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COP 28: CHARTING THE ROADMAP FOR CLIMATE ACTION

 * 15 Dec 2023
 * 13 min read

   Tags:
 * GS Paper - 3
 * Environmental Pollution & Degradation
 * Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
 * GS Paper - 2
 * Groupings & Agreements Involving India and/or Affecting India's Interests

This editorial is based on “COP28: What were the most important decisions” which
was published in The Indian Express on 14/12/2023. It talks about the outcomes
and concerns of the 28th Conference of Parties (COP-28) and the urgency of
addressing these issues to fulfill commitments and combat climate change
effectively.

For Prelims: Conference of Parties (COP-28), United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Paris Agreement, Global Stocktake, Global Goal on
Adaptation, Climate Finance, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
(UNCTAD), Renewable Energy

For Mains: About COPs, Key Outcomes of COP 28, Key Concerns and Way Forward

Recently, the 28th Conference of Parties (COP-28) took place in Dubai, UAE, with
representatives from 197 countries presenting their initiatives to curb global
warming and engaging in discussions on future climate actions.

The conference yielded a mix of positive outcomes and disappointments, marking a
substantial step forward since the Paris Agreement. While some hail it as the
conclusion of the fossil fuel era, there are apprehensions about deficiencies in
adaptation efforts and troubling gaps in mitigation strategies.


WHAT ARE COPS?

 * COPs are gatherings held within the framework of the United Nations Framework
   Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), a multinational treaty established in
   1992.
 * These meetings, denoted by the acronym COP, serve as the official sessions of
   the Conference of the Parties.
 * During these sessions, participating countries (Parties) evaluate global
   endeavors aligned with the primary goal of the Paris Agreement, aiming to
   restrict global warming to approximately 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels.
 * The COPs are the main decision-making body of the UNFCCC.
   * They adopt decisions and resolutions on various aspects of climate action,
     such as mitigation, adaptation, finance, technology, and transparency.




WHAT ARE THE KEY OUTCOMES OF COP 28 (2023)?

 * Global Stocktake Text:
   * The Global Stocktake (GST) is a periodic review mechanism established under
     the Paris Agreement in 2015.
   * The text proposes eight steps to keep the global temperature rise within
     the ambit of 1.5 degrees Celsius.
   * It calls for tripling renewable energy capacity globally and doubling the
     global average annual rate of energy efficiency improvements by 2030.
   * It calls for substantially reducing non-CO2 emissions, including, in
     particular, methane emissions globally by 2030.
 * Transitioning Away from Fossil Fuels :
   * COP28 calls for transitioning away from fossil fuels in energy systems, in
     a just, orderly, and equitable manner, accelerating action in this critical
     decade, to achieve net zero by 2050.
 * Global Goal on Adaptation (GGA):
   * Global adaptation goal focuses on enhancing adaptive capabilities, and
     minimizing vulnerability for sustainable development.
   * At COP28, this text calls for a doubling in adaptation finance and plans
     for assessments and monitoring of adaptation needs in the coming years.
   * Positively, an explicit 2030 date has been integrated into the text for
     targets on water security, ecosystem restoration, and health.
 * Climate Finance:
   * The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) estimates
     that wealthy nations owe developing countries USD 500 billion in 2025 under
     the New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) for climate finance.
   * The goal is to set a new collective quantified goal before 2025. The goal
     will start from a floor of USD 100 billion per year.
   * This includes USD 250 billion for mitigation, USD 100 billion for
     adaptation, and USD 150 billion for loss and damage.
 * Loss and Damage Fund :
   * Member countries reached an agreement to operationalize the Loss and Damage
     (L&D) fund aimed at compensating countries grappling with climate change
     impacts.
   * A specific percentage is earmarked for Least Developed Countries and Small
     Island Developing States.
   * The World Bank will oversee the loss and damage fund in the beginning.
 * Global Renewables and Energy Efficiency Pledge:
   * The Pledge stipulates that signatories commit to work together to triple
     the world’s installed renewable energy generation capacity to at least
     11,000 GW by 2030.
   * It also calls for collectively double the global average annual rate of
     energy efficiency improvements from around 2% to over 4% every year until
     2030.
 * The Global Cooling Pledge for COP 28:
   * It includes 66 national government signatories committed to working
     together to reduce cooling-related emissions across all sectors by at least
     68% globally relative to 2022 levels by 2050.
 * Declaration to Triple Nuclear Energy:
   * The declaration launched at COP28 aims to triple global nuclear energy
     capacity by 2050.




WHAT ARE THE MAJOR ENGAGEMENTS OF INDIA IN COP 28?

