=simple&group_number=000000438&find_request_1={q}">MetaLib — <abbr>USA</abbr></button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://catalog.gpo.gov/F?func=find-b&request={q}"><abbr title="Catalog of U.S. Government Publications">CGP</abbr> — <abbr>USA</abbr></button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://www.govinfo.gov/app/search/%7B%22query%22%3A%22{q}%22%2C%22offset%22%3A0%7D">govinfo — <abbr>USA</abbr></button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://www.gov.uk/search/all?keywords={q}">GOV.UK</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://www.canada.ca/en/sr/srb.html?q={q}"><abbr title="Government">Gov.</abbr> of Canada</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://cse.google.com/cse?cx=006116564388257139991:f_s61vr6o88&q={q}">Canadian sites</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://www.gov.br/pt-br/@@search?SearchableText={q}"><span lang="pt">Governo do Brasil</span></button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="http://government.ru/search/?q={q}">Russian Government</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="http://sousuo.gov.cn/s.htm?t=govall&q={q}">China</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://www.e-gov.go.jp/searchresult.html?q={q}">e-Gov Japan</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="http://search.nic.in/Search?type=basicSearch&searchKeyword={q}"><abbr title="Government">Gov.</abbr> of India</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://www.bangladesh.gov.bd/site/search?lang=en&key={q}">Bangladesh</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://europa.eu/search/?more_options_f_formats=*&queryText={q}">European Union</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://search.un.org/results.php?tpl=un&query={q}">United Nations</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://cse.google.com/cse?cx=006748068166572874491:55ez0c3j3ey&q={q}">Intergovernmental <abbr title="organizations">orgs</abbr></button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://www.global-regulation.com/search.php?&q={q}">Global-Regulation</button> </li> </ul> <a href="#government">About these</a> </div></li> <li><div> <h3><a href="#data">Data</a></h3> <ul> <li> <button name="u" value="https://search.datacite.org/works?query={q}">DataCite</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://beta.grafiti.io/search/facts/?search_text={q}">Grafiti</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://knoema.com/search?query={q}">Knoema</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://datasetsearch.research.google.com/search?query={q}">Google Dataset Search</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://data.world/search?q={q}">data.world</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://certificates.theodi.org/en/datasets?search={q}">Open Data Institute</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://data.opendatasoft.com/explore/?q={q}">OpenDataSoft</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://www.reddit.com/r/datasets/search?restrict_sr=on&q={q}">Reddit r/datasets</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://www.google.com/search?q={q}%20data%20OR%20spreadsheet%20OR%20csv%20OR%20tsv%20OR%20json%20OR%20rdf%20OR%20xml">Google with keywords</button> </li> </ul> <a href="#data">About these</a> </div></li> <li><div> <h3><a href="#dark_web">Dark web</a></h3> <ul> <li> <button name="u" value="https://onionlandsearchengine.com/search?q={q}">OnionLand</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://ahmia.fi/search/?q={q}">Ahmia</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://torsearch.net/search?query={q}">Torch</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="https://hss3uro2hsxfogfq.onion.ws/index.php?q={q}">not Evil</button> </li> <li> <button name="u" value="http://haystakvxad7wbk5.onion.ws/?q={q}">Haystak</button> </li> </ul> <a href="#dark_web">About these</a> </div></li> </ul> <div class="highlight"><h2>Details and further resources</h2></div> <div id="details" class="inner"> <div id="adtwo" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px;"> <ins class="adsbygoogle" data-ad-client="ca-pub-0190441446071737" data-ad-slot="2428777527" data-adsbygoogle-status="done" style="width: auto; height: auto;" data-ad-status="unfilled"><div id="aswift_1_host" style="border: none; height: 0px; width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; visibility: visible; background-color: transparent; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; opacity: 0;" tabindex="0" title="Advertisement" aria-label="Advertisement"><iframe id="aswift_1" name="aswift_1" style="left:0;position:absolute;top:0;border:0;width:0px;height:0px;" sandbox="allow-forms allow-popups allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation" width="0" height="0" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" vspace="0" hspace="0" allowtransparency="true" scrolling="no" src="https://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/pagead/ads?client=ca-pub-0190441446071737&output=html&h=0&slotname=2428777527&adk=2831963585&adf=2431494428&pi=t.ma~as.2428777527&w=0&lmt=1594953280&rafmt=12&format=0x0&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.faganfinder.com%2F&wgl=1&uach=WyIiLCIiLCIiLCIiLCIiLFtdLDAsbnVsbCwiIixbXSwwXQ..&dt=1688082183750&bpp=1&bdt=181&idt=118&shv=r20230627&mjsv=m202306220101&ptt=9&saldr=aa&abxe=1&prev_fmts=0x0&correlator=1166013199372&frm=20&pv=1&ga_vid=1676774658.1688082184&ga_sid=1688082184&ga_hid=388830887&ga_fc=1&u_tz=0&u_his=2&u_h=1200&u_w=1600&u_ah=1200&u_aw=1600&u_cd=24&u_sd=1&dmc=8&adx=150&ady=1495&biw=1600&bih=1200&scr_x=0&scr_y=0&eid=44759875%2C44759842%2C42532280%2C42532278%2C44759926%2C31075573%2C44788441&oid=2&pvsid=3651685107228960&tmod=273464505&uas=0&nvt=1&fc=896&brdim=0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C1600%2C0%2C1600%2C1200%2C1600%2C1200&vis=1&rsz=%7C%7CleEbr%7C&abl=CS&fu=256&bc=31&ifi=2&uci=a!2&btvi=1&fsb=1&xpc=8scEYYzO5v&p=https%3A//www.faganfinder.com&dtd=122" data-google-container-id="a!2" data-google-query-id="COrVsZfU6f8CFYHTmgod2PQCcw" data-load-complete="true"></iframe></div></ins> <script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});</script> </div> <section><h3>Overview</h3> <p> This page brings together the largest, broadest, and most significant tools for finding information. </p> <p> The focus is on resources anyone can access, but also included are important ones that are restricted such as with fees or to members of a library. </p> <h4 style="clear:both">Why not just use Google? </h4> <p>You may not find what you want on Google because:</p> <ul> <li>it’s in Google but you don’t know what to search for</li> <li>it’s in Google but is not listed high enough</li> <li>it’s not in Google because Google has not found it yet</li> <li>it’s not in Google because Google did not think it was important enough to include</li> <li>it’s not in Google because the site refuses to be listed</li> <li>it’s not in Google because you must log in to access it</li> <li>it’s not in Google because you must pay to access it</li> <li>it’s not in Google because it is not published in a way that Google can access it</li> <li>it’s not online</li> </ul> <p> Information in many of the above categories is known as the “<strong>deep web</strong>” or “invisible web.” The tools here can help you get past those obstacles. </p> <p> Even popular sites usually do not have every single page listed in Google, and for sites that are generally included, there are advantages to searching on those sites directly. They often provide more tools and features appropriate to their content, such as what information is displayed for each result, as well as sorting and filter options. </p> <p> For information that is not online at all, libraries and archives may still provide overall descriptions about what is available that you can find here. </p> <p> Some of the tools here allow you to set up <strong>alerts</strong> (by email or RSS) so that you can get notified of new results, such as <a href="https://www.google.com/alerts">Google Alerts</a>. </p> <p> Go ahead and try out these tools, but I encourage you to come back and read the details below to learn how to get the most from them. There are also more tools and resources listed that are not included above. </p> </section> <section tabindex="-1" id="search_engines"><h3>Search engines</h3><button value="0">set to first tool</button> <p> While <a href="https://www.google.com/">Google</a> is the most popular search engine, it is not the only one. There is no “best” search engine as it depends on what you are looking for. Every search engine has its own database of web pages (called an index), method of ranking pages (algorithm), and various features, and it is worth trying others out. </p> <p> By default, Google includes results that do not exactly match your search terms. The “Google — verbatim” tool finds more exact matches. </p> <p> <a href="http://www.bing.com/">Bing</a> (by Microsoft) is the second most popular search engine. <a href="https://yandex.com/">Yandex</a> is very good as well and is the most popular in Russia. </p> <p> <a href="https://www.qwant.com/">Qwant</a>’s results come partly from Bing, but it does have its own index. Qwant is popular in France, where <a href="http://www.exalead.com/search/web/">Exalead</a> is also based. </p> <p> Amazingly, <a href="https://www.gigablast.com/">Gigablast</a> is run by a single person, and <a href="https://www.mojeek.com/">Mojeek</a> is run by a very small team in the <abbr title="United Kingdom">UK</abbr>. </p> <p> <a href="https://www.iseek.com/#/web">iseek.ai</a> is a small search engine which allows you to narrow down your results by several attributes including topic groupings (similar to Yippy). </p> <p> Another option is <a href="https://yacy.net/">YaCy</a>, a distributed search engine that is built by software running on the computers of its users. You will have to download it to use it. </p> <h4>Advanced searching</h4> <p> You will have a much better time finding what you are looking for if you learn some of the special keywords and symbols that search engines use. The most common is to include <kbd>"quotation marks"</kbd> around a phrase, and all major search engines support this. Another common one is to put a minus symbol before a word to exclude it, such as <kbd>-excluded</kbd>. </p> <p> Learn more about these (known as search syntax and search operators) for each search engine: <a href="https://support.google.com/websearch/answer/2466433">Google</a> (not all are listed on their own site, see <a href="https://moz.com/learn/seo/search-operators">a more complete list</a>), <a href="http://help.bing.microsoft.com/#apex/18/en/10002/-1">Bing</a> (and <a href="http://help.bing.microsoft.com/#apex/18/en/10001/-1">more Bing</a>), <a href="https://yandex.com/support/search/query-language/search-context.html">Yandex</a> (and <a href="https://yandex.com/support/search/query-language/search-operators.html">more Yandex</a>), <a href="https://help.qwant.com/help/qwant-search/searching/refine-search-with-operators/">Qwant</a>, <a href="https://www.exalead.com/search/web/search-syntax/">Exalead</a>, and <a href="http://www.gigablast.com/syntax.html">Gigablast</a>. </p> </section> <section tabindex="-1" id="alternative_engines"><h3>Alternative search engines</h3><button value="1">set to first tool</button> <p> These are tools which (mostly) do not have their own database of web pages to search. Instead, they use others’ while providing different features. All those listed here aside from Startpage and Biznar display results at least in part from Bing. </p> <ul> <li> <a href="https://duckduckgo.com/">DuckDuckGo</a> is the most popular of these alternative search engines. Features include <a href="https://duck.co/ia">instant answers</a> and <a href="https://duckduckgo.com/bang">bangs</a>. See also <a href="https://help.duckduckgo.com/results/syntax/">DuckDuckGo search help</a>. Results are mostly from Bing, but depending on what you search for may come from other sites as well as their own index. </li> <li> <a href="https://www.ecosia.org/">Ecosia</a> is the most popular cause-based search engine. A portion of their revenue is donated to help plant trees. Their results are from Bing. </li> <li> <a href="https://www.etools.ch/">eTools.ch</a> is the only meta search engine included above. Meta search engines combine results from multiple other search engines, and were more common before Google dominated the industry. </li> <li> <a href="https://biznar.com/biznar/desktop/en/search.html">Biznar</a> (not included above), is another meta search engine, combining results from over 70 sources for news, data, business, and more; mostly United States and global sources. It has filters to narrow your results by source, topic, date, format, author, etc. </li> <li> <a href="https://www.startpage.com/">Startpage</a>’s results come from Google, with the main difference being how they handle your privacy. </li> <li> <a href="https://peekier.com/">Peekier</a>’s results come mainly from Bing. What really makes them different is the large previews of each web page. </li> <li> <a href="https://swisscows.ch/">Swisscows</a>’s results come from Bing, although they do have their own index if you use their German-language version. While most search engines have an option to filter adult content, Swisscows attempts to always exclude it. </li> <li> <a href="https://www.yippy.com/">Yippy</a>’s results appear to come mostly from Bing, and their main feature are the topic groupings (similar to iseek.ai) that can help you narrow down the results. </li> </ul> <h4 id="privacy">Privacy and personalization</h4> <p> Many search engines now claim to make privacy a central feature. These search engines may also offer less personalization, which is when they use what they know about you to affect the ranking of results. These privacy-focused search engines include Qwant, Mojeek, DuckDuckGo, eTools.ch, Startpage, Peekier, Swisscows, and Yippy. If privacy concerns you, read the policies of each search engine or read the <a href="https://restoreprivacy.com/private-search-engine/">reviews by Restore Privacy</a>. </p> <p> In addition to the search engines listed above, another privacy-focused one is <a href="https://asciimoo.github.io/searx/">Searx</a>. Searx does not have a single website. Instead many people have set up their own copies of Searx, so you can visit the <a href="https://stats.searx.xyz/">list of Searx instances</a> to find one to use. </p> <h4>Filtered search engines</h4> <p> <a href="https://millionshort.com/">Million Short</a>, which shows results from Bing, has a few options to filter the results. They exclude the most popular websites, which helps to surface pages which you may not otherwise come across. Here, it is set to exclude the top 10,000 sites, although you can adjust this from the results page. </p> <p> Million Short also has an option to exclude e-commerce sites (here labelled “non-commercial”), which does not always work perfectly but may still be useful. </p> </section> <section tabindex="-1" id="non_english_engines"><h3>Non-English search engines</h3><button value="2">set to first tool</button> <p> These search engines do not have an English version, but are useful when looking for information in other languages and regions. Some of the search tools listed in other sections are based in non-English-speaking countries, such as Qwant which is French. </p> <p> See also <a href="https://www.2lingual.com/">2lingual</a>, where you can choose another language to have your search terms translated into and then view results from Google in that language alongside your own. </p> <ul> <li> In China, Google is not available. <a href="http://www.baidu.com/" hreflang="zh-CN">Baidu</a> is the most popular search engine, followed by <a href="https://m.sm.cn/" hreflang="zh-CN">Shenma</a>, which you can only use on their mobile app. <a href="https://www.sogou.com/" hreflang="zh-CN">Sogou</a> and <a href="https://www.so.com/" hreflang="zh-CN">Haosou</a> are also used. </li> <li> In Russia, <a href="https://yandex.com/">Yandex</a> is the most popular search engine, followed by Google, with <a href="https://mail.ru/" hreflang="ru">Mail.ru</a> in third. </li> <li> In Iran, <a href="http://parsijoo.ir/" hreflang="fa">Parsijoo</a> is the second most popular search engine after Google. </li> <li> In South Korea, <a href="https://www.naver.com/" hreflang="ko">Naver</a> is the second most popular search engine after Google. <a href="https://www.daum.net/" hreflang="ko">Daum</a> is used as well. </li> <li> In Vietnam, <a href="https://coccoc.com/search" hreflang="vi" lang="vi">Cốc Cốc</a> is the second most popular search engine after Google. </li> <li> In Bangladesh, almost all searches are run on Google; however, <a href="https://www.pipilika.com/" hreflang="bn">Pipilika</a> seems worth trying as well. </li> <li> In Czechia, <a href="https://www.seznam.cz/" hreflang="cs">Seznam</a> is the second most popular search engine after Google. </li> </ul> </section> <section tabindex="-1" id="utilities"><h3>Utilities</h3><button value="3">set to first tool</button> <p> <a href="https://www.wolframalpha.com/">Wolfram|Alpha</a> is an incredible tool that stands in a category of its own. It does a great job of understanding what you have typed in, and then organizes its own data and calculates a response. To get an idea of what it can do, see the <a href="https://www.wolframalpha.com/tour/">Wolfram|Alpha tour</a>. </p> <p> Wolfram|Alpha is used by Apple’s <a href="https://www.apple.com/ca/siri/">Siri</a> and Amazon’s Alexa virtual assistants. Most virtual assistants cannot be accessed online; however, you can try out Alexa using <a href="https://echosim.io/">Echosim.io</a>. You will need to be logged into an Amazon account. </p> <p> The <a href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a> tool here is set to translate from any language into English. To translate into another language, visit their site directly. </p> <p> <a href="https://www.google.com/maps">Google Maps</a> is also included here. </p> </section> <section tabindex="-1" id="encyclopedias"><h3>Encyclopedias</h3><button value="4">set to first tool</button> <h4>Wikipedia</h4> <p> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page">Wikipedia</a> hardly needs an explanation. You can read all about it on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia">Wikipedia article</a>. As with anything that you read anywhere, you should verify the information using multiple sources if using it for anything important. <a href="http://www.wikiwand.com/">Wikiwand</a> is a copy of Wikipedia, but with a nicer design for reading. </p> <p> The <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias">largest non-English versions of Wikipedia</a> are included in the next two sections. </p> <h4>Paid encyclopedias</h4> <p> To access these encyclopedias, you will have to be a paying user, or you may be able to get access through your school or library. </p> <ul> <li> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> is the most comprehensive traditional encyclopedia. A portion of articles is available for free. </li> <li> <a href="https://search.credoreference.com/">Credo Reference</a> includes content from many reference sources. Some limited content is available for free. </li> <li> <a href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/">Oxford Reference</a> includes content from many reference books including encyclopedias, dictionaries, and quotations. </li> </ul> <h4>Paid encyclopedias for young readers</h4> <ul> <li> <a href="https://go.scholastic.com/index.html">Scholastic GO!