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Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Home
 1. CDC




INFORMATION FOR PERSONS WHO ARE IMMUNOCOMPROMISED REGARDING PREVENTION AND
TREATMENT OF SARS-COV-2 INFECTION IN THE CONTEXT OF CURRENTLY CIRCULATING
OMICRON SUBLINEAGES — UNITED STATES, JANUARY 2023

Weekly / February 3, 2023 / 72(5);128–131

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On January 27, 2023, this report was posted online as an MMWR Early Release.

Pragna Patel, MD1; Evelyn Twentyman, MD1; Emily Koumans, MD1; Hannah Rosenblum,
MD1; Shannon Griffin-Blake, PhD1; Brendan Jackson, MD1; Sara Vagi, PhD1 (View
author affiliations)

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As of January 20, 2023, >90% of circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants in the United
States, specifically Omicron BQ.1, BQ.1.1, XBB, and XBB.1.5 sublineages, are
unlikely to be susceptible to the combined monoclonal antibodies, tixagevimab
and cilgavimab (Evusheld) used for preexposure prophylaxis against SARS-CoV-2
infection (1). The Food and Drug Administration announced on January 26, 2023,
that Evusheld is not currently authorized for preexposure prophylaxis against
SARS-CoV-2 infection in the United States (2). It is important that persons who
are moderately to severely immunocompromised,* those who might have an
inadequate immune response to COVID-19 vaccination, and those with
contraindications to receipt of COVID-19 vaccines, exercise caution and
recognize the need for additional preventive measures (Box). In addition,
persons should have a care plan that includes prompt testing at the onset of
COVID-19 symptoms and rapid access to antivirals if SARS-CoV-2 infection is
detected.

Top

COVID-19 vaccination remains the most effective way to prevent
SARS-CoV-2–associated serious illness, hospitalization, and death. All persons,
including those who are immunocompromised and their household members and close
contacts, should stay up to date with COVID-19 vaccination, and receive the
updated (bivalent) booster dose, when eligible.† Although persons who are
moderately to severely immunocompromised might not mount a strong
vaccine-mediated immune response, staying up to date with COVID-19 vaccination§
does provide some protection (3,4). A recent CDC study of preliminary data
showed that a bivalent booster dose provided additional protection against
symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection among immunocompetent persons who had
previously received 2, 3, or 4 monovalent vaccine doses (4).

Despite evidence of vaccine effectiveness, coverage with the bivalent booster
dose across the United States remains low. As of January 18, 2023, 15.3% of
persons aged ≥5 years had received a bivalent booster dose (5). CDC recommends
that all eligible persons aged ≥6 months receive 1 bivalent booster dose.
Persons are eligible for a bivalent booster dose if they are aged 6 months–5
years and have completed a Moderna COVID-19 primary series ≥2 months earlier.
Persons aged 6 months–4 years and who received a 2-dose Pfizer COVID-19 primary
series ≥8 weeks earlier can receive the bivalent booster as their third dose.

Among persons with immunocompromise and their household members and close
contacts, prevention measures¶ including wearing a high-quality and well-fitting
mask,** maintaining physical distance from others (≥6 ft [1.8 m]), improving
indoor ventilation,†† practicing frequent handwashing, and developing a care
plan,§§ should be considered in addition to receipt of a bivalent booster dose.
It is important to wear a mask and maintain physical distance from others if it
is not possible to avoid crowded indoor spaces. In addition, simple
interventions should be used to improve ventilation in buildings and decrease
SARS-CoV-2 transmission by improving air flow. CDC has developed interactive
tools¶¶ to help identify ways to improve ventilation in the home. In-duct
ultraviolet germicidal irradiation lights can also be added to home heating
ventilation and air conditioning systems to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 as air passes
through the system.*** Frequent handwashing with soap and water is the best way
to eliminate germs in most situations. If soap and water are not readily
available, an alcohol-based hand sanitizer containing ≥60% alcohol is a good
alternative. Also, it is important for persons who are immunocompromised to
develop a care plan in consultation with their physician, in the event that they
develop COVID-19.