 * Green Credit Initiative:
   * The Green Credit Initiative has been conceptualized as a mechanism to
     incentivize voluntary pro-planet actions, as an effective response to the
     challenge of climate change.
   * It envisions the issue of Green Credits for plantations on waste/degraded
     lands and river catchment areas, to rejuvenate and revive natural
     ecosystems.
 * Phase II of the Leadership Group for Industry Transition (LeadIT 2.0):
   * It will focus on inclusive & just industry transition, co-development and
     transfer of low-carbon technology, and financial support to emerging
     economies for industry transition.
 * Global River Cities Alliance (GRCA):
   * It was launched at COP 28, led by the National Mission for Clean Ganga
     (NMCG) under the Ministry of Jal Shakti, Government of India.
   * GRCA highlights India's role in sustainable river-centric development and
     climate resilience.
   * This platform will facilitate knowledge exchange, river-city twinning, and
     dissemination of best practices.
 * Quad Climate Working Group (QCWG) on Localised Climate Action :
   * The event focused on recognizing and amplifying the role of local
     communities, and regional governments in supporting sustainable lifestyles.


WHAT ARE THE KEY CONCERNS?

 * No Specific Timelines for Fossil Fuel Phase-out:
   * The agreement lacked a clear and urgent plan for fossil fuel phase-out,
     using vague language such as "transitioning away" without specific
     timelines or targets.
 * No Specified Targets on Tripling of Global Renewable Energy:
   * The COP28 agreement calls upon countries to contribute to tripling of
     global installed capacity of renewable energy and doubling of annual
     improvements in energy efficiency.
   * Tripling is a global target, and it is not incumbent on every country to
     individually triple its current installed capacity. It is thus not clear
     how this tripling would be ensured.
 * No Clear Mechanisms for Achieving Adaptation Goals:
   * Developing countries made it clear that the adaptation draft fell well
     below their expectations there is no mention of how these objectives are to
     be realized or the mechanisms that will fund these efforts.
 * Lack of Accountability on Financial Commitments:
   * There is currently no established mechanism to hold governments and
     institutions accountable for fulfilling their climate financing
     commitments.
 * Varying Interpretations on Climate Finance:
   * Data on climate finance flows are compiled using various methodologies and
     have varying interpretations.
   * Double counting of climate finance can occur when the same funds are
     reported by multiple parties, leading to an overestimation of the actual
     financial flows.
 * Resistance over Phase-down of Coal:
   * There was a move to stipulate that no new coal-fired power plants could be
     opened without an in-built carbon capture and storage facility, but this
     was strongly resisted by India, China, South Africa, and other countries.
 * Concerns over Methane Emission Cuts:
   * The agreement talks about “accelerating and substantially reducing
     non-carbon-dioxide emissions globally, including in particular methane
     emissions by 2030.
   * Cutting methane emissions could involve tweaking agricultural patterns
     which could be extremely sensitive in a country like India.




WHAT SHOULD BE THE WAY FORWARD?

 * Commit to Climate Finance Targets :
   * All bilateral donors must live up to their climate finance commitments and
     set more ambitious targets.
   * The need for integrating climate finance into national development plans
     and policies is even greater than before.
 * Clear Roadmaps and Timelines:
   * Develop clear and detailed roadmaps with specific timelines for achieving
     key milestones and targets.
   * Establish interim goals that contribute to the overall long-term
     objectives, fostering a sense of accountability.
 * Enhanced National Action Plans (NDCs):
   * Countries should revise and strengthen their Nationally Determined
     Contributions (NDCs) to reflect more ambitious and concrete climate action
     targets.
   * NDCs should cover a wide range of sectors, including energy,
     transportation, agriculture, and industry.
 * Legislation and Policy Support:
   * Enact and strengthen domestic legislation and policies that support the
     implementation of climate targets.
   * Integrate climate considerations into existing laws and regulations across
     various sectors.
 * Capacity Building:
   * Invest in capacity building at local, national, and international levels to
     enhance the ability to implement climate actions effectively.
   * Provide training and resources to support technological, financial, and
     institutional capacity.
 * International Cooperation:
   * Facilitate the transfer of climate-friendly technologies, especially from
     developed to developing countries.
   * Share experiences, lessons learned, and best practices among countries to
     accelerate the adoption of environmentally friendly solutions across
     industries.


CONCLUSION

COPs are crucial in the battle against climate change but the road ahead is both
challenging and promising. Its success requires collective determination,
unwavering commitment, and a recognition that the stakes are high. By embracing
determined contributions and forging genuine partnerships, the global community
can build a sustainable and resilient future.

Drishti Mains Question:

What are the major outcomes of the 28th session of the Conference of the Parties
(COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)?
Discuss the key challenges and propose strategies to enhance the successful
implementation of the stated objectives in COP 28.






UPSC CIVIL SERVICES EXAMINATION PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION (PYQ)


PRELIMS

Q. With reference to the Agreement at the UNFCCC Meeting in Paris in 2015, which
of the following statements is/are correct? (2016)

 1. The Agreement was signed by all the member countries of the UN, and it will
    go into effect in 2017.
 2. The Agreement aims to limit greenhouse gas emissions so that the rise in
    average global temperature by the end of this century does not exceed 2ºC or
    even 1.5ºC above pre-industrial levels.
 3. Developed countries acknowledged their historical responsibility in global
    warming and committed to donate $ 1000 billion a year from 2020 to help
    developing countries to cope with climate change.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: B

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


MAINS

Q. Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the
Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC). What are the commitments made by India in this conference? (2021)


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