</a> (formerly Grolier Online) includes an encyclopedia, an atlas, dictionary, and a large list of selected websites for more information. Some articles are available for several different reading levels. </li> <li> <a href="https://www.worldbookonline.com/">World Book Online</a> (not included above) includes several versions of the World Book Encyclopedia (for different age groups) as well as other books, maps and more. </li> </ul> </section> <section tabindex="-1" id="encyclopedias_asia"><h3>Encyclopedias — Asia</h3><button value="5">set to first tool</button> <p> These are encyclopedias in various Asian languages. See also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_encyclopedias_by_language">List of encyclopedias by language</a> on Wikipedia. </p> <h4>Chinese</h4> <p> Wikipedia is blocked in China, so there are two similar sites that are larger. </p> <ul> <li> <a href="https://baike.baidu.com/">Baidu Baike</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.baike.com/">Baike.com</a> is listed here but is not entirely like an encyclopedia, as it includes content that is not neutral, lacking citations, etc. It is owned by ByteDance, makers of TikTok. </li> <li><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" hreflang="zh">Chinese Wikipedia</a></li> </ul> <h4>Japanese</h4> <ul> <li><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8" hreflang="ja">Japanese Wikipedia</a></li> <li> <a href="https://japanknowledge.com/" hreflang="ja">Japan Knowledge</a> (<span lang="ja">ジャパンナレッジ</span>) (not include above) is a collection of <a href="https://japanknowledge.com/en/contents/">many reference works</a> including encyclopedias, dictionaries, and maps. It is not free although you may be able to get access through your library. </li> <li> <a href="https://kotobank.jp/" hreflang="ja">Kotobank</a> (<span lang="ja">コトバンク</span>) (not included above) is also a collection of <a href="https://kotobank.jp/dictionary/" hreflang="ja">many reference works</a> including encyclopedias, dictionaries, and biographies. </li> </ul> <h4>Vietnamese</h4> <ul> <li><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trang_Ch%C3%ADnh" hreflang="vi">Vietnamese Wikipedia</a></li> </ul> </section> <section tabindex="-1" id="encyclopedias_other"><h3>Encyclopedias — Other</h3><button value="6">set to first tool</button> <p> These are encyclopedias in various languages. English and <a href="#encyclopedias_asia">Asian languages</a> are listed separately. See also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_encyclopedias_by_language">List of encyclopedias by language</a> on Wikipedia. </p> <h4>Spanish</h4> <ul> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Portada" hreflang="es">Spanish Wikipedia</a></li> <li> <a href="http://www.planetasaber.com/default.asp" lang="es" hreflang="es">Planeta Saber</a> (not included above) is not free, although you may be able to get it through your library. </li> </ul> <h4>Portuguese</h4> <ul> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:P%C3%A1gina_principal" hreflang="pt">Portuguese Wikipedia</a></li> <li> <a href="http://brasil.planetasaber.com/default.asp" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Barsa Saber</a> (not included above) is not free, although you may be able to get it through your library. </li> <li> <a href="https://www.infopedia.pt/" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Infopédia</a> (not included above) is a combined dictionary and encyclopedia. The site also includes translation dictionaries and other related resources. </li> </ul> <h4>Italian</h4> <ul> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagina_principale" hreflang="it">Italian Wikipedia</a></li> </ul> <h4>French</h4> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Accueil_principal" hreflang="fr">French Wikipedia</a></li> <li> <a href="https://www.universalis.fr/" lang="fr" hreflang="fr">Encyclopédie Universalis</a> provides free access to the first part of their articles. You may be able to get it through your library. </li> </ul> <h4>German</h4> <ul> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Hauptseite" hreflang="de">German Wikipedia</a></li> <li> <a href="https://brockhaus.de/info/" lang="de" hreflang="de">Brockhaus Enzyklopädie</a> (not included above) is not free, although you may be able to get it through your library. </li> </ul> <h4>Dutch</h4> <ul> <li><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoofdpagina" hreflang="nl">Dutch Wikipedia</a></li> </ul> <h4>Swedish</h4> <ul> <li><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Huvudsida" hreflang="sv">Swedish Wikipedia</a></li> </ul> <h4>Russian</h4> <ul> <li><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" hreflang="ru">Russian Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="https://bigenc.ru/" hreflang="ru">Great Russian Encyclopedia</a> (<span lang="ru">Большая российская энциклопедия</span>)</li> </ul> <h4>Polish</h4> <ul> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Strona_g%C5%82%C3%B3wna" hreflang="pl">Polish Wikipedia</a></li> </ul> <h4>Arabic</h4> <ul> <li><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" hreflang="ar">Arabic Wikipedia</a></li> <li> <a href="https://mawdoo3.com/" hreflang="ar">Mawdoo3</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://arab-ency.com.sy/" hreflang="ar">Arab Encyclopedia</a> (<span lang="ar">الموسوعة العربية</span>) (not included above) is supported by the Syrian Arab Republic. It is included here due to its comprehensiveness, not as an endorsement of any party. </li> </ul> </section> <section tabindex="-1" id="miscellaneous"><h3>Miscellaneous</h3><button value="7">set to first tool</button> <p> <a href="https://wikileaks.org/">WikiLeaks</a> is a not-profit organization which publishes leaked information from anonymous sources. </p> <p> <a href="https://github.com/">GitHub</a> is a web host for software and other mostly text-based files. This searches the content within those files. You must be logged in to GitHub to use this search. </p> <p> <a href="https://aleph.occrp.org/">OCCRP Aleph</a> (by the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project) is a database of people, companies, court cases, contracts, documents, and other items meant for investigative journalism. See the <a href="https://docs.alephdata.org/guide/search">Aleph search guide</a> for more. </p> <p> <a href="https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/search/applicationrecordsearch">Guinness World Records</a> holds many records, although not all are listed on their website. You will need to create an account in order to view these search results. </p> <p> <a href="https://iseek.com/#/education">iseek.ai Education</a> combines results from a number of sources including Khan Academy, Project Gutenberg (books), and web pages and certain PDF files. </p> </section> <section tabindex="-1" id="social_media"><h3>Social media</h3><button value="8">set to first tool</button> <p> These are the largest and most popular social media sites, other than those including only <a href="/img/">images</a> or <a href="/video/">video</a>. Many of the sites listed under <a href="#questions_and_answers">questions and answers</a> are also considered to be social media. </p> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/">Facebook</a></li> <li> <a href="https://twitter.com/">Twitter</a>. See also <a href="https://twitter.com/search-advanced">Twitter advanced search</a> and <a href="https://developer.twitter.com/en/docs/tweets/rules-and-filtering/overview/standard-operators">Twitter search operators</a>. </li> <li> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/">Reddit</a> is divided into many smaller forums known as subreddits, where users can post anything, comment on posts, and vote on posts and comments. To find subreddits, see the <a href="/group/">group search</a> page. See also <a href="https://www.reddit.com/wiki/search">Reddit search help</a>. </li> <li> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/">LinkedIn</a> is used for professional and business purposes. </li> <li> On <a href="https://www.pinterest.com/">Pinterest</a>, users “pin” items of interest and organize them into “boards.” </li> <li> <a href="https://www.tumblr.com/">Tumblr</a> is a blog-hosting service. More blog hosts are listed under <a href="#web_hosts">web hosts</a>. </li> <li> <a href="https://groups.google.com/">Google Groups</a> lets anyone create or join discussion groups which can be accessed through the web or by email. Google Group also includes <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup">Usenet groups</a> with content back to 1981. </li> </ul> <p> These tools search other sites that include social media: </p> <ul> <li> <a href="http://boardreader.com/">BoardReader</a> searches for posts on forums around the web. It includes tons of small sites as well as large ones like Reddit. </li> <li> <a href="https://www.social-searcher.com/">Social Searcher</a> searches through multiple social media sites, including many of the ones listed here. You can filter search results by the type of post and by sentiment (positive, negative, and neutral). It also shows statistics and analysis of the results. </li> </ul> </section> <section tabindex="-1" id="non_eng_social_media"><h3>Non-English social media</h3><button value="9">set to first tool</button> <p> While most of the <a href="#social_media">social media sites</a> listed above are available in many languages, these are sites which have limited English-language content. </p> <h4>Chinese-language sites</h4> <ul> <li> <a href="https://www.weibo.com/" hreflang="zh-CN">Sina Weibo</a> is a microblogging service similar to Twitter. </li> <li> <a href="https://tieba.baidu.com/" hreflang="zh-CN">Baidu Tieba</a> is similar to Reddit, with many individual forums, each with their own moderators. </li> <li> <a href="https://www.douban.com/" hreflang="zh-CN">Douban</a> is organized around movies, books, music, games, events, and other content types. </li> </ul> <h4>Russia and surrounding countries</h4> <p> These are popular social media sites in Russia and Eastern Europe. They are both social networking sites similar to Facebook. </p> <ul> <li> <a href="https://vk.com/">VK</a> (also known as VKontakte) does have an English-language version, and is owned by Mail.ru. If you are not logged in, search results will show only people rather than all types of content. </li> <li> <a href="https://ok.ru/">OK.RU</a> (also known as Odnoklassniki) is not included above as it has no site-wide search, although you can search for specific types of content such as people and groups. </li> </ul> <h4>Spanish-language sites</h4> <p> <a href="https://www.taringa.net/">Taringa!</a> does have an English version of their website, but most content is in Spanish. </p> </section> <section tabindex="-1" id="questions_and_answers"><h3>Questions and answers</h3><button value="10">set to first tool</button> <p> These are sites where anyone can ask a question, and anyone can answer it. Quality of the answers varies. Your <strong>local library</strong> most likely also offers a question answering service, and it is probably available online and over the phone. </p> <p> <a href="https://www.quora.com/">Quora</a> is the best general-purpose site. <a href="https://stackexchange.com/">StackExchange</a> is a network of <a href="https://stackexchange.com/sites">many question and answer sites</a>, each for a different subject area, with the most popular being technical subjects. Reddit, listed above under <a href="#social_media">social media</a> also includes questions and answers. </p> <p> <a href="https://brainly.com/">Brainly</a> is used for homework help. </p> <p> <a href="https://answers.yahoo.com/">Yahoo Answers</a> and <a href="https://www.answers.com/">Answers.com</a> are popular but contain lots of poor answers. </p> </section> <section tabindex="-1" id="non_english_q_a"><h3>Non-English questions and answers</h3><button value="11">set to first tool</button> <p> These are <a href="#questions_and_answers">question and answer</a> sites in languages other than English. </p> <h4>Chinese-language sites</h4> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.zhihu.com/" hreflang="zh-CN">Zhihu</a></li> <li><a href="https://zhidao.baidu.com/" hreflang="zh-CN">Baidu Knows</a></li> </ul> <h4>Russian-language sites</h4> <ul> <li><a href="https://otvet.mail.ru/" hreflang="ru"><span lang="ru">Ответы</span> Mail.ru</a></li> <li><a href="https://yandex.ru/q/" hreflang="ru">Yandex.Q</a> (<span lang="ru">Яндекс.Кью</span>)</li> </ul> <h4>Japanese-language sites</h4> <ul> <li><a href="https://chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/" hreflang="ja">Yahoo Chiebukuro</a> (Yahoo!<span lang="ja">知恵袋</span>)</li> <li><a href="https://oshiete.goo.ne.jp/" hreflang="ja">Oshiete! goo</a> (<span lang="ja">教えて</span>!goo)</li> <li><a href="https://okwave.jp/" hreflang="ja">OKWAVE</a></li> </ul> <h4>German-language sites</h4> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.gutefrage.net/" lang="de" hreflang="de">Gutefrage</a></li> </ul> </section> <section tabindex="-1" id="web_hosts"><h3>Web hosts</h3><button value="12">set to first tool</button> <p> These web hosts are widely used publishing platforms that anyone can use. While many of their pages can be found in Google, many others cannot. These search tools are not as good as Google at putting the most relevant results first, but they do have content you may not be able to find anywhere else. </p> <p> The <a href="https://wordpress.com/">Wordpress.com</a> search tool finds pages and blog posts published using their service, including those not using the wordpress.com domain name. After searching you can switch to sorting results by date if you prefer. </p> <p> <a href="https://medium.com/">Medium</a> is a blog-hosting service. <a href="http://www.wikidot.com/">Wikidot</a> is a wiki-hosting service, also known as a wiki farm. </p> <p>See also <a href="#social_media">social media</a>.