Persons with mild to moderate symptoms of COVID-19 who 1) are aged ≥50 years, 2)
have an underlying health condition††† (especially moderate to severe
immunosuppression), or 3) are unvaccinated are at risk for severe
COVID-19–associated outcomes. Irrespective of vaccination status, symptomatic
persons who are immunocompromised, their household members, and their close
contacts should be tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection as soon as possible and
receive treatment within 5–7 days of symptom onset. Early outpatient treatment
of mild to moderate COVID-19 with a recommended first-line therapy,
ritonavir-boosted nirmatrelvir (Paxlovid) or remdesivir (Veklury), or the
second-line therapy, molnupiravir (Lagevrio), have been shown to reduce the risk
for severe COVID-19, including hospitalization and death.§§§ These medications
are expected to retain activity against the currently circulating Omicron
sublineages (6) and are widely available.¶¶¶ Available COVID-19 treatment does
not supplant the need for persons to stay up to date on their COVID-19
vaccinations, which are highly effective at preventing COVID-19–related
morbidity and mortality.

Top

Corresponding author: Pragna Patel, plp3@cdc.gov.

Top

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1CDC COVID-19 Emergency Response Team.

Top

All authors have completed and submitted the International Committee of Medical
Journal Editors form for disclosure of potential conflicts of interest. No
potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.

Top


*
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-who-are-immunocompromised.html#

† https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/stay-up-to-date.html

§ https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/recommendations/immuno.html

¶ https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/prevention.html

**
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/types-of-masks.html

††
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/improving-ventilation-home.html

§§
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/downloads/332440-A_FS_COVID_Plan_FINAL.pdf

¶¶
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/interactive-ventilation-tool.html

*** https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/ventilation.html

†††
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/clinical-care/underlyingconditions.html

§§§
https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/management/clinical-management-of-adults/

¶¶¶ https://aspr.hhs.gov/TestToTreat/Pages/default.aspx

Top


REFERENCES

 1. CDC. COVID data tracker: variant proportions. Atlanta, GA: US Department of
    Health and Human Services, CDC; 2023. Accessed January 13, 2023.
    https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#variant-proportions
 2. Food and Drug Administration. FDA announces Evusheld is not currently
    authorized for emergency use in the U.S. Silver Spring, MD: US Department of
    Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration; 2023.
    https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-announces-evusheld-not-currently-authorized-emergency-use-us
 3. Britton A, Embi PJ, Levy ME, et al. Effectiveness of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines
    against COVID-19–associated hospitalizations among immunocompromised adults
    during SARS-CoV-2 Omicron predominance—VISION Network, 10 states, December
    2021–August 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022;71:1335–42.
    https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7142a4 PMID:36264840
 4. Link-Gelles R, Ciesla AA, Fleming-Dutra KE, et al. Effectiveness of bivalent
    mRNA vaccines in preventing symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection—Increasing
    Community Access to Testing Program, United States, September–November 2022.
    MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022;71:1526–30.
    https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7148e1 PMID:36454688
 5. CDC. COVID data tracker: vaccinations. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health
    and Human Services, CDC; 2023. Accessed January 10, 2023.
    https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#vaccinations_vacc-people-booster-percent-pop5
 6. Imai M, Ito M, Kiso M, et al. Efficacy of antiviral agents against omicron
    subvariants BQ.1.1 and XBB. N Engl J Med 2023;388:89–91.
    https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmc2214302 PMID:36476720

Top

BOX. PREVENTION MEASURES AGAINST SARS-COV-2 FOR PERSONS WHO ARE
IMMUNOCOMPROMISED, THEIR HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS, AND CLOSE CONTACTS IN THE CONTEXT OF
CURRENTLY CIRCULATING OMICRON SUBLINEAGES — UNITED STATES, JANUARY 2023


Because Evusheld is not currently authorized for preexposure prophylaxis against
SARS-CoV-2 infection in the United States, it is important that persons who are
moderately to severely immunocompromised,* those who might have an inadequate
immune response to COVID-19 vaccination, and those with contraindications to
receipt of COVID-19 vaccines, exercise caution and recognize the need for
additional preventive measures to protect themselves from SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Persons with immunocompromise, their household members, and close contacts can
use the following steps and precautions to help prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection and
mitigate COVID-19 illness if they become infected.