</p> </section> <section tabindex="-1" id="how_tos_and_checklists"><h3>How tos and checklists</h3><button value="13">set to first tool</button> <p> <a href="https://www.wikihow.com/Main-Page">wikiHow</a> is the most popular how-to site and is written by its users as well as the company and subject-matter experts. </p> <p> <a href="https://www.checkli.com/">Checkli</a> is a site for creating and sharing checklists. Be aware that some companies use these checklists for self-promotion. </p> <p> The “Google how-to sites” tool uses Google to search within the above sites as well as the how-to sites <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/howto/">r/HowTo on Reddit</a>, <a href="https://www.instructables.com/">Instructables</a>, <a href="https://www.ehow.com/">eHow</a>, <a href="https://www.howcast.com/">Howcast</a>, <a href="https://visihow.com/Main_Page">VisiHow</a>, and <a href="http://www.howtodothings.com/">How To Do Things</a>, and the checklist sites <a href="https://checklist.com/">Checklist</a>, <a href="https://www.printabletodolist.com/">Printable To Do Lists</a>, and <a href="http://checklists.com/">Checklists.com</a>. </p> </section> <section tabindex="-1" id="find_databases"><h3>Find databases</h3><button value="14">set to first tool</button> <p> The “Google with keywords” tool uses Google but adds keywords and phrases to help you find databases or other large collections of information. </p> <p> <a href="https://community.libguides.com/">LibGuides</a> (not included above) searches for guides made by librarians on how to do research on specific subjects. </p> <p> <a href="https://www.re3data.org/">re3data.org</a> (the name comes from “registry of research data repositories”) lists over 2,000 repositories of academic data from around the world covering a wide range of topics. </p> </section> <section tabindex="-1" id="books"><h3>Books</h3><button value="15">set to first tool</button> <p> These are sites where you can search the full-text content of books, not just the title, author, and other metadata. Many other books, full-text and otherwise, can be found in the <a href="#libraries_and_archives">libraries and archives</a> sections. </p> <p> Details about the below sites, and additional sites are coming soon. </p> <ul> <li><a href="https://books.google.com/">Google Books</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hathitrust.org/">Hathi Trust</a></li> <li><a href="https://archive.org/details/texts">books and texts on the Internet Archive</a> </li> <li><a href="https://openlibrary.org/">Open Library</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page">Wikisource</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/">Project Gutenberg</a> (not included above)</li> <li> <a href="https://z-lib.org/">Z-Library</a> is known to violate copyright. It is included here only because it has full-text search of book contents, which may find books not included in the other tools here. Please borrow or buy a book legally once you have found it through Z-Library. </li> <li><a href="https://archiveofourown.org/">Archive of Our Own</a> (AO3)</li> </ul> </section> <section tabindex="-1" id="publications_and_docs"><h3>Publications and documents</h3><button value="16">set to first tool</button> <p> The sites here may include books, magazines, newsletters, brochures and catalogues, articles, presentations, and a variety of other documents. Other than PDF Drive, they all allow individuals and publishers to add content to their sites, typically by uploading files in PDF and other formats. </p> <ul> <li> <a href="https://www.pdfdrive.com/">PDF Drive</a> crawls the web (like Google and other search engines), to find PDF files. </li> <li> <a href="https://www.scribd.com/">Scribd</a> is not free to access. You can either pay to subscribe or upload your own documents in order to access the ones they already have. Their catalogue is larger than the other sites listed here due to their relationships with publishing companies, and they include audiobooks and sheet music as well. </li> <li><a href="https://issuu.com/">issuu</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.yumpu.com/">Yumpu</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.edocr.com/">edocr</a></li> </ul> <p> The “Google by format” tool uses Google to search for files in various file types used for text documents, including Portable Document Format (.pdf), Microsoft Word (.doc and .docx), OpenDocument Text (.odt), Rich Text Format (.rft), PostScript (.ps), TeX (.tex), and Corel WordPerfect (.wpd). You will need to download software to view files in some of these formats. </p> <p> The “Google by site” tool uses Google to search on all the sites in this section (except for Scribd as it is not free), along with <a href="https://www.google.com/docs/about/">Google Docs</a>, <a href="https://www.publitas.com/">Publitas</a>, <a href="https://www.joomag.com/">Joomag</a>, <a href="https://www.flipsnack.com/">Flipsnack</a>, and <a href="https://www.foleon.com">Foleon</a>. </p> </section> <section tabindex="-1" id="presentations"><h3>Presentations</h3><button value="17">set to first tool</button> <p> <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/">SlideShare</a>, <a href="https://prezi.com/explore/popular/">Prezi</a>, <a href="https://slides.com/explore">Slides</a>, and <a href="http://www.authorstream.com/">authorSTREAM</a> are sites for sharing slideshow presentations. Presentations may also be found in the <a href="#publications_and_docs">publications and documents</a> section. </p> <p> The “Google by format & site” tool uses Google to search for files in presentation formats (PowerPoint, Keynote, and OpenDocument Presentation), and on slide-sharing websites including the ones listed above as well as <a href="https://www.google.com/slides/about/">Google Slides</a>, <a href="https://noti.st/">Notist</a>, and <a href="https://speakerdeck.com/">Speaker Deck</a>. </p> </section> <section tabindex="-1" id="academic_engines"><h3>Academic search engines</h3><button value="18">set to first tool</button> <p> These tools find journal articles, conference proceedings, theses, posters, and other academic works. Some of the results are free to access; others require a fee or you may be able to get access through your school or library. See <a href="#open_access_academic">open access</a> for how to find free resources and <a href="#paid_academic">paid academic search engines</a>. </p> <ul> <li> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/">Google Scholar</a> is the most popular academic search engine, and it includes patents as well. It has the largest database, except for possibly Baidu Scholar. </li> <li> <a href="https://worldwidescience.org/">WorldWideScience</a> (not included above) is a meta search engine, including results from many national and other databases. It even translates your search terms into other languages and then translates those results back into English. </li> <li> <a href="https://academic.microsoft.com/home">Microsoft Academic</a> extracts topics from each document which adds another way to help find and analyze results. Like Google Scholar, it includes patents. </li> <li> <a href="https://www.lens.org/">The Lens</a> includes content from Microsoft Academic, Crossref, PubMed, CORE, and PubMed Central, and offers more filters than most of those tools. The results page also shows a map and graphs of the results. Unlike any other tool, you can search using <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_expression">regular expressions</a>, using an option within “Query Tools.” </li> <li><a href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/">Semantic Scholar</a></li> <li> <a href="https://www.base-search.net/">BASE</a> (Bielefeld Academic Search Engine). On the results page, you can change to “Multi-lingual search” which will also translate your search terms into other languages. </li> <li><a href="https://www.scilit.net/">Scilit</a></li> <li> Unlike the other tools here, <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/">ResearchGate</a> is also meant to act as a social network for academics. <a href="https://www.academia.edu/">Academia.edu</a> (not included above) is similar but smaller and more controversial. </li> <li> On <a href="https://app.dimensions.ai/discover/publication">Dimensions</a>, click on the result and then see “External sources” for the actual document. </li> <li> <a href="https://www.1science.com/1findr/">1findr</a> is owned by <a href="https://www.elsevier.com/">Elsevier</a>. </li> <li><a href="https://www.mysciencework.com/">MyScienceWork</a></li> <li> On <a href="https://share.osf.io/">SHARE</a>, click on the result and then see “External Links” for the actual document. </li> <li> <a href="https://www.scienceresearch.com/scienceresearch/desktop/en/search.html">ScienceResearch.com</a> (not included above), is a meta search engine, combining results from a large number of publishers, journals, and other organizations. Its sources are fairly different from most of the other academic search engines. </li> <li> <a href="https://xueshu.baidu.com/" hreflang="zh-CN">Baidu Scholar</a> (<span lang="zh-CN">百度学术</span>) is a Chinese-language search engine, although it includes works in English and may be even larger than Google Scholar. </li> </ul> <p> Look up a paper on <a href="https://pubpeer.com/">PubPeer</a> to see or add comments to it. </p> <p> If you are looking for a particular journal, find it on <a href="https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/">Index Copernicus</a>, <a href="http://journalseek.net/">JournalSeek</a>, or <a href="https://www.journalguide.com/">JournalGuide</a>. On JournalGuide you can search not just by name and topic, but also by keywords within content published by the journal. </p> </section> <section tabindex="-1" id="open_access_academic"><h3>Open access academic</h3><button value="19">set to first tool</button> <p> The <a href="#academic_engines">academic search engines</a> section has tools that include both free and paid academic works. On The Lens, 1findr, and MyScienceWork you can filter results after you search to show only those which are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access">open access</a>. The tools listed below include <em>only</em> freely available works. </p> <ul> <li><a href="https://core.ac.uk/">CORE</a> is the largest open access academic search engine.</li> <li><a href="https://paperity.org/">Paperity</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.jurn.org/">JURN</a> uses results from Google but limits to only free full-text academic works.</li> <li> <a href="http://www.freefullpdf.com/">FreeFullPDF</a> also uses results from Google, but links to the PDF files directly. </li> <li> Despite the name, <a href="https://doaj.org/">Directory of Open Access Journals</a> (DOAJ) includes individual articles in addition to journals. </li> </ul> <p> To find a freely-available version of a paper where one exists, use <a href="https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/google-scholar-button/ldipcbpaocekfooobnbcddclnhejkcpn">Google Scholar Button</a>, <a href="http://unpaywall.org/">Unpaywall</a>, <a href="http://www.lazyscholar.org/">Lazy Scholar</a>, <a href="https://openaccessbutton.org/">Open Access Button</a>, or <a href="https://kopernio.com/">Kopernio</a>. All of these work as browser extensions, although Open Access Button can also be used directly from their site. </p> </section> <section tabindex="-1" id="paid_databases"><h3>Paid databases</h3><button value="20">set to first tool</button> <h4>General purpose</h4> <p>More details about these tools is coming soon.</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.proquest.com/">ProQuest</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.questia.com/">Questia</a> owned by Cengage</li> <li><a href="https://www.gale.com/">Gale</a> owned by Cengage </li> <li> <a href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?authtype=guest&custid=s6406031&profile=eds&groupid=main">EBSCO<i>host</i></a> (not included above) </li> <li> <a href="https://www.eastview.com/">East View</a> (not included above) includes news, journals, books, statistics, laws, and <a href="https://www.eastview.com/resources/resources-links/">other content</a> from Russia, China, and other countries, mostly in Asia. </li> </ul> <h4 id="paid_academic">Academic</h4> <p>See also <a href="#academic_engines">academic search engines</a>.</p> <ul> <li> <a href="https://www.webofknowledge.com/">Web of Science</a> is the largest non-free academic search engine. You will need to log in through your school or other institution to view results. </li> <li> <a href="https://www.scopus.com/">Scopus</a> is owned by <a href="https://www.elsevier.com/">Elsevier</a>. You will need to log in through your school or other institution to view results. </li> <li> <a href="https://www.deepdyve.com/">DeepDyve</a> has a different payment model than the other tools. Individuals can buy a monthly subscription which is fairly low-cost although access to print and downloading is limited. </li> <li><a href="https://www.jstor.org/">JSTOR</a></li> <li> <a href="https://www.universitypressscholarship.com/">University Press Scholarship</a> includes the full text of books from many university publishers. </li> </ul> </section> <section tabindex="-1" id="libraries_and_archives"><h3>Libraries and archives</h3><button value="21">set to first tool</button> <p> Libraries and archives contain tons of records that are often not available on Google. Some of the sites here may include items from galleries and museums as well. They include many records which are freely available online, as well as ones which are only available to their members. They may also contain records that are only available in-person. </p> <p> So many are included here that there are separate sections for libraries and archives in <a href="#libraries_europe">Europe</a>, <a href="#libraries_asia">Asia</a>, and the <a href="#libraries_americas">Americas</a>. See also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_and_state_libraries">List of national and state libraries</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_archives">List of national archives</a> on Wikipedia. </p> <h4>Worldwide archives and libraries</h4> <ul> <li> <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/">WorldCat</a>, run by the <a href="https://www.oclc.org/en/home.html">OCLC</a>, is the combined catalogue of <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/libraries">over 10,000 libraries</a>, in almost every country. It includes about 2 billion items. For each item, it will show you the closest library which has it, including for online and downloadable resources. </li> <li> <a href="https://researchworks.oclc.org/archivegrid/">ArchiveGrid</a> is also run by the OCLC, and most (but not all) of what it has is also in WorldCat. ArchiveGrid is specifically focused on unique archival content. In some cases you can find individual records, but many items are descriptions of collections of non-digitized records. </li> <li> While the <a href="https://archive.org/">Internet Archive</a> is best known for storing copies of web pages, it also has vast collections of books and texts, movies, software, music, and images. Unlike the search from their home page, this searches the full-text contents, not just titles and other metadata. </li> <li> <a href="https://books.google.com/">Google Books</a> includes books (over 25 million), magazines, and newspapers, many with their full text searchable. Some of these are available entirely for free, some allow you to preview a portion, and others provide only metadata. See also their <a href="https://books.google.com/advanced_book_search">advanced search</a>. </li> <li> On <a href="https://kvk.bibliothek.kit.edu/" hreflang="de">Karlsruhe Virtual Catalog</a> (not included above), you can select which sites to search, and it will show results from each, one after another. It includes many national library catalogues as well as international library, archives, and academic sites and additional German-language sites as well. </li> <li> The <a href="https://www.wdl.org/en/">World Digital Library</a> is run by the Library of Congress and <abbr title="United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization">UNESCO</abbr>, and has items from institutions around the world. </li> <li><a href="https://artsandculture.google.com/">Google Arts & Culture</a> has content from museums and galleries.</li> </ul> <h4 id="spanish_portuguese">Spanish and Portuguese language</h4> <p> The sites below combine Spain, Portugal, and the countries in the Americas which speak Spanish and Portuguese. Together these are known as Ibero-America. </p> <ul> <li> <a href="http://www.iberoamericadigital.net/en/Inicio/" lang="es">Biblioteca Digital del Patrimonio Iberoamericano</a> (BDPI) has content from Spain, Portugal, Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, Argentina, and <a href="http://www.iberoamericadigital.net/en/Participantes/" hreflang="es">other countries</a>. </li> <li> <a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/">Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes</a> has content from Spain and Spanish-speaking American countries. Even when it includes the same countries as BDPI, it may have content from different organizations within those countries. </li> <li> <a href="https://bdlb.bn.gov.br/?lang=en" lang="pt">Biblioteca digital Luso-Brasileira</a> (BDLB) has content mostly by <a href="http://bndigital.bn.gov.br/" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Biblioteca Nacional Digital Brasil</a> (BNDigital) and <a href="http://purl.pt/index/geral/PT/" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Biblioteca Nacional Digital de Portugal</a>. </li> </ul> <h4>Africa and the Middle East</h4> <ul> <li> The <a href="http://www.aodl.org/">African Online Digital Library</a> is run by an American university but includes contributions from <a href="http://www.aodl.org/contributors.php">around the world</a>, including African institutions. </li> <li> The <a href="https://www.aruc.org/en/home">Arabic Union Catalog</a> has content from <a href="https://www.aruc.org/en/country-links">a number of countries</a> in North Africa and around the Arabian peninsula, including Algeria and Sudan. </li> <li> The <a href="https://dlmenetwork.org/library">Digital Library of the Middle East</a> (DLME) has content from mostly different countries than the Arabic Union Catalog, including Egypt, Iran, and Iraq. </li> <li> The Egyptian <a href="http://www.darelkotob.gov.eg/ar-eg/Pages/Home.aspx" hreflang="ar" lang="ar">دار الكتب والوثائق القومية</a> (National Library and Archives) (not included above) </li> <li> <span lang="fr">Bibliotheca Alexandrina</span> (the Library of Alexandria)’s <a href="http://dar.bibalex.org/webpages/dar.jsf">Digital Assets Repository</a> (not included above) </li> </ul> <p> See also <a href="http://hazine.info/">Hazine</a>, a guide on researching the Middle East. </p> <h4>Australia</h4> <p> <a href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/">Trove</a> combines results from libraries across Australia. See also the <a href="https://www.naa.gov.au/">National Archives of Australia</a>, which is not included above. </p> </section> <section tabindex="-1" id="libraries_europe"><h3>Libraries and archives — Europe</h3><button value="22">set to first tool</button> <p> These tools here are <a href="#libraries_and_archives">libraries and archives</a> located in Europe. European content can also be found in the <a href="#libraries_and_archives">international</a> sites, especially <a href="#spanish_portuguese">Spain and Portugal</a>. Because of the former power and colonialism of some European countries, their archives also include content about many countries outside Europe. </p> <ul> <li> <a href="https://www.europeana.eu/">Europeana</a> is an enormous collection that includes content from libraries, archives, and museums across Europe, and European content from non-European organizations. </li> <li> <a href="https://www.archivesportaleurope.net/">Archives Portal Europe</a> has content from many European archives. They have an additional option to search for people and organizations by name, available from the results page. </li> <li> <a href="https://www.osmikon.de/" hreflang="de">Osmikon</a> is a German-language site covering Eastern, Eastern Central and South Eastern Europe. Access to a lot of the content may be limited to people in certain institutions. </li> </ul> <p> See also <a href="http://primary-sources.eui.eu/">European History Primary Sources</a> (EHPS) and <a href="https://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Main_Page">EuroDocs: Online Sources for European History</a>. </p> <h4 id="uk_archives">United Kingdom and Ireland</h4> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/">The National Archives</a> of the United Kingdom</li> <li><a href="https://www.bl.uk/">The British Library</a> is the largest library in the world. Some of its content can also be found in Europeana.