COVID-19 VACCINES, BOOSTER DOSES, AND STAYING UP TO DATE*

 * COVID-19 vaccines remain the best way to protect against severe COVID-19.
   COVID-19 vaccines help the body develop protection against SARS-CoV-2
   infection. Although vaccinated persons sometimes get infected with
   SARS-CoV-2, staying up to date with COVID-19 vaccines significantly lowers
   the risk for severe illness, hospitalization, or death from COVID-19.
 * CDC recommends that all persons who are eligible, especially those who are
   immunocompromised or have weakened immune systems,† get an updated (bivalent)
   booster dose and stay up to date with their COVID-19 vaccines.

PERSONAL COVID-19 ACTION PLAN§

 * Persons should consider how to protect themselves and others around them
   should they become ill with COVID-19 or if the community COVID-19
   transmission level changes. The plan should include:
   * ways to protect oneself and others including considerations in case of
     illness, such as finding a room in which to isolate
   * actions to take in case of exposure or symptom onset
   * what to do in the event of receipt of a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result
 * Persons should share their COVID-19 plan with their family, friends, and
   health care providers so they can support prevention and preparation steps.
   CDC suggests that persons consider how others can help them if they get ill.
   It is important to adhere to treatment plans, keep routine health care
   appointments, and ensure that prescriptions are filled. Persons should make
   alternative plans for work, child care, and other responsibilities that might
   cause stress if they become ill.

MASKS OR RESPIRATORS¶

 * Masks are made to contain droplets and particles that persons breathe, cough,
   or sneeze. A variety of masks are available. Some masks provide a higher
   level of protection than others. Wearing a mask with the best fit and comfort
   provides the best protection.**
 * Respirators (e.g., N95 and NIOSH-approved KN95) provide higher protection
   than masks.†† Respirators are made to protect persons by fitting closely on
   their face to filter out particles, including SARS-CoV-2. They can also block
   droplets and particles that a person breathes, coughs, or sneezes out to
   limit transmission to others. NIOSH approves many types of filtering
   facepiece respirators. The most widely available are N95 respirators, but
   other types (N99, N100, P95, P99, P100, R95, R99, and R100) offer the same or
   better protection as an N95 respirator.

PHYSICAL DISTANCING

 * Small particles that persons breathe out can contain virus particles. The
   closer a person is to other persons, the higher the risk for exposure to
   SARS-CoV-2. Persons can minimize risk of exposure by avoiding indoor crowded
   areas or maintaining a ≥6 ft (1.8 m) distance from others. Such actions must
   be balanced against risks of avoiding such activities.

VENTILATION§§

 * Opening windows and doors to bring as much fresh air into the home as
   possible (weather permitting) can improve ventilation.
 * Portable high-efficiency particulate air cleaners are useful if a home is not
   outfitted with an HVAC system.
 * Exhaust fans and other fans can improve air flow.
 * In homes where the HVAC fan operation can be controlled by a thermostat, the
   fan should be set to the “on” position instead of “auto” when others are
   visiting. This allows the fan to run continuously, even if heating or air
   conditioning is not on, to ensure the HVAC system provides continuous airflow
   and filtration.

TIME OUTDOORS

 * Spending time outdoors, when possible, instead of indoors, can also help
   reduce transmission. Viral particles spread between persons more readily
   indoors than outdoors.