</li> <li> <a href="https://discover.libraryhub.jisc.ac.uk/">Jisc Library Hub Discover</a> is a combined catalogue for many libraries in the UK and Ireland. Access is limited to members of academic institutions or people on-site at the libraries. </li> <li> <a href="https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/">Archives Hub</a> is a combined catalogue for from many special collections, archives and galleries in the UK and Ireland. Many of the items are not fully digitized. </li> </ul> <h4>France and Germany</h4> <ul> <li> <a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/accueil/en/content/accueil-en">Gallica</a> is run by <span lang="fr">Bibliothèque nationale de France</span> (BnF), the National Library of France. Much of its content is included in Europeana. It includes a lot of content about places outside of France. </li> <li> The <a href="https://ccfr.bnf.fr/portailccfr/jsp/public/index.jsp" lang="fr" hreflang="fr">Catalogue collectif de France</a> (CCFr) (not included above) searches through the catalogues of many libraries and archives across France. </li> <li><a href="http://www.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr/en/web/guest/home" lang="fr">Archives Nationales</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/?lang=en" lang="de">Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek</a> (DDB, German Digital Library) is partly included in Europeana.</li> <li> <a href="https://kvk.bibliothek.kit.edu/" hreflang="de">Karlsruhe Virtual Catalog</a> (not included above) combines results from various library catalogues, especially those in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. </li> </ul> <h4>Russia</h4> <ul> <li>The <a href="https://www.rsl.ru/en">Russian State Library</a> is the largest library in Russia.</li> <li> <a href="https://rusneb.ru/" hreflang="ru" lang="ru">Национальная электронная библиотека</a>, or the National Electronic Library (NEB), includes content from many organizations. Access to some content is limited to in-person at those libraries, however many full-text books are available for free. </li> <li><a href="http://nlr.ru/eng">National Library of Russia</a></li> <li> <a href="http://www.rusarchives.ru/" lang="ru" hreflang="ru">Архивы России</a> (Archives of Russia) includes <a href="http://www.rusarchives.ru/elektronnye-opisi-federalnyh-arhivov" hreflang="ru">a number of Russian archives</a>. Each has its own search, so it is not included above. </li> <li><a href="http://www.shpl.ru/" hreflang="ru">State Public Historical Library of Russia</a> (GPIB)</li> </ul> </section> <section tabindex="-1" id="libraries_americas"><h3>Libraries and archives — Americas</h3><button value="23">set to first tool</button> <p> These tools here are <a href="#libraries_and_archives">libraries and archives</a> located in the Americas, so they predominantly hold content about their own countries. There is also content about the Americas in <a href="#libraries_and_archives">international</a> and <a href="#libraries_europe">European</a> libraries and archives. </p> <p> <a href="https://ufdc.ufl.edu/hnccoll">NewspaperCat</a> (not included above) is a searchable directory of newspapers from the United States and the Caribbean. </p> <h4>United States</h4> <ul> <li> The <a href="https://dp.la/">Digital Public Library of America</a> (<abbr>DPLA</abbr>) combines the collections of <a href="https://pro.dp.la/hubs/our-hubs">many organizations</a>, including the Library of Congress, National Archives, the Smithsonian, and other national, regional, and state institutions. </li> <li> Also included above is the <a href="https://www.loc.gov/">Library of Congress</a> itself. It is the second-largest library in the world. Unlike the search from their home page, the tool here includes all their materials, not just the ones fully available online. </li> <li>The United States <a href="https://www.archives.gov/">National Archives</a></li> </ul> <h4>Canada</h4> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/Pages/home.aspx">Library and Archives Canada</a></li> <li> <a href="http://www.canadiana.ca/">Canadiana Online</a> and <a href="http://heritage.canadiana.ca/">Héritage</a> are both run by <a href="https://www.crkn-rcdr.ca/en">a network of universities</a>. Canadiana Online has content from the 16<sup>th</sup> century to the 1920s, and Héritage has content from the 17<sup>th</sup> to the mid-20<sup>th</sup> century. Most of Héritage’s content is handwritten, so the full text is not searchable. </li> <li> <a href="http://www.archivescanada.ca/">ARCHIVESCANADA.ca</a> includes content from around 800 archives, including Library and Archives Canada. </li> </ul> <h4>The Caribbean, Central and South America</h4> <p>See the <a href="#spanish_portuguese">Spanish and Portuguese-language sites</a> above which include most countries in the Americas.</p> <p> <a href="https://www.metabase.net/">Metabase</a> is a library catalogue for countries in Central America (including Mexico) including books, academic papers, articles, and other items. It is not included above as you must fill out a form to request access to any record. </p> <p> The <a href="https://dloc.com/">Digital Library of the Caribbean</a> (dLOC) includes content from a number of Caribbean countries as well as the United States, Mexico, and Brazil. </p> </section> <section tabindex="-1" id="libraries_asia"><h3>Libraries and archives — Asia</h3><button value="24">set to first tool</button> <p> These tools here are Asian <a href="#libraries_and_archives">libraries and archives</a>, so they predominantly hold content about their own countries. Most (outside of India) will not be in English. There is also Asian content in the <a href="#libraries_and_archives">international archives</a> as well as those of other countries such as the <a href="#uk_archives">UK</a> and Australia. </p> <h4>East Asia</h4> <ul> <li> <a href="https://crossasia.org/en/">CrossAsia</a> includes content mostly from China, Japan, and Korea. Their primary search includes just the metadata (such as titles), and much of it is not available online. Their full text search is a separate set of content that does not include Korea, and access is limited to academic institutions in Germany. The site itself is available in English. </li> <li> The <a href="http://cadal.zju.edu.cn/index/home"><strong>China</strong> Academic Digital Associative Library</a> (CADAL) has several million digitized books, however only their metadata is searchable. There is a limited English-language version of the website, which you can switch to. </li> <li> The <a href="https://ctext.org/">Chinese Text Project</a> is a full-text search of pre-modern Chinese text. </li> <li> <a href="https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/gf/cgi/start?LANG=eng">Cross Search</a>, by the National Archives of <strong>Japan</strong>, is a shortcut to searching several archives including their <a href="https://www.digital.archives.go.jp/index_e.html">Digital Archive</a>, the <a href="https://www.jacar.go.jp/english/">Japan Center for Asian Historical Records</a> (JACAR), and several others. Many titles have been translated to English, so some English searching is possible. </li> <li> Japan’s <a href="https://iss.ndl.go.jp/">NDL Search</a> includes content from multiple libraries, archives, museums, etc., including the National Diet Library itself. You can actually search in English, and it will translate your words into Japanese to run the search. </li> </ul> <p> See also CrossAsia’s <a href="https://crossasia.org/en/resources/online-guide-east-asia/">Online Guide East Asia</a> and the <a href="https://www.zo.uni-heidelberg.de/boa/digital_resources/list_az_en.html">list of East Asian resources</a> from Heidelberg University. </p> <h4>South Asia</h4> <ul> <li> <a href="http://www.southasiaarchive.com/">South Asia Archive</a> (not included above) includes books, journals, reports, laws and other documents, collected mainly from the Bengal area. Your school or library must subscribe in order to access it. </li> <li> On the <a href="https://ndl.iitkgp.ac.in/">National Digital Library of India</a>, access to the content may be restricted to members of academic institutions in India. </li> <li> <a href="https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/jspui/">Abhilekh Patal</a> is the site of the National Archives of India. Access to the content is limited to Indian citizens. </li> <li> <a href="https://granthsanjeevani.com/jspui/">Granth Sanjeevani</a> is the digitized contents from the Asiatic Society of Mumbai, which includes books, newspapers, manuscripts, maps, and other items, mostly in English, as far back as the 15<sup>th</sup> century. A paid subscription is required to view the content. </li> </ul> <h4>Southeast Asia</h4> <ul> <li> The <a href="https://www.aseanlibrary.org/"><abbr title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Asean</abbr> Digital Library</a> searches the metadata of collections from the national libraries of Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam. </li> <li> The <a href="http://www.elib.gov.ph/">Philippine eLib</a> tool here is filtered to only content with full text available online, although access to some is limited. See their website directly to include results that are not available online. </li> </ul> </section> <section tabindex="-1" id="engines_by_recency"><h3><abbr title="Search engines">Engines</abbr> by recency</h3><button value="25">set to first tool</button> <p> These options use either Google or Bing, filtered to only show results which have been created or updated within the given time frame. You can specify a more precise date range from the results page. Some other search tools on this page also offer date filters. </p> </section> <section tabindex="-1" id="news_search_engines"><h3>News search engines</h3><button value="26">set to first tool</button> <p>These tools gather news articles from hundreds or thousands of news sources.</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://news.google.com/">Google News</a> groups together articles on the same topic.</li> <li><a href="https://news.yahoo.com/">Yahoo News</a></li> <li> <a href="https://newslookup.com/">Newslookup.com</a> by default shows articles from the past 36 hours, but you can change the time filter and include articles back to 2000. They have a lot of additional search filters and options if you click the arrow just to the left of their search box on the results page. </li> <li><a href="https://www.newsnow.co.uk/">NewsNow</a> is based in the UK, but has good international coverage as well.</li> <li> <a href="https://emm.newsbrief.eu/NewsBrief/clusteredition/en/latest_en.html">Europe Media Monitor NewsBrief</a>, like Google News, groups articles on the same topic. It includes articles from around the world, not just Europe. Your search terms are translated into other languages, so you can see non-English results as well. You will have to click the “en” link to translate them. It is run by the European Union. </li> <li><a href="https://www.bing.com/news">Bing News</a></li> <li> <a href="https://www.pressreader.com/">PressReader</a> is a paid site (also available from many libraries), but it does include many articles which are free to read. </li> <li><a href="https://knewz.com/">Knewz</a> is run by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Corp_(2013%E2%80%93present)">News Corp</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://wn.com/">WN.com</a></li> <li> <a href="http://www.rssmicro.com/">RSSMicro</a> searches content from RSS feeds, which is a list of articles often published by news, blogs, and other sites. </li> </ul> <p> <a href="http://news-explorer.mybluemix.net/">IBM Watson News Explorer</a> is a bit different. It extracts topics, people, companies, organizations, and locations, and visualizes their relationships. The graph visualization and a map of the news can be used to filter the results. Content is limited to the past 30 days. <a href="https://mediacloud.org/">Media Cloud</a> is similar and offers even more tools for analyzing the news. </p> <p> <a href="https://factualsearch.news/">Factual News Search</a> uses Google and limits the results based on the reviews of news sources on <a href="https://mediabiasfactcheck.com/">Media Bias/Fact Check</a>. Here it is set to include only sources rated as having the “least-bias” and “very high” factual reporting. </p> <p> See also news videos on <a href="/video/">Video search</a>. </p> </section> <section tabindex="-1" id="news_sources"><h3>News sources</h3><button value="27">set to first tool</button> <p> The news sources listed here are among the most significant English-language news organizations. </p> <p> <a href="https://www.reuters.com/">Reuters</a> and the <a href="https://apnews.com/">Associated Press</a> (not included above) are two of the three largest <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_agency">news agencies</a> which provide content for other news organizations. The other is <span lang="fr">Agence France-Presse</span>, however they do not publish news on their own site. </p> <p> <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news"><abbr title="British Broadcasting Corporation">BBC</abbr> News</a> and <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/">The Guardian</a> (not included above) are based in the United Kingdom. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/">The New York Times</a>, <a href="https://www.cnn.com/"><abbr title="Cable News Network">CNN</abbr></a>, and <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/">The Washington Post</a> are based in the United States. <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/">The Times of India</a> is based in India. </p> <p> To find <strong>any</strong> news source such as local newspapers, try <a href="http://www.abyznewslinks.com/">ABYZ News Links</a>, <a href="http://www.onlinenewspapers.com/">OnlineNewspapers.com</a>, and <a href="https://www.thepaperboy.com/">Paperboy</a>. Use <a href="https://mediabiasfactcheck.com/">Media Bias/Fact Check</a> to help you evaluate your sources; it is also used by Factual News Search under <a href="#news_search_engines">news search engines</a>. </p> </section> <section tabindex="-1" id="fact_checking"><h3>Fact-checking</h3><button value="28">set to first tool</button> <p> <a href="http://untrue.news/">Untrue News</a> and <a href="https://factualsearch.news/">Factual News Search</a> search through many sites that fact-check news, political speech, myths, rumours, and urban legends. Untrue News displays the results of the fact-check right on the results page. Factual News Search uses Google, limited to the IFCN signatories linked to below. </p> <p> The following are some of the largest fact-checking websites. Most of them have at least some of their pages included in either Untrue News or Factual News Search. </p> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.snopes.com/">Snopes</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.politifact.com/">PolitiFact</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.truthorfiction.com/">TruthOrFiction.com</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hoax-slayer.net/">Hoax-Slayer</a></li> </ul> <p> See also the <a href="https://reporterslab.org/fact-checking/">list of fact-checking sites</a> by The Reporters’ Lab at Duke University, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fact-checking_websites">list of fact-checking websites</a> on Wikipedia, and <a href="https://ifcncodeofprinciples.poynter.org/signatories">signatories of the International Fact-Checking Network (IFCN) code of principles</a>. </p> </section> <section tabindex="-1" id="press_releases"><h3>Press releases</h3><button value="29">set to first tool</button> <p> These sites have the largest number of press releases. PRWeb and PR Newswire are both owned by Cision. </p> <ul> <li><a href="http://www.prweb.com/">PRWeb</a> press releases go back to late 1999.</li> <li><a href="https://www.businesswire.com/portal/site/home/">Business Wire</a> press releases go back to 1995.</li> <li><a href="https://www.globenewswire.com/NewsRoom">GlobeNewswire</a> (not included above) goes back to mid 1999.</li> <li><a href="https://www.einpresswire.com/">EIN Presswire</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.releasewire.com/newsroom/">ReleaseWire</a> results also include companies and multimedia attached to press releases.</li> <li><a href="https://www.24-7pressrelease.com/press_releases_today">24-7 Press Release</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.prnewswire.com/">PR Newswire</a></li> </ul> <p> The “Google by site” tool uses Google to search on all the sites above as well as <a href="https://www.prunderground.com/archived-releases/">PRUnderground</a>, <a href="https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/">Cision (Canada)</a>, <a href="https://www.realwire.com/archive.asp">RealWire</a>, <a href="https://pressat.co.uk/releases/">Pressat</a> (UK), and <a href="https://www.prnewswire.co.uk/news-releases/news-releases-list/">PR Newswire UK</a> (owned by Cision). </p> </section> <section tabindex="-1" id="newspaper_archives"><h3>Newspaper archives</h3><button value="30">set to first tool</button> <p> News from about the year 2000 and more recent can be found on Newslookup.com and some of the other <a href="#news_search_engines">news search engines</a>. The tools in this section are free collections of mostly digitized newspapers. Digitization means that newspapers on paper or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microform">microform</a> (microfilm or microfiche) are scanned or photographed. The images are then converted to text using <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_character_recognition">optical character recognition</a> (OCR), which is what enables searching by keyword. OCR is not perfect, especially for older newspapers. One useful strategy is to <a href="http://www.advantagearchives.com/preservation/preservation-resources/tip-change-the-letters-in-your-search/">take into account common OCR errors</a> when searching. </p> <p> Every newspaper archive is a collection of various individual newspapers across various years. Any one newspaper may have some years available through several sites, other years available through a different site, and some years not yet digitized. </p> <p> Many significant newspaper archives are only available from <a href="#paid_news_archives">paid services</a>. There are also newspapers in many of the <a href="#libraries_and_archives">libraries and archives</a>, including those that have never been digitized and are only available in-person. </p> <h4>International archives</h4> <p> <a href="https://elephind.com/">Elephind.com</a> searches through a <a href="https://elephind.com/?p=about">large number of collections</a> of newspapers from the United States, Mexico, Australia, New Zealand, and Singapore. </p> <p> <a href="https://www.europeana.eu/en/collections/topic/18-newspapers">Europeana</a> has full text newspapers from various European countries including Germany and the Netherlands. It also has other newspapers with only their article titles searchable, from France, Poland, and elsewhere. These two sets of newspapers can only be searched separately. </p> <p> The <a href="https://archive.org/details/newspapers">Internet Archive’s newspapers collection</a> includes a variety of papers from around the world. </p> <p> <a href="https://books.google.com/books/newspapers">Newspapers on Google Books</a> include those from a number of countries. You can <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers">browse the full list of titles</a> but if you want to search use the first link or this page, as searching does not work properly from the second link. </p> <p> The <a href="https://www.loc.gov/newspapers/">Library of Congress</a> tool here includes all Library of Congress newspaper collections aside from Chronicling America. This includes a few from the United States, but also listings of what other non-digitized newspapers are held by the library including ones from around the world. </p> <h4>United States archives</h4> <p> Despite the name and its focus on New York, <a href="https://fultonhistory.com/Fulton.html">Old Fulton New York Post Cards</a> (Fultonhistory.com) includes newspapers from all around the United States, as well as a handful from Canada and a few other countries. This incredible service is <a href="https://www.cjr.org/the_profile/tom-tryniski-fultonhistory.php">the work of a single person</a>. The tool used here is <a href="https://fultonsearch.org/">FultonSearch</a>, which offers some advantages over the search engine available on Fultonhistory.com. The results may not be identical, so try their search as well. </p> <p> <a href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/">Chronicling America</a>, from the Library of Congress is one of the largest newspaper collections and is also included in Elephind. It covers the years 1789 to 1963, but there are limited newspapers after 1923. Most newspapers are in English but there are some in German, Spanish, and other languages. </p> <p> <a href="http://smalltownpapers.com/">SmallTownPapers</a> (not included above) does not have a method to search all newspapers at once, you will have to find a specific newspaper to then search within it. </p> <h4>Other country archives</h4> <p> To search on <a href="http://bndigital.bn.gov.br/hemeroteca-digital/" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Hemeroteca Digital</a> from the Brazilian national library (not included above), you must select a specific newspaper to search within. </p> <p>On <a href="http://www.hnm.unam.mx/" lang="es" hreflang="es">Hemeroteca Nacional de México</a>, some newspapers are available everywhere, and some require you to be at the library.</p> <p> <a href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/">Trove</a>, from the National Library of Australia, is also included in Elephind. </p> <h4>More newspaper archives</h4> <p> There are many more newspapers archived online, that are only available individually or in smaller collections. See <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_online_newspaper_archives">List of online newspaper archives</a> on Wikipedia, and <a href="https://www.theancestorhunt.com/newspaper-research-links.html">Newspaper links from The Ancestor Hunt</a>. </p> </section> <section tabindex="-1" id="paid_news_archives"><h3>Paid newspaper archives</h3><button value="31">set to first tool</button> <p> Many large collections of digitized newspapers are only available for a fee (usually a subscription), or through libraries. ProQuest, Gale, and other tools listed under <a href="#paid_databases">paid databases</a> also include news archives. Check your local library to see which services they subscribe to. See also <a href="#newspaper_archives">free news archives</a> above for more on how to search. </p> <p> <a href="https://newspaperarchive.com/">NewspaperArchive.com</a> includes newspapers from the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Germany and other counties. Their newspapers can also be found on Findmypast. </p> <p> The “Google by site” tool uses Google to find pages on both NewspaperArchive.com and Newspapers.com. If you search directly on those sites without a subscription, you can’t view the results, but using Google this way allows you to see them somewhat and to view their text. </p> <p> Ancestry, MyHeritage, and Findmypast are all genealogy sites which include newspaper archives. If you are searching for <em>people</em>, you should do the searching from their sites, which are more suited to that purpose. </p> <p> Ancestry runs <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/">Newspapers.com</a>, which includes newspapers from <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/browse/US">a handful of countries</a> including the United States and United Kingdom. The <a href="https://search.ancestry.com/search/categories/np_newspapers/">newspapers on Ancestry.com</a> are not all the same ones, so that search is also included above. See their site for a list of included countries. On Ancestry, you can see the search results without subscribing, but you will not be able to open them. </p> <p> The <a href="https://www.myheritage.com/research/category-8000/newspapers">newspapers on MyHeritage</a> (not included above) include many from the United States (including those from Chronicling America), Canada, Australia, the Netherlands, and some others. </p> <p> <a href="https://search.findmypast.com/search/us-and-world-newspapers">Findmypast</a> includes newspapers from the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, and other countries. Their United Kingdom newspapers are the same as those in The British Newspaper Archive, and their ones in other countries are mostly from NewspaperArchive.com. </p> <p> <a href="https://www.gale.com/intl/primary-sources/historical-newspapers">Gale</a> (owned by Cengage) is only available through libraries. It includes newspapers from at least the United States and United Kingdom. </p> <p> <a href="https://paperofrecord.hypernet.ca/default.asp">PaperOfRecord.com</a> (not included above), includes newspapers from the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, Mexico, and <a href="https://paperofrecord.hypernet.ca/papers.asp">a number of other countries</a>. Your library may have access or you can pay to subscribe. </p> <p> <a href="https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/">The British Newspaper Archive</a> includes the same newspapers as Findmypast does for the United Kingdom. Your library may have access or you can pay to subscribe. </p> <p> <a href="https://www.newsbank.com/">NewsBank</a> (not included above) includes newspapers from the United States and is only available through libraries. They also run <a href="http://nl.newsbank.com/">NewsLibrary.com</a>, which is news from 2003 and later, where you can get articles by buying a subscription or paying per article. NewsBank is included within the results from the EBSCO service listed under <a href="#paid_databases">paid databases</a>. </p> <p> <a href="https://www.accessible-archives.com/">Accessible Archives</a> (not included above) includes United States newspapers from the 18<sup>th</sup> and 19<sup>th</sup> centuries. </p> <p> <a href="https://www.eastview.com/resources/resources-links/">East View</a> (not included above), includes news from mostly non-English-speaking countries. It is described in <a href="#paid_databases">paid databases</a>. </p> </section> <section tabindex="-1" id="magazine_articles"><h3>Magazine articles</h3><button value="32">set to first tool</button> <p> In addition to the tools listed here, newer magazine content can be found under <a href="#news_search_engines">news search engines</a> and <a href="#publications_and_docs">publications and documents</a>, and older magazine content under <a href="#paid_databases">paid databases</a> and <a href="#libraries_and_archives">libraries and archives</a>. </p> <p>These tools search the full text of magazine articles:</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://books.google.com/books/magazines">Magazines on Google Books</a></li> <li><a href="https://archive.org/details/magazine_rack">The Magazine Rack</a> is a collection of magazines on the Internet Archive.</li> <li>Gale (description coming soon)</li> </ul> <p> Long-form articles are about 1,000 to 2,000 words. <a href="https://longform.org/">Longform</a> and <a href="https://longreads.com/">Longreads</a> are two sites that list long-form articles from various publications, including magazines. </p> </section> <section tabindex="-1" id="government"><h3>Government</h3><button value="33">set to first tool</button> <p> These tools search government sites for various countries. Most include only information from their federal governments, not subnational or local governments. </p> <h4>United States</h4> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.usa.gov/">USA.gov</a> is the primary government search engine.</li> <li><a href="http://metalib.gpo.gov/">MetaLib</a> searches many federal government databases.</li> <li><a href="https://catalog.gpo.gov/F">Catalog of U.S. Government Publications</a> (CGP)</li> <li> <a href="https://www.govinfo.gov/">govinfo</a> includes publications from the three branches of the federal government. It is one of the sources for MetaLib. </li> </ul> <h4>United Kingdom</h4> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.gov.uk/">GOV.UK</a></li> </ul> <h4>Canada</h4> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.canada.ca/en.html">Government of Canada</a></li> <li> <a href="https://libguides.smu.ca/govdoc/canada">Search Canadian federal and provincial sites</a> (and some municipal sites) with Google, using this tool made by Saint Mary’s University. </li> <li>See also <a href="http://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/home.html">Government of Canada Publications</a>, not included above.</li> </ul> <h4>Brazil</h4> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.gov.br/pt-br" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Governo do Brasil</a></li> </ul> <h4>Mexico</h4> <ul> <li>To <a href="https://www.gob.mx/busqueda" hreflang="es">search the <span lang="es">Gobierno de México</span></a> you will have to visit their site.</li> </ul> <h4>Russia</h4> <ul> <li> <a href="http://government.ru/en/">The Russian Government</a>. This link goes to their English home page, but the search tool is set to the Russian-language version. </li> </ul> <h4>Asia</h4> <ul> <li><a href="http://www.gov.cn/" hreflang="zh-CN">Government of China</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.e-gov.go.jp/" hreflang="ja">e-Gov Japan</a></li> <li><a href="http://search.nic.in/">Government of India Search</a></li> <li> <a href="https://www.bangladesh.gov.bd/?lang=en">Bangladesh National Portal</a>. If you search in English, your search terms will be translated into Bengali. </li> </ul> <h4>International</h4> <ul> <li> The <a href="https://europa.eu/search/">European Union search</a> includes their English-language content. You can switch to another language from the results page. </li> <li> The <a href="https://www.un.org/en/">United Nations</a> option above uses their primary search engine. See also <a href="https://documents.un.org/prod/ods.nsf/home.xsp">United Nations Official Document System</a>, <a href="https://digitallibrary.un.org/">United Nations Digital Library</a>, and <a href="https://search.archives.un.org/">United Nations Archive</a>. </li> <li> <a href="https://cse.google.com/cse?cx=006748068166572874491:55ez0c3j3ey">Intergovernmental organizations search</a> uses Google to search across many sites. It is <a href="http://www.ala.org/rt/godort/taskforces/internationaldocuments/idtf/igo-search">made by the American Library Association</a>. </li> <li> <a href="https://www.global-regulation.com/">Global-Regulation</a> is a database of laws and regulations from <a href="https://www.global-regulation.com/coverage.php">many countries</a> and subnational entities. Laws which are not in English are machine-translated so that they are searchable. It is a subscription-based site, however you can do 4 searches for free. </li> </ul> </section> <section tabindex="-1" id="data"><h3>Data</h3><button value="34">set to first tool</button> <p>Details about these tools, and addition tools, is coming soon.</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://search.datacite.org/">DataCite</a></li> <li> <a href="https://beta.grafiti.io/">Grafiti</a> finds graphs and charts from within web pages on sites they have reviewed. </li> <li><a href="https://knoema.com/">Knoema</a></li> <li><a href="https://datasetsearch.research.google.com/">Google Dataset Search</a></li> <li><a href="https://data.world/">data.world</a></li> <li><a href="https://certificates.theodi.org/en/datasets">Open Data Institute</a></li> <li><a href="https://data.opendatasoft.com/page/home/">OpenDataSoft</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/datasets/">Reddit r/datasets</a></li> <li>The “Google with keywords” tool uses Google and adds keywords to help you find data.</li> <li><a href="https://search.dataone.org/">DataONE</a> (not included above)</li> <li><a href="http://dataportals.org/">Data portals</a> (not included above) lists data portals.</li> <li><a href="https://gdeltproject.org/data.html"><abbr title="Global Database of Events, Language, and Tone">GDELT</abbr> Project data</a> (not included above)</li> </ul> </section> <section tabindex="-1" id="dark_web"><h3>Dark web</h3><button value="35">set to first tool</button> <p> The dark web is web content only available with specific software or configuration. See <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_web">dark web on Wikipedia</a> for more. The dark web includes a lot of illegal, illicit, and adult content, but is included here as there is useful content as well. Read up on the dark web before accessing it. </p> <p> The search engines below are “clearnet” (not dark web) sites, however their results are on the dark web. They are Tor (<kbd>.onion</kbd>) sites which can be accessed using the <a href="https://www.torproject.org/">Tor Browser</a> or by a proxy that displays the page on the clearnet. </p> <ul> <li> <a href="https://onionlandsearchengine.com/">OnionLand</a> has a cached version of each result. They also provide links to open each using one of a number of proxies, although many of them may not be working at any given time. </li> <li><a href="https://ahmia.fi/">Ahmia</a></li> <li><a href="https://torchsearch.net/">Torch</a></li> </ul> <p> The following search engines do not have a clearnet version, and are included here using a proxy, <a href="https://onion.ws/">Onion.ws</a>. </p> <ul> <li> <a href="https://hss3uro2hsxfogfq.onion/">not Evil</a> (<a href="https://hss3uro2hsxfogfq.onion.ws/">not Evil by proxy</a>) </li> <li> <a href="http://haystakvxad7wbk5.onion/">Haystak</a> (<a href="http://haystakvxad7wbk5.onion.ws/">Haystak by proxy</a>) </li> </ul> </section> </div> </form>POST
<form target="_blank" style="display:none" action="" method="post"></form>Text Content
FAGAN FINDER
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* DARK WEB
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DETAILS AND FURTHER RESOURCES
OVERVIEW
This page brings together the largest, broadest, and most significant tools for
finding information.