HANDWASHING

 * Frequent handwashing with soap and water, preferably, or using a hand
   sanitizer that contains ≥60% alcohol can reduce risk for many illnesses,
   including COVID-19.

TESTING FOR SARS-COV-2¶¶

 * Persons should get tested if they have COVID-19 symptoms. Viral tests are
   used for SARS-CoV-2 detection. There are two types of viral tests: rapid
   tests and laboratory tests. These tests might use nasal, throat, or saliva
   samples. Persons can take actions to reduce further transmission if they are
   aware of their SARS-CoV-2 infection.
 * Free at-home tests*** are available. Persons should check with their health
   insurance, Medicaid, or Medicare plan to learn what tests are available.†††
   Persons with a disability can receive help from the Disability Information
   and Access Line§§§ to access a test or identify an accessible test location.
 * Persons should be aware of free or low-cost testing locations¶¶¶ that are
   near their homes.

COVID-19 TREATMENT****

 * Persons should contact their health care provider, health department, or
   community health center†††† to learn about treatment options. Treatment must
   be started within 5–7 days after symptoms develop to be effective.
 * Community Test to Treat locations§§§§ can be accessed if or when persons
   cannot reach their health care provider or do not have one. These sites offer
   testing and prescriptions from a health care provider (either onsite or by
   telehealth) and dispense medications.
 * Antiviral treatments are available for persons with mild to moderate COVID-19
   symptoms who are at high risk for progression to severe disease,
   hospitalization, and death. Persons are at high risk of disease if they
   * are aged ≥50 years
   * have an underlying health condition,¶¶¶¶ especially moderate to severe
     immunosuppression
   * are unvaccinated
 * Persons who are immunocompromised should discuss a treatment plan with their
   doctor and identify which COVID-19 treatment would be best for them. Some
   persons with COVID-19 who are immunocompromised or receiving
   immunosuppressive treatment might benefit from a convalescent plasma
   treatment.*****
 * CDC recommends that immunocompromised persons with COVID-19 isolate for ≥10
   days and check with their health care provider before ending isolation.†††††

Abbreviations: HVAC = heating, ventilation, and air conditioning;
NIOSH = National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.

* https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/stay-up-to-date.html

†
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-with-medical-conditions.html

§
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/downloads/needs-extra-precautions/FS_COVID_Plan_FINAL.pdf

¶
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/types-of-masks.html

** Persons who are deaf or hard of hearing may request a clear mask to assist
with lipreading or seeing facial expressions. Persons with sensory disorders or
intellectual and developmental disabilities might be unable to wear masks and
should consider face shields.

†† Persons with severe respiratory impairment (e.g., shortness of breath with
minimal exertion or supplemental oxygen use) should consult with a health care
provider regarding N95 respirator usage. Some N95 respirators might contain
latex. Persons with natural rubber latex allergies should consult the
manufacturer’s website for information about the specific model.

§§
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/Improving-Ventilation-Home.html;
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/ventilation.html

¶¶ https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/testing.html

*** https://special.usps.com/testkits

††† https://www.cms.gov/how-to-get-your-at-home-OTC-COVID-19-test-for-free

§§§ https://acl.gov/DIAL

¶¶¶ https://www.hhs.gov/coronavirus/community-based-testing-sites/index.html

****
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/treatments-for-severe-illness.html

†††† https://data.hrsa.gov/data/reports/datagrid?gridName=FQHCs

§§§§ https://covid-19-test-to-treat-locator-dhhs.hub.arcgis.com/

¶¶¶¶
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/clinical-care/underlyingconditions.html

***** https://www.fda.gov/media/136798/download

††††† https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/isolation.html

Top


Suggested citation for this article: Patel P, Twentyman E, Koumans E, et al.
Information for Persons Who Are Immunocompromised Regarding Prevention and
Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the Context of Currently Circulating
Omicron Sublineages — United States, January 2023. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep
2023;72:128–131. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7205e3.

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