The focus is on resources anyone can access, but also included are important
ones that are restricted such as with fees or to members of a library.
WHY NOT JUST USE GOOGLE?
You may not find what you want on Google because:
* it’s in Google but you don’t know what to search for
* it’s in Google but is not listed high enough
* it’s not in Google because Google has not found it yet
* it’s not in Google because Google did not think it was important enough to
include
* it’s not in Google because the site refuses to be listed
* it’s not in Google because you must log in to access it
* it’s not in Google because you must pay to access it
* it’s not in Google because it is not published in a way that Google can
access it
* it’s not online
Information in many of the above categories is known as the “deep web” or
“invisible web.” The tools here can help you get past those obstacles.
Even popular sites usually do not have every single page listed in Google, and
for sites that are generally included, there are advantages to searching on
those sites directly. They often provide more tools and features appropriate to
their content, such as what information is displayed for each result, as well as
sorting and filter options.
For information that is not online at all, libraries and archives may still
provide overall descriptions about what is available that you can find here.
Some of the tools here allow you to set up alerts (by email or RSS) so that you
can get notified of new results, such as Google Alerts.
Go ahead and try out these tools, but I encourage you to come back and read the
details below to learn how to get the most from them. There are also more tools
and resources listed that are not included above.
SEARCH ENGINES
set to first tool
While Google is the most popular search engine, it is not the only one. There is
no “best” search engine as it depends on what you are looking for. Every search
engine has its own database of web pages (called an index), method of ranking
pages (algorithm), and various features, and it is worth trying others out.
By default, Google includes results that do not exactly match your search terms.
The “Google — verbatim” tool finds more exact matches.
Bing (by Microsoft) is the second most popular search engine. Yandex is very
good as well and is the most popular in Russia.
Qwant’s results come partly from Bing, but it does have its own index. Qwant is
popular in France, where Exalead is also based.
Amazingly, Gigablast is run by a single person, and Mojeek is run by a very
small team in the UK.
iseek.ai is a small search engine which allows you to narrow down your results
by several attributes including topic groupings (similar to Yippy).
Another option is YaCy, a distributed search engine that is built by software
running on the computers of its users. You will have to download it to use it.
ADVANCED SEARCHING
You will have a much better time finding what you are looking for if you learn
some of the special keywords and symbols that search engines use. The most
common is to include "quotation marks" around a phrase, and all major search
engines support this. Another common one is to put a minus symbol before a word
to exclude it, such as -excluded.
Learn more about these (known as search syntax and search operators) for each
search engine: Google (not all are listed on their own site, see a more complete
list), Bing (and more Bing), Yandex (and more Yandex), Qwant, Exalead, and
Gigablast.
ALTERNATIVE SEARCH ENGINES
set to first tool
These are tools which (mostly) do not have their own database of web pages to
search. Instead, they use others’ while providing different features. All those
listed here aside from Startpage and Biznar display results at least in part
from Bing.
* DuckDuckGo is the most popular of these alternative search engines. Features
include instant answers and bangs. See also DuckDuckGo search help. Results
are mostly from Bing, but depending on what you search for may come from
other sites as well as their own index.
* Ecosia is the most popular cause-based search engine. A portion of their
revenue is donated to help plant trees. Their results are from Bing.
* eTools.ch is the only meta search engine included above. Meta search engines
combine results from multiple other search engines, and were more common
before Google dominated the industry.
* Biznar (not included above), is another meta search engine, combining results
from over 70 sources for news, data, business, and more; mostly United States
and global sources. It has filters to narrow your results by source, topic,
date, format, author, etc.
* Startpage’s results come from Google, with the main difference being how they
handle your privacy.
* Peekier’s results come mainly from Bing. What really makes them different is
the large previews of each web page.
* Swisscows’s results come from Bing, although they do have their own index if
you use their German-language version. While most search engines have an
option to filter adult content, Swisscows attempts to always exclude it.
* Yippy’s results appear to come mostly from Bing, and their main feature are
the topic groupings (similar to iseek.ai) that can help you narrow down the
results.
PRIVACY AND PERSONALIZATION
Many search engines now claim to make privacy a central feature. These search
engines may also offer less personalization, which is when they use what they
know about you to affect the ranking of results. These privacy-focused search
engines include Qwant, Mojeek, DuckDuckGo, eTools.ch, Startpage, Peekier,
Swisscows, and Yippy. If privacy concerns you, read the policies of each search
engine or read the reviews by Restore Privacy.
In addition to the search engines listed above, another privacy-focused one is
Searx. Searx does not have a single website. Instead many people have set up
their own copies of Searx, so you can visit the list of Searx instances to find
one to use.
FILTERED SEARCH ENGINES
Million Short, which shows results from Bing, has a few options to filter the
results. They exclude the most popular websites, which helps to surface pages
which you may not otherwise come across. Here, it is set to exclude the top
10,000 sites, although you can adjust this from the results page.
Million Short also has an option to exclude e-commerce sites (here labelled
“non-commercial”), which does not always work perfectly but may still be useful.
NON-ENGLISH SEARCH ENGINES
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These search engines do not have an English version, but are useful when looking
for information in other languages and regions. Some of the search tools listed
in other sections are based in non-English-speaking countries, such as Qwant
which is French.
See also 2lingual, where you can choose another language to have your search
terms translated into and then view results from Google in that language
alongside your own.
* In China, Google is not available. Baidu is the most popular search engine,
followed by Shenma, which you can only use on their mobile app. Sogou and
Haosou are also used.
* In Russia, Yandex is the most popular search engine, followed by Google, with
Mail.ru in third.
* In Iran, Parsijoo is the second most popular search engine after Google.
* In South Korea, Naver is the second most popular search engine after Google.
Daum is used as well.
* In Vietnam, Cốc Cốc is the second most popular search engine after Google.
* In Bangladesh, almost all searches are run on Google; however, Pipilika seems
worth trying as well.
* In Czechia, Seznam is the second most popular search engine after Google.
UTILITIES
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Wolfram|Alpha is an incredible tool that stands in a category of its own. It
does a great job of understanding what you have typed in, and then organizes its
own data and calculates a response. To get an idea of what it can do, see the
Wolfram|Alpha tour.
Wolfram|Alpha is used by Apple’s Siri and Amazon’s Alexa virtual assistants.
Most virtual assistants cannot be accessed online; however, you can try out
Alexa using Echosim.io. You will need to be logged into an Amazon account.
The Google Translate tool here is set to translate from any language into
English. To translate into another language, visit their site directly.
Google Maps is also included here.
ENCYCLOPEDIAS
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WIKIPEDIA
Wikipedia hardly needs an explanation. You can read all about it on the
Wikipedia article. As with anything that you read anywhere, you should verify
the information using multiple sources if using it for anything important.
Wikiwand is a copy of Wikipedia, but with a nicer design for reading.
The largest non-English versions of Wikipedia are included in the next two
sections.
PAID ENCYCLOPEDIAS
To access these encyclopedias, you will have to be a paying user, or you may be
able to get access through your school or library.
* Encyclopædia Britannica is the most comprehensive traditional encyclopedia. A
portion of articles is available for free.
* Credo Reference includes content from many reference sources. Some limited
content is available for free.
* Oxford Reference includes content from many reference books including
encyclopedias, dictionaries, and quotations.
PAID ENCYCLOPEDIAS FOR YOUNG READERS
* Scholastic GO! (formerly Grolier Online) includes an encyclopedia, an atlas,
dictionary, and a large list of selected websites for more information. Some
articles are available for several different reading levels.
* World Book Online (not included above) includes several versions of the World
Book Encyclopedia (for different age groups) as well as other books, maps and
more.
ENCYCLOPEDIAS — ASIA
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These are encyclopedias in various Asian languages. See also List of
encyclopedias by language on Wikipedia.
CHINESE
Wikipedia is blocked in China, so there are two similar sites that are larger.
* Baidu Baike
* Baike.com is listed here but is not entirely like an encyclopedia, as it
includes content that is not neutral, lacking citations, etc. It is owned by
ByteDance, makers of TikTok.
* Chinese Wikipedia
JAPANESE
* Japanese Wikipedia
* Japan Knowledge (ジャパンナレッジ) (not include above) is a collection of many
reference works including encyclopedias, dictionaries, and maps. It is not
free although you may be able to get access through your library.
* Kotobank (コトバンク) (not included above) is also a collection of many reference
works including encyclopedias, dictionaries, and biographies.
VIETNAMESE
* Vietnamese Wikipedia
ENCYCLOPEDIAS — OTHER
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These are encyclopedias in various languages. English and Asian languages are
listed separately. See also List of encyclopedias by language on Wikipedia.
SPANISH
* Spanish Wikipedia
* Planeta Saber (not included above) is not free, although you may be able to
get it through your library.
PORTUGUESE
* Portuguese Wikipedia
* Barsa Saber (not included above) is not free, although you may be able to get
it through your library.
* Infopédia (not included above) is a combined dictionary and encyclopedia. The
site also includes translation dictionaries and other related resources.
ITALIAN
* Italian Wikipedia
FRENCH
* French Wikipedia
* Encyclopédie Universalis provides free access to the first part of their
articles. You may be able to get it through your library.
GERMAN
* German Wikipedia
* Brockhaus Enzyklopädie (not included above) is not free, although you may be
able to get it through your library.
DUTCH
* Dutch Wikipedia
SWEDISH
* Swedish Wikipedia
RUSSIAN
* Russian Wikipedia
* Great Russian Encyclopedia (Большая российская энциклопедия)
POLISH
* Polish Wikipedia
ARABIC
* Arabic Wikipedia
* Mawdoo3
* Arab Encyclopedia (الموسوعة العربية) (not included above) is supported by the
Syrian Arab Republic. It is included here due to its comprehensiveness, not
as an endorsement of any party.
MISCELLANEOUS
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WikiLeaks is a not-profit organization which publishes leaked information from
anonymous sources.
GitHub is a web host for software and other mostly text-based files. This
searches the content within those files. You must be logged in to GitHub to use
this search.
OCCRP Aleph (by the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project) is a
database of people, companies, court cases, contracts, documents, and other
items meant for investigative journalism. See the Aleph search guide for more.
Guinness World Records holds many records, although not all are listed on their
website. You will need to create an account in order to view these search
results.
iseek.ai Education combines results from a number of sources including Khan
Academy, Project Gutenberg (books), and web pages and certain PDF files.
SOCIAL MEDIA
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These are the largest and most popular social media sites, other than those
including only images or video. Many of the sites listed under questions and
answers are also considered to be social media.
* Facebook
* Twitter. See also Twitter advanced search and Twitter search operators.
* Reddit is divided into many smaller forums known as subreddits, where users
can post anything, comment on posts, and vote on posts and comments. To find
subreddits, see the group search page. See also Reddit search help.
* LinkedIn is used for professional and business purposes.
* On Pinterest, users “pin” items of interest and organize them into “boards.”
* Tumblr is a blog-hosting service. More blog hosts are listed under web hosts.
* Google Groups lets anyone create or join discussion groups which can be
accessed through the web or by email. Google Group also includes Usenet
groups with content back to 1981.
These tools search other sites that include social media:
* BoardReader searches for posts on forums around the web. It includes tons of
small sites as well as large ones like Reddit.
* Social Searcher searches through multiple social media sites, including many
of the ones listed here. You can filter search results by the type of post
and by sentiment (positive, negative, and neutral). It also shows statistics
and analysis of the results.
NON-ENGLISH SOCIAL MEDIA
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While most of the social media sites listed above are available in many
languages, these are sites which have limited English-language content.
CHINESE-LANGUAGE SITES
* Sina Weibo is a microblogging service similar to Twitter.
* Baidu Tieba is similar to Reddit, with many individual forums, each with
their own moderators.
* Douban is organized around movies, books, music, games, events, and other
content types.
RUSSIA AND SURROUNDING COUNTRIES
These are popular social media sites in Russia and Eastern Europe. They are both
social networking sites similar to Facebook.
* VK (also known as VKontakte) does have an English-language version, and is
owned by Mail.ru. If you are not logged in, search results will show only
people rather than all types of content.
* OK.RU (also known as Odnoklassniki) is not included above as it has no
site-wide search, although you can search for specific types of content such
as people and groups.
SPANISH-LANGUAGE SITES
Taringa! does have an English version of their website, but most content is in
Spanish.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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These are sites where anyone can ask a question, and anyone can answer it.
Quality of the answers varies. Your local library most likely also offers a
question answering service, and it is probably available online and over the
phone.
Quora is the best general-purpose site. StackExchange is a network of many
question and answer sites, each for a different subject area, with the most
popular being technical subjects. Reddit, listed above under social media also
includes questions and answers.
Brainly is used for homework help.
Yahoo Answers and Answers.com are popular but contain lots of poor answers.
NON-ENGLISH QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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These are question and answer sites in languages other than English.
CHINESE-LANGUAGE SITES
* Zhihu
* Baidu Knows
RUSSIAN-LANGUAGE SITES
* Ответы Mail.ru
* Yandex.Q (Яндекс.Кью)
JAPANESE-LANGUAGE SITES
* Yahoo Chiebukuro (Yahoo!知恵袋)
* Oshiete! goo (教えて!goo)
* OKWAVE
GERMAN-LANGUAGE SITES
* Gutefrage
WEB HOSTS
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These web hosts are widely used publishing platforms that anyone can use. While
many of their pages can be found in Google, many others cannot. These search
tools are not as good as Google at putting the most relevant results first, but
they do have content you may not be able to find anywhere else.
The Wordpress.com search tool finds pages and blog posts published using their
service, including those not using the wordpress.com domain name. After
searching you can switch to sorting results by date if you prefer.
Medium is a blog-hosting service. Wikidot is a wiki-hosting service, also known
as a wiki farm.
See also social media.
HOW TOS AND CHECKLISTS
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wikiHow is the most popular how-to site and is written by its users as well as
the company and subject-matter experts.
Checkli is a site for creating and sharing checklists. Be aware that some
companies use these checklists for self-promotion.
The “Google how-to sites” tool uses Google to search within the above sites as
well as the how-to sites r/HowTo on Reddit, Instructables, eHow, Howcast,
VisiHow, and How To Do Things, and the checklist sites Checklist, Printable To
Do Lists, and Checklists.com.
FIND DATABASES
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The “Google with keywords” tool uses Google but adds keywords and phrases to
help you find databases or other large collections of information.
LibGuides (not included above) searches for guides made by librarians on how to
do research on specific subjects.
re3data.org (the name comes from “registry of research data repositories”) lists
over 2,000 repositories of academic data from around the world covering a wide
range of topics.
BOOKS
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These are sites where you can search the full-text content of books, not just
the title, author, and other metadata. Many other books, full-text and
otherwise, can be found in the libraries and archives sections.
Details about the below sites, and additional sites are coming soon.
* Google Books
* Hathi Trust
* books and texts on the Internet Archive
* Open Library
* Wikisource
* Project Gutenberg (not included above)
* Z-Library is known to violate copyright. It is included here only because it
has full-text search of book contents, which may find books not included in
the other tools here. Please borrow or buy a book legally once you have found
it through Z-Library.
* Archive of Our Own (AO3)
PUBLICATIONS AND DOCUMENTS
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The sites here may include books, magazines, newsletters, brochures and
catalogues, articles, presentations, and a variety of other documents. Other
than PDF Drive, they all allow individuals and publishers to add content to
their sites, typically by uploading files in PDF and other formats.
* PDF Drive crawls the web (like Google and other search engines), to find PDF
files.
* Scribd is not free to access. You can either pay to subscribe or upload your
own documents in order to access the ones they already have. Their catalogue
is larger than the other sites listed here due to their relationships with
publishing companies, and they include audiobooks and sheet music as well.
* issuu
* Yumpu
* edocr
The “Google by format” tool uses Google to search for files in various file
types used for text documents, including Portable Document Format (.pdf),
Microsoft Word (.doc and .docx), OpenDocument Text (.odt), Rich Text Format
(.rft), PostScript (.ps), TeX (.tex), and Corel WordPerfect (.wpd). You will
need to download software to view files in some of these formats.
The “Google by site” tool uses Google to search on all the sites in this section
(except for Scribd as it is not free), along with Google Docs, Publitas, Joomag,
Flipsnack, and Foleon.
PRESENTATIONS
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SlideShare, Prezi, Slides, and authorSTREAM are sites for sharing slideshow
presentations. Presentations may also be found in the publications and documents
section.
The “Google by format & site” tool uses Google to search for files in
presentation formats (PowerPoint, Keynote, and OpenDocument Presentation), and
on slide-sharing websites including the ones listed above as well as Google
Slides, Notist, and Speaker Deck.
ACADEMIC SEARCH ENGINES
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These tools find journal articles, conference proceedings, theses, posters, and
other academic works. Some of the results are free to access; others require a
fee or you may be able to get access through your school or library. See open
access for how to find free resources and paid academic search engines.
* Google Scholar is the most popular academic search engine, and it includes
patents as well. It has the largest database, except for possibly Baidu
Scholar.
* WorldWideScience (not included above) is a meta search engine, including
results from many national and other databases. It even translates your
search terms into other languages and then translates those results back into
English.
* Microsoft Academic extracts topics from each document which adds another way
to help find and analyze results. Like Google Scholar, it includes patents.
* The Lens includes content from Microsoft Academic, Crossref, PubMed, CORE,
and PubMed Central, and offers more filters than most of those tools. The
results page also shows a map and graphs of the results. Unlike any other
tool, you can search using regular expressions, using an option within “Query
Tools.”
* Semantic Scholar
* BASE (Bielefeld Academic Search Engine). On the results page, you can change
to “Multi-lingual search” which will also translate your search terms into
other languages.
* Scilit
* Unlike the other tools here, ResearchGate is also meant to act as a social
network for academics. Academia.edu (not included above) is similar but
smaller and more controversial.
* On Dimensions, click on the result and then see “External sources” for the
actual document.
* 1findr is owned by Elsevier.
* MyScienceWork
* On SHARE, click on the result and then see “External Links” for the actual
document.
* ScienceResearch.com (not included above), is a meta search engine, combining
results from a large number of publishers, journals, and other organizations.
Its sources are fairly different from most of the other academic search
engines.
* Baidu Scholar (百度学术) is a Chinese-language search engine, although it
includes works in English and may be even larger than Google Scholar.
Look up a paper on PubPeer to see or add comments to it.
If you are looking for a particular journal, find it on Index Copernicus,
JournalSeek, or JournalGuide. On JournalGuide you can search not just by name
and topic, but also by keywords within content published by the journal.
OPEN ACCESS ACADEMIC
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The academic search engines section has tools that include both free and paid
academic works. On The Lens, 1findr, and MyScienceWork you can filter results
after you search to show only those which are open access. The tools listed
below include only freely available works.
* CORE is the largest open access academic search engine.
* Paperity
* JURN uses results from Google but limits to only free full-text academic
works.
* FreeFullPDF also uses results from Google, but links to the PDF files
directly.
* Despite the name, Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) includes
individual articles in addition to journals.
To find a freely-available version of a paper where one exists, use Google
Scholar Button, Unpaywall, Lazy Scholar, Open Access Button, or Kopernio. All of
these work as browser extensions, although Open Access Button can also be used
directly from their site.
PAID DATABASES
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GENERAL PURPOSE
More details about these tools is coming soon.
* ProQuest
* Questia owned by Cengage
* Gale owned by Cengage
* EBSCOhost (not included above)
* East View (not included above) includes news, journals, books, statistics,
laws, and other content from Russia, China, and other countries, mostly in
Asia.
ACADEMIC
See also academic search engines.
* Web of Science is the largest non-free academic search engine. You will need
to log in through your school or other institution to view results.
* Scopus is owned by Elsevier. You will need to log in through your school or
other institution to view results.
* DeepDyve has a different payment model than the other tools. Individuals can
buy a monthly subscription which is fairly low-cost although access to print
and downloading is limited.
* JSTOR
* University Press Scholarship includes the full text of books from many
university publishers.
LIBRARIES AND ARCHIVES
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Libraries and archives contain tons of records that are often not available on
Google. Some of the sites here may include items from galleries and museums as
well. They include many records which are freely available online, as well as
ones which are only available to their members. They may also contain records
that are only available in-person.
So many are included here that there are separate sections for libraries and
archives in Europe, Asia, and the Americas. See also List of national and state
libraries and List of national archives on Wikipedia.
WORLDWIDE ARCHIVES AND LIBRARIES
* WorldCat, run by the OCLC, is the combined catalogue of over 10,000
libraries, in almost every country. It includes about 2 billion items. For
each item, it will show you the closest library which has it, including for
online and downloadable resources.
* ArchiveGrid is also run by the OCLC, and most (but not all) of what it has is
also in WorldCat. ArchiveGrid is specifically focused on unique archival
content. In some cases you can find individual records, but many items are
descriptions of collections of non-digitized records.
* While the Internet Archive is best known for storing copies of web pages, it
also has vast collections of books and texts, movies, software, music, and
images. Unlike the search from their home page, this searches the full-text
contents, not just titles and other metadata.
* Google Books includes books (over 25 million), magazines, and newspapers,
many with their full text searchable. Some of these are available entirely
for free, some allow you to preview a portion, and others provide only
metadata. See also their advanced search.
* On Karlsruhe Virtual Catalog (not included above), you can select which sites
to search, and it will show results from each, one after another. It includes
many national library catalogues as well as international library, archives,
and academic sites and additional German-language sites as well.
* The World Digital Library is run by the Library of Congress and UNESCO, and
has items from institutions around the world.
* Google Arts & Culture has content from museums and galleries.
SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE LANGUAGE
The sites below combine Spain, Portugal, and the countries in the Americas which
speak Spanish and Portuguese. Together these are known as Ibero-America.
* Biblioteca Digital del Patrimonio Iberoamericano (BDPI) has content from
Spain, Portugal, Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, Argentina, and other countries.
* Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes has content from Spain and
Spanish-speaking American countries. Even when it includes the same countries
as BDPI, it may have content from different organizations within those
countries.
* Biblioteca digital Luso-Brasileira (BDLB) has content mostly by Biblioteca
Nacional Digital Brasil (BNDigital) and Biblioteca Nacional Digital de
Portugal.
AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST
* The African Online Digital Library is run by an American university but
includes contributions from around the world, including African institutions.
* The Arabic Union Catalog has content from a number of countries in North
Africa and around the Arabian peninsula, including Algeria and Sudan.
* The Digital Library of the Middle East (DLME) has content from mostly
different countries than the Arabic Union Catalog, including Egypt, Iran, and
Iraq.
* The Egyptian دار الكتب والوثائق القومية (National Library and Archives) (not
included above)
* Bibliotheca Alexandrina (the Library of Alexandria)’s Digital Assets
Repository (not included above)
See also Hazine, a guide on researching the Middle East.
AUSTRALIA
Trove combines results from libraries across Australia. See also the National
Archives of Australia, which is not included above.
LIBRARIES AND ARCHIVES — EUROPE
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These tools here are libraries and archives located in Europe. European content
can also be found in the international sites, especially Spain and Portugal.
Because of the former power and colonialism of some European countries, their
archives also include content about many countries outside Europe.
* Europeana is an enormous collection that includes content from libraries,
archives, and museums across Europe, and European content from non-European
organizations.
* Archives Portal Europe has content from many European archives. They have an
additional option to search for people and organizations by name, available
from the results page.
* Osmikon is a German-language site covering Eastern, Eastern Central and South
Eastern Europe. Access to a lot of the content may be limited to people in
certain institutions.
See also European History Primary Sources (EHPS) and EuroDocs: Online Sources
for European History.
UNITED KINGDOM AND IRELAND
* The National Archives of the United Kingdom
* The British Library is the largest library in the world. Some of its content
can also be found in Europeana.
* Jisc Library Hub Discover is a combined catalogue for many libraries in the
UK and Ireland. Access is limited to members of academic institutions or
people on-site at the libraries.
* Archives Hub is a combined catalogue for from many special collections,
archives and galleries in the UK and Ireland. Many of the items are not fully
digitized.
FRANCE AND GERMANY
* Gallica is run by Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF), the National
Library of France. Much of its content is included in Europeana. It includes
a lot of content about places outside of France.
* The Catalogue collectif de France (CCFr) (not included above) searches
through the catalogues of many libraries and archives across France.
* Archives Nationales (France)
* Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek (DDB, German Digital Library) is partly included
in Europeana.
* Karlsruhe Virtual Catalog (not included above) combines results from various
library catalogues, especially those in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland.
RUSSIA
* The Russian State Library is the largest library in Russia.
* Национальная электронная библиотека, or the National Electronic Library
(NEB), includes content from many organizations. Access to some content is
limited to in-person at those libraries, however many full-text books are
available for free.
* National Library of Russia
* Архивы России (Archives of Russia) includes a number of Russian archives.
Each has its own search, so it is not included above.
* State Public Historical Library of Russia (GPIB)
LIBRARIES AND ARCHIVES — AMERICAS
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These tools here are libraries and archives located in the Americas, so they
predominantly hold content about their own countries. There is also content
about the Americas in international and European libraries and archives.
NewspaperCat (not included above) is a searchable directory of newspapers from
the United States and the Caribbean.
UNITED STATES
* The Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) combines the collections of many
organizations, including the Library of Congress, National Archives, the
Smithsonian, and other national, regional, and state institutions.
* Also included above is the Library of Congress itself. It is the
second-largest library in the world. Unlike the search from their home page,
the tool here includes all their materials, not just the ones fully available
online.
* The United States National Archives
CANADA
* Library and Archives Canada
* Canadiana Online and Héritage are both run by a network of universities.
Canadiana Online has content from the 16th century to the 1920s, and Héritage
has content from the 17th to the mid-20th century. Most of Héritage’s content
is handwritten, so the full text is not searchable.
* ARCHIVESCANADA.ca includes content from around 800 archives, including
Library and Archives Canada.
THE CARIBBEAN, CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA
See the Spanish and Portuguese-language sites above which include most countries
in the Americas.
Metabase is a library catalogue for countries in Central America (including
Mexico) including books, academic papers, articles, and other items. It is not
included above as you must fill out a form to request access to any record.
The Digital Library of the Caribbean (dLOC) includes content from a number of
Caribbean countries as well as the United States, Mexico, and Brazil.
LIBRARIES AND ARCHIVES — ASIA
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These tools here are Asian libraries and archives, so they predominantly hold
content about their own countries. Most (outside of India) will not be in
English. There is also Asian content in the international archives as well as
those of other countries such as the UK and Australia.
EAST ASIA
* CrossAsia includes content mostly from China, Japan, and Korea. Their primary
search includes just the metadata (such as titles), and much of it is not
available online. Their full text search is a separate set of content that
does not include Korea, and access is limited to academic institutions in
Germany. The site itself is available in English.
* The China Academic Digital Associative Library (CADAL) has several million
digitized books, however only their metadata is searchable. There is a
limited English-language version of the website, which you can switch to.
* The Chinese Text Project is a full-text search of pre-modern Chinese text.
* Cross Search, by the National Archives of Japan, is a shortcut to searching
several archives including their Digital Archive, the Japan Center for Asian
Historical Records (JACAR), and several others. Many titles have been
translated to English, so some English searching is possible.
* Japan’s NDL Search includes content from multiple libraries, archives,
museums, etc., including the National Diet Library itself. You can actually
search in English, and it will translate your words into Japanese to run the
search.
See also CrossAsia’s Online Guide East Asia and the list of East Asian resources
from Heidelberg University.
SOUTH ASIA
* South Asia Archive (not included above) includes books, journals, reports,
laws and other documents, collected mainly from the Bengal area. Your school
or library must subscribe in order to access it.
* On the National Digital Library of India, access to the content may be
restricted to members of academic institutions in India.
* Abhilekh Patal is the site of the National Archives of India. Access to the
content is limited to Indian citizens.
* Granth Sanjeevani is the digitized contents from the Asiatic Society of
Mumbai, which includes books, newspapers, manuscripts, maps, and other items,
mostly in English, as far back as the 15th century. A paid subscription is
required to view the content.
SOUTHEAST ASIA
* The Asean Digital Library searches the metadata of collections from the
national libraries of Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand,
and Vietnam.
* The Philippine eLib tool here is filtered to only content with full text
available online, although access to some is limited. See their website
directly to include results that are not available online.
ENGINES BY RECENCY
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These options use either Google or Bing, filtered to only show results which
have been created or updated within the given time frame. You can specify a more
precise date range from the results page. Some other search tools on this page
also offer date filters.
NEWS SEARCH ENGINES
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These tools gather news articles from hundreds or thousands of news sources.
* Google News groups together articles on the same topic.
* Yahoo News
* Newslookup.com by default shows articles from the past 36 hours, but you can
change the time filter and include articles back to 2000. They have a lot of
additional search filters and options if you click the arrow just to the left
of their search box on the results page.
* NewsNow is based in the UK, but has good international coverage as well.
* Europe Media Monitor NewsBrief, like Google News, groups articles on the same
topic. It includes articles from around the world, not just Europe. Your
search terms are translated into other languages, so you can see non-English
results as well. You will have to click the “en” link to translate them. It
is run by the European Union.
* Bing News
* PressReader is a paid site (also available from many libraries), but it does
include many articles which are free to read.
* Knewz is run by News Corp.
* WN.com
* RSSMicro searches content from RSS feeds, which is a list of articles often
published by news, blogs, and other sites.
IBM Watson News Explorer is a bit different. It extracts topics, people,
companies, organizations, and locations, and visualizes their relationships. The
graph visualization and a map of the news can be used to filter the results.
Content is limited to the past 30 days. Media Cloud is similar and offers even
more tools for analyzing the news.
Factual News Search uses Google and limits the results based on the reviews of
news sources on Media Bias/Fact Check. Here it is set to include only sources
rated as having the “least-bias” and “very high” factual reporting.
See also news videos on Video search.
NEWS SOURCES
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The news sources listed here are among the most significant English-language
news organizations.
Reuters and the Associated Press (not included above) are two of the three
largest news agencies which provide content for other news organizations. The
other is Agence France-Presse, however they do not publish news on their own
site.
BBC News and The Guardian (not included above) are based in the United Kingdom.
The New York Times, CNN, and The Washington Post are based in the United States.
The Times of India is based in India.
To find any news source such as local newspapers, try ABYZ News Links,
OnlineNewspapers.com, and Paperboy. Use Media Bias/Fact Check to help you
evaluate your sources; it is also used by Factual News Search under news search
engines.
FACT-CHECKING
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Untrue News and Factual News Search search through many sites that fact-check
news, political speech, myths, rumours, and urban legends. Untrue News displays
the results of the fact-check right on the results page. Factual News Search
uses Google, limited to the IFCN signatories linked to below.
The following are some of the largest fact-checking websites. Most of them have
at least some of their pages included in either Untrue News or Factual News
Search.
* Snopes
* PolitiFact
* TruthOrFiction.com
* Hoax-Slayer
See also the list of fact-checking sites by The Reporters’ Lab at Duke
University, list of fact-checking websites on Wikipedia, and signatories of the
International Fact-Checking Network (IFCN) code of principles.
PRESS RELEASES
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These sites have the largest number of press releases. PRWeb and PR Newswire are
both owned by Cision.
* PRWeb press releases go back to late 1999.
* Business Wire press releases go back to 1995.
* GlobeNewswire (not included above) goes back to mid 1999.
* EIN Presswire
* ReleaseWire results also include companies and multimedia attached to press
releases.
* 24-7 Press Release
* PR Newswire
The “Google by site” tool uses Google to search on all the sites above as well
as PRUnderground, Cision (Canada), RealWire, Pressat (UK), and PR Newswire UK
(owned by Cision).
NEWSPAPER ARCHIVES
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News from about the year 2000 and more recent can be found on Newslookup.com and
some of the other news search engines. The tools in this section are free
collections of mostly digitized newspapers. Digitization means that newspapers
on paper or microform (microfilm or microfiche) are scanned or photographed. The
images are then converted to text using optical character recognition (OCR),
which is what enables searching by keyword. OCR is not perfect, especially for
older newspapers. One useful strategy is to take into account common OCR errors
when searching.
Every newspaper archive is a collection of various individual newspapers across
various years. Any one newspaper may have some years available through several
sites, other years available through a different site, and some years not yet
digitized.
Many significant newspaper archives are only available from paid services. There
are also newspapers in many of the libraries and archives, including those that
have never been digitized and are only available in-person.
INTERNATIONAL ARCHIVES
Elephind.com searches through a large number of collections of newspapers from
the United States, Mexico, Australia, New Zealand, and Singapore.
Europeana has full text newspapers from various European countries including
Germany and the Netherlands. It also has other newspapers with only their
article titles searchable, from France, Poland, and elsewhere. These two sets of
newspapers can only be searched separately.
The Internet Archive’s newspapers collection includes a variety of papers from
around the world.
Newspapers on Google Books include those from a number of countries. You can
browse the full list of titles but if you want to search use the first link or
this page, as searching does not work properly from the second link.
The Library of Congress tool here includes all Library of Congress newspaper
collections aside from Chronicling America. This includes a few from the United
States, but also listings of what other non-digitized newspapers are held by the
library including ones from around the world.
UNITED STATES ARCHIVES
Despite the name and its focus on New York, Old Fulton New York Post Cards
(Fultonhistory.com) includes newspapers from all around the United States, as
well as a handful from Canada and a few other countries. This incredible service
is the work of a single person. The tool used here is FultonSearch, which offers
some advantages over the search engine available on Fultonhistory.com. The
results may not be identical, so try their search as well.
Chronicling America, from the Library of Congress is one of the largest
newspaper collections and is also included in Elephind. It covers the years 1789
to 1963, but there are limited newspapers after 1923. Most newspapers are in
English but there are some in German, Spanish, and other languages.
SmallTownPapers (not included above) does not have a method to search all
newspapers at once, you will have to find a specific newspaper to then search
within it.
OTHER COUNTRY ARCHIVES
To search on Hemeroteca Digital from the Brazilian national library (not
included above), you must select a specific newspaper to search within.
On Hemeroteca Nacional de México, some newspapers are available everywhere, and
some require you to be at the library.
Trove, from the National Library of Australia, is also included in Elephind.
MORE NEWSPAPER ARCHIVES
There are many more newspapers archived online, that are only available
individually or in smaller collections. See List of online newspaper archives on
Wikipedia, and Newspaper links from The Ancestor Hunt.
PAID NEWSPAPER ARCHIVES
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Many large collections of digitized newspapers are only available for a fee
(usually a subscription), or through libraries. ProQuest, Gale, and other tools
listed under paid databases also include news archives. Check your local library
to see which services they subscribe to. See also free news archives above for
more on how to search.
NewspaperArchive.com includes newspapers from the United States, United Kingdom,
Canada, Australia, Germany and other counties. Their newspapers can also be
found on Findmypast.
The “Google by site” tool uses Google to find pages on both NewspaperArchive.com
and Newspapers.com. If you search directly on those sites without a
subscription, you can’t view the results, but using Google this way allows you
to see them somewhat and to view their text.
Ancestry, MyHeritage, and Findmypast are all genealogy sites which include
newspaper archives. If you are searching for people, you should do the searching
from their sites, which are more suited to that purpose.
Ancestry runs Newspapers.com, which includes newspapers from a handful of
countries including the United States and United Kingdom. The newspapers on
Ancestry.com are not all the same ones, so that search is also included above.
See their site for a list of included countries. On Ancestry, you can see the
search results without subscribing, but you will not be able to open them.
The newspapers on MyHeritage (not included above) include many from the United
States (including those from Chronicling America), Canada, Australia, the
Netherlands, and some others.
Findmypast includes newspapers from the United States, United Kingdom, Canada,
and other countries. Their United Kingdom newspapers are the same as those in
The British Newspaper Archive, and their ones in other countries are mostly from
NewspaperArchive.com.
Gale (owned by Cengage) is only available through libraries. It includes
newspapers from at least the United States and United Kingdom.
PaperOfRecord.com (not included above), includes newspapers from the United
States, the United Kingdom, Germany, Mexico, and a number of other countries.
Your library may have access or you can pay to subscribe.
The British Newspaper Archive includes the same newspapers as Findmypast does
for the United Kingdom. Your library may have access or you can pay to
subscribe.
NewsBank (not included above) includes newspapers from the United States and is
only available through libraries. They also run NewsLibrary.com, which is news
from 2003 and later, where you can get articles by buying a subscription or
paying per article. NewsBank is included within the results from the EBSCO
service listed under paid databases.
Accessible Archives (not included above) includes United States newspapers from
the 18th and 19th centuries.
East View (not included above), includes news from mostly non-English-speaking
countries. It is described in paid databases.
MAGAZINE ARTICLES
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In addition to the tools listed here, newer magazine content can be found under
news search engines and publications and documents, and older magazine content
under paid databases and libraries and archives.
These tools search the full text of magazine articles:
* Magazines on Google Books
* The Magazine Rack is a collection of magazines on the Internet Archive.
* Gale (description coming soon)
Long-form articles are about 1,000 to 2,000 words. Longform and Longreads are
two sites that list long-form articles from various publications, including
magazines.
GOVERNMENT
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These tools search government sites for various countries. Most include only
information from their federal governments, not subnational or local
governments.
UNITED STATES
* USA.gov is the primary government search engine.
* MetaLib searches many federal government databases.
* Catalog of U.S. Government Publications (CGP)
* govinfo includes publications from the three branches of the federal
government. It is one of the sources for MetaLib.
UNITED KINGDOM
* GOV.UK
CANADA
* Government of Canada
* Search Canadian federal and provincial sites (and some municipal sites) with
Google, using this tool made by Saint Mary’s University.
* See also Government of Canada Publications, not included above.
BRAZIL
* Governo do Brasil
MEXICO
* To search the Gobierno de México you will have to visit their site.
RUSSIA
* The Russian Government. This link goes to their English home page, but the
search tool is set to the Russian-language version.
ASIA
* Government of China
* e-Gov Japan
* Government of India Search
* Bangladesh National Portal. If you search in English, your search terms will
be translated into Bengali.
INTERNATIONAL
* The European Union search includes their English-language content. You can
switch to another language from the results page.
* The United Nations option above uses their primary search engine. See also
United Nations Official Document System, United Nations Digital Library, and
United Nations Archive.
* Intergovernmental organizations search uses Google to search across many
sites. It is made by the American Library Association.
* Global-Regulation is a database of laws and regulations from many countries
and subnational entities. Laws which are not in English are
machine-translated so that they are searchable. It is a subscription-based
site, however you can do 4 searches for free.
DATA
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Details about these tools, and addition tools, is coming soon.
* DataCite
* Grafiti finds graphs and charts from within web pages on sites they have
reviewed.
* Knoema
* Google Dataset Search
* data.world
* Open Data Institute
* OpenDataSoft
* Reddit r/datasets
* The “Google with keywords” tool uses Google and adds keywords to help you
find data.
* DataONE (not included above)
* Data portals (not included above) lists data portals.
* GDELT Project data (not included above)
DARK WEB
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The dark web is web content only available with specific software or
configuration. See dark web on Wikipedia for more. The dark web includes a lot
of illegal, illicit, and adult content, but is included here as there is useful
content as well. Read up on the dark web before accessing it.
The search engines below are “clearnet” (not dark web) sites, however their
results are on the dark web. They are Tor (.onion) sites which can be accessed
using the Tor Browser or by a proxy that displays the page on the clearnet.
* OnionLand has a cached version of each result. They also provide links to
open each using one of a number of proxies, although many of them may not be
working at any given time.
* Ahmia
* Torch
The following search engines do not have a clearnet version, and are included
here using a proxy, Onion.ws.
* not Evil (not Evil by proxy)
* Haystak (Haystak by proxy)
ABOUT FAGAN FINDER
Fagan Finder is a collection of tools to help you find anything online. Follow
updates on our blog and Twitter.
Launched in 2001 and still run by Michael Fagan. Send suggestions to
michael@faganfinder.com.
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